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Volume 31 (1980 - 198･･･
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Volume 31, Issue 3
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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A theoretical studyYoshinori Takahashi1980 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 2-16
Published: December 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: April 23, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn our everyday life we meet with various kinds of glances of other people. When being stared at, we regard others as audience who are interested in our countenances, gestures, actions, etc. Taking special notice of such role of others (i. e., the role of audience), this paper examines varieties of self-audience relationship. To begin with, the distinction between normative audience and theatrical audience is made clear. The former functions as superintendent, the latter as spectator. And further, inner audience is distinguished from immediate audience. The inner audience means the internalized audience which has great authority over the actor's choice, while the immediate one means the audience which stares at the actor immediately and has no such authority.
Toward the theatrical audience (i. e., spectators) a performer presents his self. According to the purpose to be served, two types of self-presentation are distinguished. One is called utilitarian self-presentation where a performer makes the most of the spectator's reaction in order to attain some utilitarian purposes. And the other is called aesthetical self-presentation where a performer presents his self only for the aesthetical effect to the spectators. In the aesthetical self-presentation toward inner audience< this is called dandy self-presentation>, a performer tries to be aesthetically perfect. But he would find himself in a trouble. It is quite difficult to be perfect, to be completely independent of immediate audience in self-presentation. When one present his self, one can never be immune to the influence of the immediate audience. Aesthetical perfection in self-presentation is hardly realizable.View full abstractDownload PDF (2082K) -
An analysis of Alfred Schutz's concept of anonymityHiroshi Ogawa1980 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 17-30
Published: December 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAnonymity is the concept which shows the problem of “man and society, ” for a society generates when a man with his proper name becomes anonymous. Alfred Schutz's concept of anonymity is helpful in considering this problem.
Schutz supposes a “we-relation” as a virtual source of light which projects the degrees of anonymity. The “we-relation” is based on a reciprocal “thou-orientation, ” in which one grasps the “Other” (fellow-man) in temporal and spatial immediacy. The more we approach the mediate experience of the “Other” (contemporary), the smaller is the degree of immediacy and the higher is the degree of anonymity. (Alfred Schutz and Thomas Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World, Heinemann, 1974, p.73.) It should be noted that temporal and spatial immediacy is not a sufficient condition for the “we-relation, ” but it is a necessary condition.
Schutz's concept of anonymity is made up four phases.
1. Anonymity as Typicality
We can see this phase when the “Other” is experienced as a functional type (eg. postman) through typification or anonymization.
2. Anonymity as an Unknown
In the second phase the “Other” cannot be identified as a special person and biographical knowledge about him is not stocked.
3. Anonymity as a Principle of Construction of the Social World
4. Anonymity which Pregiven Social Structure Holds
Institutions, language and artifacts are highly anonymous spheres. They are on the one hand constructs by typification or anonymization, and on the other hand they are the elemental parts in setting the scene for the “we-relation.” I believe that in Schutz's theory construction (the third) and pregiveness (the fourth) of society are bound with the key terms-“we-relation” and anonymity. “Generalized others” (G.H. Mead), “self” and “das Man” (Heideggar) are related to these two phases.
I think that this articulation of anonymity will be useful in analyzing various problems of modern and contemporary society.View full abstractDownload PDF (1864K) -
Chizuko Ueno1980 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 31-50
Published: December 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFrom the studies of cultural anthropology and trans-cultural psychiatry, we reach the generalized definition of abnormality : it is what a society negatively sanctions among 'les signe marquees' which it situationally creates to define its boundary. A society releases its members' aggression by the defence mechanism to the targets including (1) others as rivals, (2) others as scapegoats and (3) the attacker himself, whom they regard abnormal. The society selecting the target of (1) type is the multiple society where the attacker must compete with the attacked for the majority, and where the normals and the abnormals are both reduced to rivals. In that of (2) type the social norm is becoming unstable and they accuse witches as scapegoats to project their anxiety. In that of (3) type the members internalizing unified social norm can not release their aggression to the others but to themselves. Another type of society avoiding social conflict is the flux society at a cost of low level of social integration. There is the spectrum of societies with a scale of social integration from the rigid, unified, small-scale and face-to-face society to the loose, multiple, large-scale and fragmental ones, and each actual society is distributed in that spectrum. The types of society correspond to the types of abnormality. We can guess the group characteristics from the index of abnormals which it creates.
In addition we must make distinction to analyse abnormality (1) unit level (individual), (2) inter-unit level (interaction process) and (3) system level (social system). By considering the types of abnormals and its levels we can get the general theory of abnormality which enables a crosscultural analysis and which gives various studies theoretical consistency of their object and method.View full abstractDownload PDF (2348K) -
Tsunenobu Ban1980 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 51-73
Published: December 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThere offered many types of analytic frameworks which enable us to understand the phenomena of educational pathology organically. Although there are many differences in the perspective of the methods of classification such as individual vs. group, these frameworks have a common assumption that pathological phenomena are the results of the dysfunction of education.
On the other hand, there exists another theoretical standpoint that explains social change as a fundamental mechanism which discloses those phenomena. W.F. Ogburn, having formed an adequate conception of “Cultural Lag”, formulated an idea that different rates of progress among spheres of cultural system cause some serious problems of lags. Having followed the model of Ogburn's, R.G.Corwin developed the theory of educational lags.
In this study, the writer defines two types of educational lags namely input lags and output lags in keeping with the theory of Corwin's. Assuming “policy” as the agency that especially exerts a dominant influence upon education, the writer also analyzes over a period of three decades since the World War II in the light of the two types of educational lags.
To begin with, basing on “Input Lag” type, the writer attempts to make the quality of educational resources including the environment of education as a subject matter of study. The writer, therefore, focuses on the lags between the input variables and economic system, and also gives his diagnosis of the degree of lags with the aid of multiple-regression analysis. On the contrary, in considering the “Output Lag” type, the writer takes stock of a situation in which input variables after passing through the educational process transform themselves into some outcomes not in keeping with the original objectives. For example, the diversification of high school courses aiming at quick training of skilled laborers have produced many human talents which soon became obsolete. This phenomenon is institutional lag which originates form the lack of long term prospects in the fields of education.View full abstractDownload PDF (2972K) -
With special emphasis on Max Weber's theory of “patrimonialism”Kasashi Kasuga1980 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 74-83
Published: December 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis brief article analyses Max Weber's theory of “traditional domination” from the viewpoint of the status of administrative staffs. This work is part of my study of Islamic feudalism which I have already dealt with in other. Of course, there are many comments on Islamic feudalism made by historians, but my aim is, on the hand, to reconstruct this problem with the help of historical studies which have appeared since Weber's death, and on the other, I intend to ascertain the concept of “Pfründen-feudalism” presented by Weber in his Wirt-schaft und Gesellschaft.
The concept of “feudalism” is already treated in my previous article “The Decentralized Structure of State Power in Traditional Societies-On the Character of Pfründen-and Lehensfeudalism-”. In that paper I concluded that the social character of “feudalism” can not be understood simply in terms of the feudal framework itself. Therefore, I would like to discuss a theoretical framework of premodern societies in general. Then I would like to formally reconstruct Weber's concept of “traditional domination”. This work is starting point for probing his theory of “feudalism”.
Now, Weber's key concept of “traditional domination” is “patrimonialism”. He wants to propose transformable types of “patrimonialism” and thereby typologize the whole structure of domination in pre-modern societies. This article consists of four parts. First, “patrimonialism” as a universal type of domination in pre-modern societies is compared with “patriarchalism”. In comparing the two types of domination I indicate that political communities generally tend to form the former with administrative staffs and show its inner and outer peculiarities. This concept is used for explaining the “patriarchal structure” of administration. Secondly, I summarize the nature of “patrimonialism”. Indeed its concept is very important for interpreting Weber's theory of “traditional domination”. Unfortunately, we usually do not pay any attention to its nature and origin. Thirdly, I analyse the character of four types of traditional domination : “patromonialism”, “sultanism”, “the estatetype of domination”, and “feudalism”. Furthermore, these four types divide two categories of administration : “patriarchal structure” and “the estate-type structure”. Finally, I clarify the correlations between “patriarchal structure” and “the estate-type structure” of administration.View full abstractDownload PDF (1355K) -
[in Japanese]1980 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 84-88
Published: December 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]1980 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 88-92
Published: December 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]1980 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 92-98
Published: December 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]1980 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 98-102
Published: December 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (591K) -
[in Japanese]1980 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 102-105
Published: December 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (416K) -
[in Japanese]1980 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 105-108
Published: December 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (419K) -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese]1980 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 109-110
Published: December 31, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (211K)
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