Japanese Sociological Review
Online ISSN : 1884-2755
Print ISSN : 0021-5414
ISSN-L : 0021-5414
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Volume 62, Issue 3
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Special Issue
  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    2011 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 260-265
    Published: December 31, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.62.260
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Reconsidering Measurement of Class Origin in Intergenerational Mobility
    An Analysis of 2005SSM Surveys Using Log-Multiplicative RC Association Modeling
    Satoshi MIWA
    2011 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 266-283
    Published: December 31, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.62.266
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Much previous research has found that a common relative mobility pattern describes mobility in various countries, but most of this research adopted a “traditional approach,” by which I mean class origin was measured only by fathers' occupation. However, more recent research utilized models that incorporate both fathers' and mothers' occupation, and these models provide a better fit. This “new approach” contradicts the findings of much previous research on intergenerational social mobility in the U.S. In this paper, I tested which model better explained mobility in East Asia. My three main findings are that (1) models using the “traditional approach” adequately explain the mobility patterns of Japanese men, (2) the “new approach” models fit better than did the conventional models in Japan, and (3) only in regard to women did reanalyzing mobility patterns in East Asian societies using the “new approach” model show differences between countries in the region. In conclusion, differences in characteristics of mothers' occupation might bring heterogeneity into the structure of women's intergenerational mobility in East Asia.
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  • Commonalities and Differences between Japanese and Korean National Identity
    Multi-group Covariance Structure Analysis Using ISSP2003 Data
    Shunsuke TANABE
    2011 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 284-300
    Published: December 31, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.62.284
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This paper analyzes commonalities and differences between Japanese and Korean national identity by multi-group covariance structure analysis with structured means. In this article, “criteria for national member,” “national pride,” and “xenophobia” are cited as “national identity” by referencing previous research. The result shows that Japanese and South Korean criteria for national membership are both one-dimensional. This is affected by the prevailing myth of a “homogeneous nation.” The correlations between political national pride and xenophobia are negative in many Western European countries, but positive in Japan and South Korea. Because of the authoritarian regime experiments in Japan and South Korea, political national pride in both countries associate anti-sentiment toward non-national others. The conceptual configuration of “armed forces” and “history” are different between Japan and South Korea. This result shows that variant historical experiments affect people's attitudes toward their own nations.
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  • What Makes Good Relationships with Parents?
    A Multilevel Analysis Using NFRJ
    Junya TSUTSUI
    2011 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 301-318
    Published: December 31, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.62.301
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    Lately, more and more empirical studies have adopted multilevel analysis because of its distinctive merits: using information about clustering (data clustered within individuals or individuals clustered within societies) , multilevel analysis produces less biased point estimation and more appropriate interval estimation than ordinary linear models. It is widely seen that in order to exploit this advantage, one needs hierarchically stratified data such as panel data or internationally comparable cross-sectional data. However, multilevel modeling can be flexibly applied to most ordinary cross-sectional data. To demonstrate, an analysis using National Family Research of Japan, which includes a wealth of information on family relationships, was conducted. The focus is on the subjective goodness of relationships with parents. There are a maximum of four relationships, and these may correlate with each other within individuals; thus, a multilevel analysis might be appropriate. Results showed that respondents who live near their parents have a more positive view of their relationships than those who live together or live far apart. At the same time, respondents who give to or receive from their parents a moderate amount of financial aid have more positive relationships. These results suggest that an excessive involvement with parents, which might be a result of family-dependent welfare provision in Japan, leads to decreased emotional welfare. In terms of the quantitative method, this study provides an example of how a multilevel analysis can be flexibly applied to widely available cross-sectional data.
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  • Divorce and Women's Socioeconomic Status in Japan
    Applications of Fixed Effects and Random Effects Models
    Akane MURAKAMI
    2011 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 319-335
    Published: December 31, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.62.319
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    Divorce is an important life event that affects family lives and social inequalities. In Japan, divorce has been a neglected area of family research due to the low divorce rate. Yet, the collection of longitudinal data for life-course analysis in Japan since the 1990s enables us to examine how divorce influences the lives of women, particularly of single-mother families. Many studies in Europe and the United States have already revealed that divorce causes severe economic and social deprivations for women and men. Parental divorce is a major cause of child impoverishment, which affects child development and eventually shapes educational and occupational attainments. Analyses of the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers (JPSC) , a nationally representative longitudinal survey of 1,500 young women in Japan, estimated the impact of divorce on equivalized household income utilizing a fixed-effects model and a random-effects model. Women in Japan experience a significant household income decline after divorce, although most divorced women were employed prior to divorce. Their inadequate level of household income is due not only to Japan's gendered employment system but also to family policy that does not require compulsory child support payment from the divorced father. The government's child support for low-income families is inadequate. Consequently, women face great difficulties in maintaining their standard of living. The national policy leads to such families becoming impoverished, even though single mothers in Japan have the highest rate of employment among countries with similar economic standing in the world. Divorce has become more common in the past few decades in Japan; yet, policies lag behind social reality. Therefore, it is important to reconsider Japan's gendered employment and family policies.
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  • Happiness in Japan
    A Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort Analysis based on JGSS Cumulative Data 2000-2010
    Kuniaki SHISHIDO, Takayuki SASAKI
    2011 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 336-355
    Published: December 31, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.62.336
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    The purpose of this paper is to examine factors affecting the happiness of Japanese people based on the JGSS cumulative data 2000-2010 carried out eight times between 2000 and 2010. JGSS is a repeated cross-sectional survey conducted once a year or every other year. Analyzing the pooled data of JGSS makes it possible to examine cohort effects and period effects. In addition, we can achieve more generalized findings by examining the effect of variables at the individual level while controlling for the effect of cohorts and periods. We employed a hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort Analysis because individuals are nested within two social contexts: period (time points of surveys) and cohort (birth cohorts with 5-year interval). The period and the cohort were set at the group level, and age and other independent variables predicting happiness were set at the individual level.
    The results of our analysis revealed that (1) the age effect followed a U-shaped curve, (2) happiness declined in 2003, (3) happiness was low in the 1935-1939 birth cohort and the 1980-or-after birth cohorts, (4) original social stratum and social opportunities in the early period of life affected happiness over the life course, (5) subjective relative household income had a stronger relationship with happiness than equivalent household income, and (6) working status and marital status have a different effect on happiness between men and women.
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  • Age and Cohort Differences in Social Networks among Older Adults
    Findings from Nationwide Longitudinal Survey for Japanese Elderly through Multilevel Analysis
    Erika KOBAYASHI, Jersey LIANG
    2011 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 356-374
    Published: December 31, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.62.356
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    Japanese older adults in three birth cohorts (C1: 1915 and earlier, C2: 1916-25, C3: 1926-36) who experienced Japan's rapid economic growth after World War II at different life stages were compared to clarify 1) cohort differences in social networks and their growth trajectories in old age and 2) factors that mediate cohort effect on networks. Social networks were measured by number of (a) close friends, (b) close neighbors and (c) groups they belonged to, (d) frequency of face-to-face contact with friends, neighbors, and relatives, and (e) frequency of attendance in group meetings. Data were obtained from 7 waves of a national survey of Japanese adults aged 60 and above, conducted between 1987 and 2006, which resulted in 16,955 observations for 4,999 persons. Through multilevel analyses (Hierarchical Linear Model) , we found that each network decreased with age in a quadratic curve, and that trajectories of group participation (c, e) differed by cohort. For men, two recent cohorts (C2, C3) were more likely to have fewer neighbors and less frequent contact compared to C1. For women, cohort differences in the number of neighbors were smaller than for men, and C2-C3 were more likely to have a greater number of close friends and more frequent contact compared to C1, which resulted in greater gender differences (Female > Male) in the recent cohorts for these networks. In C1, men belonged to more groups and had more frequent participation than women, but women in C3 participated in groups more frequently than men in the same cohort. After controlling for health, socioeconomic factors, and family factors, the cohort difference still existed, although socioeconomic factors partly reduced it. These results indicate that gender differences in social networks in old age are not constant but can be varied by cohorts who experience different life courses.
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Articles
  • Authenticity and Transition of Music Festivals in Japan
    Naomi MIYAMOTO
    2011 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 375-391
    Published: December 31, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.62.375
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This paper examines a new possibility and usefulness of the concept of authenticity through analyzing the transitioning characteristics of music festivals in Japan. Among discussion of authenticity in tourism studies, classical music festivals have not been mentioned so far.
    At music festivals, music that was created in the past in European countries is reproduced. The concept of authenticity is effective when considering the significance of classical music festivals in Japan, which were originally irrelevant and inauthentic with regard to European traditional music.
    Now, many local volunteers and amateur musicians participate in Japanese festivals, and many unique events are planned. Japanese music festivals continue by “assimilating” foreign music into their own cultural bases. In that sense, the music of Japanese festivals does not become a borrowed culture. At the same time, most Japanese music festivals have been asking for high quality performances by leading musicians. In fact, this means authentic performances. In conclusion, the request for a “universal” value of performance quality is a new aspect in the concept of authenticity.
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  • Does the Local Community of “Tomo no Ura” Have an Age-grade System?
    An Analysis of the Social Ties of an Ancient Port Town and a Conflict in the Community
    Satoshi MORIHISA
    2011 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 392-410
    Published: December 31, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: November 22, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4057/jsr.62.392
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    How much do the principles of social ties affect the conditions of conflict in local communities? Tomo no Ura, an ancient port town that has a continuing conflict that I call the “Tomo Port Preservation Problem” provides a good case study for this question. I analyzed the age-grade system of Tomo and examined why the Tomo Port Preservation Problem is a protracted and intergenerational conflict. I discussed the traditions of “Wakamono-gumi” (youth group) and “Tou-ya” as “Wakashuu-yado” (men's house) on the local festival in Tomo. The results show that there is a possibility that Tomo has an age-grade system. Thus, I examined the Tomo Port Preservation Problem from the perspective of an age-grade system. I purport that the residents of Tomo have a social consciousness dictating strong respect for the elderly, and they think of the president of the student government (or PTA) as a local leader who can negotiate efforts for important procedures. These observations should be regarded as evidence of social consciousness in a traditional age-grade system. Currently, it is difficult to acquire the observational data that can determine whether the local community has an age-grade system. However, I think that the findings of old studies of the age-grade system are useful for researching the conflict in the community. Those results may contain the seeds of possibility for developing an understanding of the inner workings of the community.
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