Japanese Sociological Review
Online ISSN : 1884-2755
Print ISSN : 0021-5414
ISSN-L : 0021-5414
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Volume 64, Issue 2
Displaying 1-20 of 20 articles from this issue
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Articles
  • Global Cities and Wage Inequality
    Industry, Occupation, and District
    Daisuke YASUI, Milos DEBNAR, Hiroshi TAROHMARU
    2013 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 152-168
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.64.152
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The aim of this paper is to scrutinize Saskia Sassen's theory as presented in her famous work The Global City, regarding the relationship between industry, occupation structure, and wage inequality, and then to verify the validity of her hypothesis in the case of prefectures in Japan. According to this hypothesis, as an effect of globalization, industries such as professional services, IT and banking (PSITB) grow while the secondary industries related to the middle class decline. Furthermore, both upper (managers and professionals) and lower (sales and services) service occupations grow, and this consequently increases the wage inequality. Applying this hypothesis would imply also that Tokyo, compared to other prefectures, is more de-industrialized because the share of both lower and upper service occupations is higher, and hence, wage inequality is also higher. Using census data and Basic Survey on Wage Structure, we have tested the applicability of this hypothesis.
    The results show that (1) in Tokyo, the share of PSITB industries is indeed high; however, the share of the secondary industries is also high; (2) in the prefectures where the share of secondary industries is low and PSITB industries is high, the share of both upper and lower service occupations is high; (3) although the wage inequality is higher in the prefectures where the share of lower service occupations is higher, the trend is the opposite in the prefectures with a high share of upper service occupations. Moreover, the effect of the global city on the occupation structure and wage inequality was insignificant.
    Although some results partially support Sassen's hypothesis, the majority contradict it, and the overall results do not support her claim on the negative effect of global cities on wage inequality.
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  • An Ethnography of Wushu (Kung Fu) Schools
    From the Perspective of Reproduction Strategies and Identity Constructions
    Junichi IKEMOTO
    2013 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 169-186
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.64.169
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Modern Wushu is a “sportized” form of the traditional Wushu(Kung Fu, Chinese martial arts). Until the 1980s, it mainly developed in universities and in national teams. Wushu schools are private technical schools that have taught courses in modern Wushu since the 1980s.
    By conducting fieldwork in these schools, this study investigates the social and historical background behind the popularization of modern Wushu and the meaning of Wushu for students, from the perspectives of reproduction strategies and identity construction. The study makes the following points:
    First, parents decide to enroll their child in Wushu elementary schools to solve problems related to education in their home village and of residing in the city where they work, rather than in their home villages. Parents decide on their reproduction strategies based on this decision.
    Second, only students who recognize Wushu as a means to acquire academic credentials and future employment and accept their parents' strategies as their own strategies go on to middle and high school.
    Third, most graduates find employment as Wushu instructors in Wushu schools or as security guards in the city. Those students who develop great physical prowess may become state amateurs, while other students who develop abundant cultural capital become students in Wushu departments of universities of sports or education.
    Fourth, after graduation, Wushu becomes economic capital for personal advancement and family migration to the city. In addition, through hard training, Wushu becomes “embodied cultural capital,” which leads to the betterment of national and individual identity.
    Finally, I note the social and historical background behind the popularization of modern Wushu, the possibilities and hazards of the cultural identity produced as a result of the Wushu culture, and problems concerning the localization of Wushu.
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  • The Effects of Higher Education on Patriarchy in a Comparative Perspective
    Focusing on Six Asian Societies
    Heiwa DATE
    2013 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 187-204
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.64.187
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    In this paper, I statistically researched the diversity of Patriarchy and the effect of higher education on the Patriarchy in East Asia and Southeast Asia society where the family system and the sense of value is rapidly changing in the era of “Compressed Modernity”. At first, I regarded Patriarchy as the combination of “Patermal authority” and “Gender role attitudes” quoted by the research of Sechiyama who studied Patriarchy of East Asia, and arranged it into four areas: 1 Patriarchalism, 2 Equal partnership as well as paternal authority, 3 Egalitarianism and 4 Liberalism as well as gender role. Second, I analyzed the average score of these two variables from the data of 6 Asian countries, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, Vietnam, and Thailand. Third, I analyzed the effect on the Patriarchal values, in addition, I did multivariate statistical analysis controlling some variables like age and so on.
    Consequently, these 6 societies are categorized: China and Taiwan are categorized as “Patriarchalism”, Korea is categorized as “Equal partnership as well as paternal authority”, Japan is categorized as “Egalitarianism” and Vietnam and Thailand are categorized as “Liberalism as well as Gender role”. Furthermore, I pointed out that the effect of higher education on patriarchal values is different between 6 societies, especially, I also pointed out that there is a large difference between East Asian countries and South Asian Countries.
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  • A Geopolitical Analysis of Residents' Movements (Jyumin Undo)
    A Case Study of a Movement Against the Construction of a New Goods Line in Yokohama
    Yuu KIYOHARA
    2013 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 205-223
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.64.205
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    There has been considerable discussion of residents' movements in recent social movement research. Studies have indicated that community-level political structures and issues affect such movements. However, these aspects have not yet been sufficiently evaluated.
    This paper reports on a movement opposed to the construction of a new goods line in Yokohama and attempts to analyze the geopolitical aspects of the residents' movement. It will show when, where, and how the term “residents' movements” (jyumin undo) arose.
    In this paper, the origin of the term “residents' movements” (jyumin undo) is connected to a rapid increase in the population of Yokohama in the 1960s. Almost all the citizens of Yokohama came from other cities, and hence did not know each other. As a result, they found it difficult to foster a sense of solidarity. The term “residents' movements” was therefore regarded as a means of avoiding partisanship. In other words, this term was self-enforced. In addition, it has been shown that the term was initially used by progressive forces in Yokohama that had organized new residents around housing developments and were in support of the construction of a new goods line in Yokohama. We argue that the movement could appropriate this term because of the relevant geopolitical conditions there. This issue will be discussed in connection with the history of residents' movements (jyumin undo) and citizens' movements in late twentieth century Japan.
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  • The Transformation of Reflexivity and for the Future
    Lash's Perspective on the Transformation of Reflexivity
    Machiko NAKANISHI
    2013 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 224-239
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.64.224
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This paper discusses the transformation of reflexivity and ways to study reflexivity in the future. Reflexivity refers to the concept of reflecting oneself in the presence of others, and discovering oneself by other's reflections. By repeating this process, we change who we are. In self-reflexivity agent reflects on itself. Institutional reflexivity refers to social conditions upon which agent reflects. Giddens relates sociological methods and modern society closely with this key word: reflexivity.
    Lash criticizes reflexivity as described by Beck and Giddens, as they presuppose that reflexivity is essentially cognitive and institutional. Lash draws attention to the aesthetic dimension of reflexivity, rather than the cognitive. His next key themes are hermeneutic reflexivity and reflexive community. In the global information society, reflexivity changes through the reflexive tying together of knowledge and action, which Lash terms as phenomenological reflexivity.
    The character of reflexivity changes according to social change. It changes from cognitive and institutional reflexivity affected by rational modernization, to aesthetic and hermeneutic reflexivity affected by the modernization of aesthetics. It again changes to phenomenological reflexivity in the global information society. The senses of sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch are changed by markets and, globalized by Western commodification. However they also change markets in a process I refer to as, market-sense reflexivity. Including senses, emotions, and brand, among others, new reflexivities can be born, and they transform themselves according to markets. I call this phenomenon market reflexivity.
    I conclude that in the global information society, market reflexivity will change us more radically and quickly than at present. Reflexive modernization, with the transformation of reflexivities in the global market (including the virtual space), automatically transforms by itself. This is a process that has already begun without our realizing it. I think it is important for us to be conscious of market reflexivity in order to predict more accurately its future effects and other reflexivities that may arise.
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  • The Mechanism of Maintaining a Reciprocal System in a Group with Flexible Membership
    An Empirical and Mathematical Approach
    Shinya OBAYASHI
    2013 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 240-256
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.64.240
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The purpose of this study is to analyze how altruistic behavior can be maintained in a group with flexible membership. In this paper, altruistic behaviors are limited to individual-focused net generalized exchange, in which members provide resources to benefit one member at a time. In preceding works, it was shown that this exchange can be maintained in a fixed and long-term relationship at the group and community levels, where reputations are widely known and punishments are easily conducted. However, it can also be maintained in a group with flexible membership. The mechanism of this puzzling phenomenon can be clarified by field survey and mathematical modeling.
    The analysis focuses on joint labor disputes in community unions. Community unions are individual-affiliate unions in which members can easily join and drop out. They are for both regular workers who cannot get any support from their firmaffiliate unions and non-regular workers who cannot join a firm-affiliate union. Joint labor disputes are seen as the generalized exchange because in these disputes, interested people can get support from the rest of the members of their union. The game theoretic model shows that the conditional altruistic strategy can be a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium, even when none of the previous requirements are satisfied. The mechanism is that the players punish free riders, and the flexible relationship requires not only exiting, but also entering in a regular way. They make it possible to maintain the indirect reciprocal system. Moreover, the model shows that if players live too long, the level of cooperation may not be maintained.
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  • From Denial of Being a Professional to Limited Affirmation of Professional Nature or Emphasis on Qualifications
    Japanese Association of Clinical Psychology in the 1970s and 1980s
    Tomohisa HORI
    2013 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 257-274
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.64.257
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The objective of this study is to follow the historical development of reform movements in the Japanese Association of Clinical Psychology (JACP) and determine the extent to which clinical psychologists have confronted the difficulty in denying their professional nature while recognizing their own suppression of that nature.
    Starting in the 1970s, JACP conducted a comprehensive examination of clinical psychology. Since they complained about the suppression of psychological tests and psychotherapy and the complete denial of their own professional nature, a search was made for a relationship of “struggling together and working together” beyond their involvement as professionals.
    However, the intention to break down their professional nature taken throughout the 1970s jeopardized the status of clinical psychologists providing services while depending on their professional nature. This intent not only denied their professional nature, but also prevented them from practicing routine clinical psychology. Starting in the 1980s, JACP began to reevaluate the professional nature of clinical psychologists by seeking out knowledge, techniques and methodologies able to be used in the clinical setting based on routine clinical practices. A specific outcome was the conducting of the case study groups and practical interactive research. On the other hand, the need for qualifications was asserted by members of the medical profession. In particular, there were considerable opposing opinions within the JACP surrounding cooperation with the Ministry of Welfare in the establishment of a national certification program for medical psychologists.
    This study focuses on differences in the nature of JACP's activities during the 1970s and 1980s with regard to such reform movements.
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  • “Who Are You?”
    On Definition of “Korean Illegal Entrants” in Early Postwar Japan
    Sara PARK
    2013 Volume 64 Issue 2 Pages 275-293
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.64.275
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Recent progress in research on the migration history of Japan has cast new light on the influx of the Korean population to Japan just after the end of the Second WorldWar. This migration was designated as “illegal entry” and/or “smuggling,” and was suppressed by the Japanese government and the Supreme Commander for Allied Powers. However, partially because of the too obvious “illegality” of this migration, a question remains to be solved: how did people actually prohibit this migration?
    The purpose of this article is to clarify the concrete process that drew the borderline between “Korean” and “Japanese” after the Japanese Empire fell. Focusing on the legislation process and the performance of the law, this article investigates the answer to this question. Before the Immigration Control Act became a law and determined the nationality of Koreans in both Japan and the Korean Peninsula, how was the authority able to regard migration from Korea to Japan as “illegal”? How did “illegal entry” become a political/social problem and how was it suppressed? Answering these questions involves considering who was categorized as a “foreigner” and “illegal” in postwar Japan, as well as how the borderlines between “legal” and “illegal” and “Korean” and “Japanese” were drawn.
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