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Volume 56 (2005 - 200･･･
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Volume 56, Issue 2
Displaying 1-21 of 21 articles from this issue
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 250-253
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (452K) -
New Modern or New Medieval?Toshiyuki MASAMURA2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 254-272
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: April 23, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSince modern society came into being, global interdependence has accelerated as each nation increasingly relies on other nations. However, the globalization that has taken place since the late 20th century cannot fully be understood as the result of growing interdependence among nations. Modern globalization is characterized by : 1) pluralistic network relationships among bodies including nations; 2) simultaneous promotion of globalization and localization; 3) restructuring of functional specialization; and 4) greater dependency on information.
This paper sets out to clarify that such globalization is based on a change in the principle of the formation of society. In short, it is based on a shift from the partition principle that strictly splits the inside from the outside, to the nesting principle that permits their interpenetration. In the nesting structure, each part which makes up the whole simultaneously involves the whole which should exist outside itself.
In modern society with computer networks as infrastructure, a network relationship is formed so that each component of the network itself also represents the network relationship. The pluralistic formation of this relationship on both local and global scales is changing modern nations and functional specialization.View full abstractDownload PDF (2083K) -
Kaoru ENDO2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 273-291
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: April 23, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this paper is to point out the limitations of the existing theoretical frameworks on the relationship between globalization and transformation of popular cultures, and to propose a new model called “the dynamic multi-layered moral conflict model” to describe the dynamism of today's globalization through analyzing the development of club culture.View full abstractDownload PDF (2154K) -
The French CaseTakamichi KAJITA2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 292-308
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the process of globalization, there often emerges nationalism that seeks to resist it. But the result is often tragic. This is why many people represent this process as “economy vs. culture.” But this type of antinomy is not always escapable. In this paper, I analyze the process of how France adapts herself to globalization in utilizing the EU. Briefly speaking, in the economic area there is a so-called “quiet globalization, ” in the social area there are many conflicts and coordination, and in the cultural area there is a pursuit of nationalism. Because of the EU, France can keep these three areas firmly. In other words, France could experience globalization early and softly before the word of “globalization” appeared by grace of the EU. Now, in the process of globalization, we can find many new regionalisms in the world, which are expected as a safety net against globalization. Of course, the EU makes each member country adapt to globalization. But the EU also offers to each country the buffer zone against globalization. It is also easy to find many NGOs who want an alternative globalization in the same EU region.View full abstractDownload PDF (1797K) -
Rieko KARATANI2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 309-328
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper makes the following three points.
1. It argues that globalisation, on the one hand, causes the so-called “citizenship gap, ” i.e., an increase in the number of people on the move combined with a decline in the state capacity to protect its citizens from external threat. On the other hand, it emphasises that globalisation opens up new opportunities and multiple venues through which individuals without citizenship status in the countries of residence can claim their rights.
2. This paper suggests four bases on which rights of non-citizen residents can be promoted : external citizenship, aliens' rights, denizenship, and universal personhood. Recently, some academics stress the emergence of “transnational” or “post-national” citizenship on the basis of universal personhood. However, the history of human migration is long and there are other and more established bases for the protection of non-citizen residents. Universal personhood is only the most recent concept and its contribution to the transformation of citizenship should thus be appreciated in combination with developments of the other three bases.
3. This paper then focuses on the drafting and ratifying process of the United Nations International Convention on the Protection of Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. The process evolved free from territorial constraints. Third parties, whether enlightened professionals or a transnational advocacy network (NGOs and IG0s), identified with the oppressed groups such as illegal migrants and non-citizen residents, and pressed the issue forward. Once the convention becomes effective, its benefits are transferred beyond borders. In this sense, globalisation enables the marginalised to find various transnational agents who are willing to represent them and have their voices heard, indirectly as it might be in the beginning, through them. The enactment of the convention is vital for marginalised non-citizen residents, as it provides recognition of their position in the international arena.View full abstractDownload PDF (2100K) -
Neo-liberalism, Democracy, and MulticulturalismMasami SEKINE2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 329-346
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe author of this article will try to show a serious dilemma caused by the immigration policies, based on the neo-liberal economic ideology among developed countries. Immigration policies based on the neo-liberal economic ideology have recently been rapidly consolidated by governments in developed countries, in order to reduce the number of unwanted and illegal migrants and settlers on the one hand and to increase the number of highly educated and well-qualified young migrants from the Third World countries on the other hand. As a result, many migrants without these highly regarded qualifications are likely to be excluded by developed countries. However, some migrants and refugees, sometimes including illegal aliens, are actually permitted to enter into developed countries as settlers, based on humanitarian considerations which the liberal democracies cannot ignore. However, those who are permitted to enter into developed countries are likely to be socially marginalized and excluded. This is because, under the influence of the neo-liberal economic ideology, the welfare state policies including multicultural policies have weakened steadily. This trend, which tends to socially exclude minority groups such as migrants and refugees come from the Third World countries, cannot be ignored, whenever we look at recent immigration and multicultural affaires in developed countries, including Australia and Japan.View full abstractDownload PDF (1915K) -
The Interplays of Ethnicities and NationalismsMamoru SASAKI2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 347-362
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the conditions for creating a public space amid the globalization of the Northeast (East) Asian area, from an example of Qingdao, China.
The following points can be pointed out as features of the Northeast Asian area. (1) The dense motion of people and social networks exceeding the state is formed. (2) Centralized government from the Early Stage continued, and the Northeast Asian area has been composed as Dynasty-Relations among the states. (3) The strains created by the Cold War concentrated in this area after World War II, and the Korean Peninsula and China (the mainland and Taiwan) were forced to split. (4) In this area, nationalism, which can also be considered the “hypertrophy phenomenon of the self” resulting from high economic growth, is strong. These features have specified the imaginative faculty with which people understand each other.
In Northeast Asia, transnational movements have increased rapidly, and mixtures of cultures have occurred in everyday lives of people, such as media culture, movies, music, food, cosmetics, and fashion. It could be said that the mixture of various cultures is the product of an affluent society.
Industrialization has caused the “convergence of cultures, ” and global media has produced the “deodorization of culture, ” but different ethnic groups interact and live together. We may realize that neither convergence nor deodorization can be performed. Their lives are divided by a national wall, which stands between South Koreans and the Chinese. On an ethnic level, a wall, which obstructs communication between the Han race and ethnic Koreans and between South Koreans and the Chinese Koreans, also exists clearly. It is not so easy for them to get over the barriers that inhibit the sharing of a “public space” and “joint consciousness” and direct understanding of each other's experiences in the near future.
However, given today's reality in which we are already living as neighbors, and given the changing ethnic identities, we must determine the conditions for coexistence by transcending nationalism that is shut by “self-hypertrophy.”View full abstractDownload PDF (1733K) -
Matsuo TAMAKI2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 363-380
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFrom the latter half of the 1980s onward, migration of labor has become prominent in East and South East Asian regions. This reflects the fact that the Asian economy as a whole has advanced rapidly in the globalized economy and that the economic disparity among countries or areas within the Asian region is becoming greater. Migration of labor within the Asian region has generated a multitude of unauthorized migrants. However, to look at the phenomenon of unauthorized migrants as a problem arose from “people who enter or work in another country ignoring legal controls” is too one-sided. This paper focuses on unauthorized migrants in East and South East Asias. First of all, based on the overall situation, the misfit between the demand for labor and immigration policies, as well as the relationship between tighter regulations against immigrants and emergence of unauthorized immigrants, are examined, mainly from a comparative viewpoint of immigration policies. Moreover, an effort was made to extract the characteristics and theories common among recent host countries for foreign labor. Unauthorized migrants are one of the results of the conflict between the policies of host countries that seek an effective use of foreign labor in terms of national interest and the resistance of foreign laborers that seek better jobs and better lives under rigid conditions imposed on them.View full abstractDownload PDF (2003K) -
Inquiry into the Transnational Perspective in Migration StudiesAkihiro KOIDO2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 381-399
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe transnational perspective in migration studies emerged from interactions of multiple and diverse currents of migration studies on new migration phenomena in North America. This perspective shed a light on the “transnational social space, ” which is built upon multi-directional human and information flow facilitated by social organization crossing the international border. Pre-existing social scientific framework based upon the nation-state system could not grasp this new reality.
This study is an endeavor to examine issues generated from this perspective with special attention given to three aspects. First, the research efforts to explore this new social reality have been inclined to focus on its positive aspects of horizontal network and communal relation while disregarding possibilities of retrogression, internal division, and unequal power relations. Second, at the macro-structural level, transnational migrants do not necessarily move bypassing the state border easily, but rather produce cooperative or even complicit relations with nation-states and by doing so create a more complex formation of transnational social spaces. Third, from a historical perspective, the ascendance of transnational social space is more than a new version of lasting communal relations beyond the border in earlier history, such as diasporan Jews or overseas Chinese. On-going global restructuring of economy from the above has created conditions to develop and to consolidate transnational social space both by destabilizing national economies and politics and by opening up new opportunities for overseas population.
For a more balanced and nuanced research on social processes of migration from the transnational perspective, it is necessary to incorporate into the analysis its complex internal structure as well as to contextualize it in the macro-historical dynamics in the current market-oriented global restructuring process.View full abstractDownload PDF (2109K) -
An East Asian PerspectiveHiroshi OHATA2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 400-416
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper examines the views on the relationship between the state and civil society in three analytic frameworks on social movements responding to globalization : antisystemic movement theory, network society theory, and the East Asian civil society argument. Through this examination, it searches for a paradigmatic change in the civil society argument. The purpose of the change is to make the civil society argument deep-rooted in the East Asian soil on which we live, meeting the demands of our times of globalization.
Antisystemic movement theory follows orthodox assumptions that there is a clear distinction between the state and civil society, and that they can confront each other. Recently, these assumptions have been less emphasized because of the strategic calculation on the political use of anti-globalization movements. Network society theory analyses social movements without considering the relationship between the state and civil society, because it maintains that global networks will make the role of the state and civil society less important. In short, the state and civil society are presupposed to confront each other, or are not considered central to these main analytic frameworks on anti-globalization movements. On the other hand, the East Asian civil society argument, which has been less noticed in relation to social movements responding to globalization, regards the state and civil society as interconnected.
In actual anti-globalization movements, we can hear some voices to be resonant with the viewpoints of the East Asian civil society argument. The East Asian civil society argument will continue to address the theoretical and practical issues in building a transnational network responding to globalization in this region, bearing a geographical specificity and internal diversity as its own destiny.View full abstractDownload PDF (1736K) -
Hiromasa KANO2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 417-434
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIslamic fundamentalism (Islamist movement) has risen in the Middle East. Hamas in Gaza and Hezbollar in Southern Lebanon have pursued two activities. They conduct radical political activities and social welfare activities such as managing clinics and providing basic social services for poor people. In the case of Egypt, social welfare activities of “centrifugal” Islamist movements have not been investigated, even though religious and secular PVOs and NGOs have increased due to globalization and implementation of aid-funded programs. PVOs respond to medical needs for people under structural adjustment programs. In 1991, approximately 14, 000 PVOs were registered in Egypt.
Islamic societies have developed the tradition of charity and formed various charity institutions, such as waqf, Islamic hospitals, schools, and Zuwiya logdes in sufi orders. Charity institutions seem to have positive effects on recent Islamic PVO activities by way of zakat collection and Islamic networks for capital and human recruitment. On the other hand, these charity institutions had negative effects of limiting benefits to persons in institutions instead of giving them to the poor as originally targeted. If the historical experience of widening the gap between ideals and practice of Islamic charity is repeated in Islamic PVO activities, Islamic people in need of welfare and medical services would lose their confidence in Islamic PVOs. This would affect Islamist movements and grass-root efforts. In order to examine these hypotheses, it is necessary to understand PVOs by considering the relationship between the state and society in both Egypt and in the Middle East.View full abstractDownload PDF (1891K) -
The Reactions of Hearing People to the Deaf VoiceTomoko SHIBUYA2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 435-451
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper discusses the stigmatization of the deaf voice by the hearing majority. The unclear voice of deaf people is usually regarded as a deviation from the expected sound patterns of hearing peoples' voices, and thus has often been associated with “primitiveness, ” such as the sounds made by animals and monsters. Interestingly, we can see an analogy between this point of view and the way sign language had been seen until recently. The fact that sign language is accepted positively by society today indicates just how much the stigmatizing process is affected by the interpretation of a hearing society.
The latter half of this paper focuses on the narrative of hearing people with deaf parents, who are accustomed to the deaf voice while also retaining a “hearing perspective.” Although they wish their parents would pass as normal in the hearing world, they also stress their strong attachment to the voice of their parents. It means that the perspective of negatively viewing the deaf voice is not a universal phenomenon, but is something acquired through absorbing the norms of the hearing community.
While cultural shocks to different cultures and languages often become a topic of conversation, hearing people rarely refer to the difference they feel about the deaf voice. Because of the moral consciousness that we should not discriminate against the disabled, we tend to behave as if there were no difference at all. However, an underlying discomfort actually plays a part in why hearing people avoid being closely related to the deaf. To recognize this difference and to examine the thoughts the hearing society take for granted is meaningful in looking at the existing framework of “culture” and “disability.”View full abstractDownload PDF (1668K) -
Hiroshi KANBAYASHI2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 452-467
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is a well-known fact that “don't know” (DK) responses are likely to occur in political attitude questions in a questionnaire survey. Usually, such DK responses are treated as missing values. On the other hand, some previous studies suggested that DK responses on political attitudes reflect the respondent's negative attitude toward politics. If this interpretation is correct, we can expect that there is a relationship between DK responses and political behavior. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between DK responses and political behavior (voting behavior and participation in political activities) by using a nation-wide panel survey data. The analyses show that respondents with a higher number of DK responses tend not to participate in political activities.View full abstractDownload PDF (1484K) -
Through the Practice of Tobie Nathan's psychotherapyKenji NOBUTOMO2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 468-484
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFrom a sociological standpoint of view, memory, history and myths play a great role in group formation and the problem of identification of the subject. But for the analysis of today's multicultural and multi-ethnical society, we also need comparative sociological studies of the formation of collective memory.
This study investigates the ethno-psychotherapeutic clinical practice of Tobie Nathan in France and discusses the structural difference between ethno-psychotherapy and European psychotherapy, particularly the manipulation of the mythic and historical materials of the subject.
This paper explains the nature of memory in ethno-therapeutic practice as generative memory, which is regenerated and maintained by continual practice in a group. The psychological disorders of group members are cured through a total regeneration of social myths themselves.
On the other hand, from a psychoanalytical point of view, the modern subject is structured by scission from the “Other” as the place where collective generative memory is developed. To compensate for this scission, the modern subject changes the collective generation of memory by repeating its own myth.
By this argument, the author concludes that these two types of clinical practice reveal historical and environmental transformation of the subjective dispositif. With this argument, we can better appreciate clinical psychotherapeutic practices in other cultures.View full abstractDownload PDF (1761K) -
Norihiro NIHEI2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 485-499
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: April 23, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThere are two opposite opinions on volunteer activities. The advocates applaud them because they could solve problems caused by the nation and the market. The critics of neo-liberalism, on the other hand, are apprehensive that they would promote social change in line with neo-liberalism. The aim of this paper is to reconsider the discussions comprehensively and to show theoretical points that avoid complicity with neo-liberalism.
The problems of complicity could be classified into two types. One is at the level of condition, and another is at the level of consequence. At the level of condition, complicity would occur when volunteer activities function as replacements for institutions of welfare states, and when volunteers become moralistic and easy to be governed. On the other hand, at the level of consequence, complicity would happen when social disparity that exists among participants in volunteer activities aggravates social inequality, and when volunteers are mobilized to protect themselves by excluding others.
It is then shown that these complicities don't always happen and there are ways to avoid them. Such methods are found by considering the “others” who have difficulty in gaining people's sympathy and neglected in most discussions of volunteers.View full abstractDownload PDF (1615K) -
[in Japanese]2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 500-517
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: April 23, 2010
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[in Japanese]2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 518-534
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: April 23, 2010
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[in Japanese]2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 535-543
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 544-548
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 549-558
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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[in Japanese]2005 Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 559-563
Published: September 30, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: October 19, 2009
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