There is available a fair amount of the published literature on the relationship between the quantitative change of fatty matters in the human gingiva and cases of marginal periodontitis of a chronic nature.
However, research efforts seen to be yet scanty that deal with cholesterolester and triglyceride which have come to draw our attention in recent years because of their physiological roles. In the present study, therefore, the author was concerned with a classification degrees of their symptoms and identified the main constituent fatty acids in cholesterolester and triglyceride in these different classes of the affected gingiva.
By way of study material, use was made of a total of 40 subjects who consisted of 19 males and 21 females ranging 20 to 50 years in age, that had been diagnosed as cases of periodontitis in the Department of Periodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, and not suffering from any other disease except for some types of periodontitis, as determined by usual clinical tests including the previous history, oral examination.
In terms of PMA indices, the study subjects were roughly classified into three groups of P. M and A.
At the same time, the members of our faculty and those patients who were free from any gingival anomalies in the periodontal structure who had been consulted in the Department of Periodontology were used as controls.
In extracting fatty matters from the gingiva, the method of FOLCH was followed in which cholesterolester and triglyceride were fractionated and were extracted by means of a thin-layer chromatography. Subsequently, the identification and quantitative measurments were made of fatty acids through gas chromatography. As a result of the study, the author arrived at the following conclusion.
1. The constituent fatty acids comprising cholesterolester and triglyceride were found to be myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. There was no appreciable difference in the kind of the fatty acids between normal subjects and various degree of the gingival inflamation in periodontal patient.
2. In terms of the percentage of fatty acids constituting cholesterolester, the leve of linoleic acid tended to increase, whereas palmitoleic acid revealed a tendency decrease. Moreover as compared with normal, P and M group on the contrary.
3. In terms of the percentage of fatty acids trigly-ceride, the level of oleic acid and linoleic acid tended to increase, whereas palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid and stearic acid revealed a tendency of decrease.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this study is to observe the denuded root surfaces involving in periodontal disease, and to investigate the biological compatibility of them which were treated by representative clinical procedures.
145 periodontally diseased human teeth and 25 normal undenuded teeth were used in this experiment. The surfaces and cross sections of these roots were examined by scanning electron microscope and microradiography.
We also made clinical treatment on periodontally involved root such as scaling, root planing, complete dentin exposing and some of them were subjected by citric-acid application. Then small root fragments of these treated teeth were incubated in culture medium with fibroblasts derived from healthy human gingiva.
After 2 days of incubation, root fragments with cells were fixed and stained.
The number of cells on each sample was calculated using light microscope.
The results were followed:
a. SEM observation indicated that the denuded root surfaces were covered by hypermineralized zone which showed acid resistance.
2. This hypermineralized zone showed radiopasity under microradiographic observation. The thickness of this zone was the widest at cervical area and gradually narrowed to bottom of periodontal pocket.
3. The growth of cells on treated root surfaces was increased according to remove the contaminated and hypermineralized cementum.
4. After application of citric-acid to root surfaces, the cell growth was most remarkable on root planed tooth. However on scaled tooth with acid appliation, the number of cells was not different from tooth without acid application
This experiment suggested that removal of hypermineralized zone from denuded root improve the tooth root surfaces which. involving in periodontal contamination. Citric-acid application after mechanical remove of them would faciliate the gingival reattachment to treated root surfaces in this in vitro study.

抄録全体を表示

Some species of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease. In these organisms Bacteroides asaccharolyticus has been found predominantly in the subgingival plaque which was obtained from patients with adult or generalized juvenile periodontitis. There are some evidence that this organism might elicite humoral immune response during the course of periodontal disease by passing the capsule through pocket epithelium.
An enzyme-immunoassay, which was sensitive enough to determine low amoumt of antibody was used for measuring serum antibody titer specific for B. asaccharolyticus (strain 381). The serum was obtained from 16 patients with periodontal disease and 14 subjects with healthy periodontal tissue. Various clinical parameters were measured from these patients and subjects at that time. Following results were obtained.
1. The diseased group showed significantly higher antibody titer specific for B. asaccharolyticus than the healthy group. (P<0.05)
2. Concerning the relation between the alveolar bone loss and the antibody titer, it was found that severe bone loss group (more than 40%) had greater antibody titer than minimal bone loss group.
3. A correlation between severity of disease and the increase of antibody titer was also positively observed, but significant difference was not stastically obtained. These results indicate the passage of the bacterial components through pocket epithelium and the production of the specific humoral antibody on the patients with periodontal disease. This specific antibody may play protective role, however destructive effects of the immunological reaction should be also considered.

抄録全体を表示

A simple method for analyzing the marginal form of alveolar bone seems to be important in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for surveying the marginal form of buccal alveolar bone from gingival surface with ultrasonic wave system. The results obtained from the ultrasonic were compared with X-ray photographs which were taken at the same region.
The subjects were three males and one female, and five anterior teeth were surveyed. These teeth were able to classify as follow.
1. No resorption of the alveolar bone.
2. Resorption of the alveolar bone to the extent of a half of the root length.
3. Resorption of the alveolar bone to the extent of three quarters of the root length.
4. Resorption of the alveolar bone to the apex of the root at the distal surface.
The buccal margin of alveolar bone of each tooth was surveyed by the ultrasonic probe from gingival surface. The echo of ultrasonic wave reflected from the surfaces of the alveolar bone or the root was measured. Two peaks reflected from the alveolar bone surface and root surface were obtained at the border of the marginal alveolar bone.
As results, the border between the alveolar bone and the root was easily distinguished and furthermore the marginal form of alveolar bone was also exactly observed. So the method of the ultrasonic wave seems to be more exact than the X-ray system concerning to the marginal form of the alveolar bone.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanism of the tooth mobility by measuring the frequency of a tooth and its surrounding tissue. A unit pulse technique was used to vibrate the tooth by hitting it with a hammer with plastic tip. The frequency range from 0Hz to 5, 925Hz was given in a moment to the examined tooth. An accelerated pick up (NP-501s: BBN, U. S. A.) was used for detection of frequency from a tooth and its surrounding tissue. It was adhesived to the palatal surface of a maxillary central incisor. Analysis of data was perfomed by FFT (Fast Fourier Transformer, CF-400; ONO SOKKI Co., Tokyo, Japan).
Tooth mobility was measured in visco-elastical model and extracted teeth, and then 41 maxillary central incisors of the patients with healthy periodontal condition and with early to advanced periodontal disease.
As the results, two components of frequency were fonud in visco-elastical model and in the patient. One was below 1, 000Hz (Peak 1: P. 1) and the another was above 1, 000Hz (Peak 2: P. 2). From the result obtained from extracted teeth, the characteristic frequency value of the maxillary central incisor was 2, 255.4Hz, which was average frequency of five teeth. This value was corresponded with the frequency of P. 2. The frequency of P. 1 was caused mainly by vibrating its surrounding tissue.
The frequency value of P. 1 and the frequency spectrum of P. 2 were found to relate with the destruction of periodontal tissue. The frequency value of P. 1 decreased according to the progress of periodontal destruction.
The frequency spectrum of P. 2 became wider according to the advance of destruction.
The shapes of wave of P. 2 was classified into 4 types. There were Bell-type, Voigt-type, Maxwell-type and Mixed Voigt-Maxwell-type. Healthy periodontum showed Bell-type. According to an advance of periodontal disease, the shape of wave of P. 2 change to show a tendency to appear Maxwell-type.

抄録全体を表示

Immunocompetent cells in human chronic inflamed gingiva were characterized on the tissue sections and in the eluates.
On tissue sections, immunoglobulin bearing cells were detected by direct immunofluorescence with FITC conjugated F (ab′)₂ fragment anti-human IgG, IgA, or IgM. IgG-bearing cells were predominant throughout the connective tissue. In the central lamina, IgG was found in 65.2±9.5% (mean±SD), IgA in 11.2±1.1%, and IgM in 1.3±1.1% of the mononuclear infiltrating cells. Many immunoglobulin negative lymphocytes were also found beneath the pocket lining epithelium. These cells were determined to be T lymphocytes by immunofluorescence using monoclonal anti-human T-cell antibody (Leu-1). The proportion of T lymphocytes to monounclear infiltrating cells was 29.3±10.0% beneath the pocket epithelium, but was 2.6±0.7% at the central lamina propria. Macrophages were also detected beneath the pocket epithelium by staining with nonspecific esterase (α-naphtylbutyrate esterase). IgG·FcR-bearing cells were shown in the connective tissue by EA rosettes formation and PAP method.
The gingival tissue suspension was obtained from inflamed gingiva by mechanical mince and enzymatic digestion with collagenase, hyaluronidase, and DNase. In the cell suspension, T-cells were detected by E rosettes, FcR-bearing cells by EA rosettes, and Tγ and Tμ cells by mixed rosettes assay. T-cells were found in 35.3±6.0%, FcR-bearing cells in 30.0±14.9% of the round shaped nuclear cells. Tγ and Tμ cells were found in 6.9±4.6 and 44.7±4.9 % of the T-cells, respectively. The percentage of Tγ cells in T-cells was significantly lower in the eluates than in the peripheral blood. Macrophage like cells were found in 12.9±4.4% of the nuclear cells, and in 29.1±16.1% of the FcR-bearing cells.
The present results suggest that chronic periodontitis in adult human may be compound lesion of T and B-cells.

抄録全体を表示

Effect of age on the contents of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and collagen in the rat gingiva was studied biochemically and histochemically. Male wistar rats of 4, 11-42 and 56-64 weeks old were used as young adult and old groups, respectively. The results are as follows:
1 No marked difference in the GAG content was found among the three groups.
Qualitative analysis of GAG by two dimensional electrophoresis revealed the presence of hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. No marked difference was found in the intensity of the staining in these components between young and old groups.
2 Sulfated GAG was observed in the part of connective tissue, while nonsulfated GAG observed mainly in the epithelial part of the gingiva by histochemical staining.
Staining intensity was almost equal between young and old groups.
3 Total collagen content was extremely high in adult and old groups as compared with young group. This finding was also confirmed by histochemical staining.
4 Both the contents of salt-and soluble collagens were increased in adult group but the increased levels were declined in old group. The content of insoluble collagen was extremely high in adult and old groups as compared with young group.

抄録全体を表示

Rat lymphocytes sensitized with Actinomyces naeslundii ATCC 12104 strain and Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 19246 strain showed positive fluorescence from one week to four weeks after inoculation by using with fluorescence antigen techniques. These sensitized lymphocytes (effector cell) had not nature as cytotoxity against ⁵¹Cr labeled L-cells (target cell). Moreover, they had tendency to make proliferation rather than to injure to L-cells. Rat periodontal tissues transfered the lymphocytes with exracts of A. naeslundii or A. viscosus were not suffered from injury such as delayed typed hypersensitivity.
Development to formation of B-cell immunity and immediate typed hypersensitivity due to the effect of injected lymphocytes were not demonstrated. Macrophages migrated and phagocyted the antigenic substances in early stage in the tissue. And fibroblasts also initiated to proliferate and regenerate in the artificial injured tissue which brought about by injections.
From above results, we conclude that peripheral lymphocytes recognized Actinomyces antigens mainly play a role as tissue defensive factos (resistance factors) in the periodontal tissue.

抄録全体を表示

We have characterized osteoclast-activating factor (OAF) using a bioassay for bone resorption which utilizes the release of ⁴⁵Ca from fetal rat calvaria in vitro.
OAF was obtained from supernatants of cultures of either normal human leukocytes (PBL), or tonsil cells activated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or dental plaques from patients with periodontal disease. Furthermore, T and non-T cells were separated from PBL by means of sheep erythrocyte rosette formation, and each fraction was cultured with PHA. The results suggest that activated T cells can produce OAF, and its production is enhanced by plastic-adherent cells (monocyte).
100% of the OAF activity was retained on Amicon UM2 membranes with a nominal molecular weight cutoff of 1, 000 daltons, and 60% of the activity was retained on Amicon PM 10 membranes with a nominal molecular weight cutoff of 10, 000 daltons. These results indicate that the molecular weight of OAF is about 10, 000 daltons.

抄録全体を表示

This study was an attempt to investigate electron microscopical difference between enamel and enamel droplet, and cementum and cementicle in periodontal disease.
A total of 41 molar teeth with furcation involvement and impossible of preservative treatment were used in this investigation. Those teeth were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, the moment they were extracted. Soft tissues from most of the samples were removed with ethylendiamin. Enamel droplet and cementicle in surface of root furcation were observed under the SEM and TEM. The ground section were also prepared and observed by polarized light microscopy and microradiography.
It was observed in the root furcation that such an aberration was a strong predisposing factor in the initial break down where enamel projection was present.
SEM and TEM finding revealed that surface of the enemel droplet and cementicle in the furcation were different from normal enamel and cementum.

抄録全体を表示

This study was carried out in order to understand the histopathological finding of the root furcation involvement accompanied with periodontal diseases.
Materials used were 63 teeth from 18 autopsy and 12 biopsy cases. All the autopsy materials were serially sectioned and stained by hematoxylin-Eosin. Some of the biopsy specimens were stained by silver and Azan-Malloy.
We classified the furcation involvement into four groups after the modified Ree method, that is Grade, O, I, II and III.
In Grade O, the bony pocket extended to the furca but not apical to it, and the height of the alveolar crest remained coronal to the furcation. The pocket presented a radiolucent line or spot on the root surface coronal to the furcation.
In Grade I, the bony pocket extended apical to the furca, but the height of the alveolar crest remained coronal to the furcation. The pocket presented a radiolucent line or spot on the interradicular bone or on the root surface.
In Grade II, either facial or lingual bone loss extended beneath the furca. This bone resorption appeared as irregular areas of reduced radio-opacity beneath the furca and coronal to the bone with normal density.
In Grade III, both facial and lingual bone loss extended apical to the furcation. The bone resorption appeared on the X-ray film as sharply outlined radiolucent areas at the root furcation.
This time we examined the enamel pearls and the overlying cementum containing cementicles, and their significance to the furcation involvement.
In the Type I, enamel pearls were confined to the buccal or lingual surface of the cervical line, and was covered by a thin layer of cementum.
In the Type II, the enamel pearls distributed from the buccal or lingual suface to the center of the furca of the tooth. Enamel pearls near the center of furca was covered with cementum containing cementicles.
In the Type III, enamel pearls distributed to the entire furca, and were enclosed in thick cementum containing cementicles.
In conclusion, this investigation presented some histological features of the root furcation involvements accompanied with periodontal diseaes. The enamel pearls and the thickness of the covering cementum is important to understand the process of pathological involvement.

抄録全体を表示

Pocket formation is a most prominent symptom of the periodontal disease. Cementum facing to the pocket became exposed and soaked to the pocket and oral environment receiving several pathologic changes. The most striking feature of these changes is that in chemical composition. However, conflicting results have been reported on the distribution pattern of major element and also on the presence or absence of minor element in the exposed root surfaces mostly because of scanty of similar works. This study was intended to compare the distribution pattern of some chemical element between unexposed (healthy) and exposed human cementum using electron probe microanalyser.
The point by point analysis of polished cemental surface showed that wide variation of ditribution pattern of element was observed, however, the consistent emergence of Ca and P, and frequent appearance of Mg, Na, Al, Si, S, Cl, Cu and Zn could be recognized in both exposed and unexposed specimen. Among those found in unexposed cementum, Fe was a sole element which failed to find in exposed cementum. By linear scan analysis, Ca and P increased its concentration at surface area in some specimen of exposed cementum. This result was confirmed statistically (P<0.01) by quantitative analysis of Ca and P using Fluor apatite as a control.

抄録全体を表示

This study was performed to evaluate the state of periodontal disease on epidemiological scale by statistically analysing the questionnaires from the periodontal patients.
Subjects were 474 periodontal patients aged 13 to 69, averaged 39.3 years, 190 males and 284 females, who visited our hospital in the four years from 1979 to 1981.
Severity of periodontal disease was scored for the six teeth (6/41|41/6) as representative of the each entire dentition as Ramfjord reported, by mesuring roentgenographic alveolar bone crest level with Bjorn et al's method.
Statistical observations were carried out relating the items of the questionnaires such as chief complaint, taste for foods, alcoholic drinking, cigarette consumption, frequency of tooth brushing and maternity for female to severity of periodontal disease.
The following results were gained.
1. As for chief complaint, “gingival bleeding” was the most predominant (55.5%), followed by “calculus deposition” and “caries”.
2. There seemed to be an inclination for the patients to have more sweet and less hot or hard foods and drinks, as periodontal disease advanced.
3. Statistically significant differences were not recognized for alcoholic drinking and frequency of tooth brushing.
4. Cigarette consumption increaced as periodontal disease advanced.
Statistical significance was recognized at 5% level between cigarette consumption group and non cigarette consumption group.
5. Statistical significance was observed at 5% level between maternity group and non maternity group for severity of periodontal disease.

抄録全体を表示

In order to establish a system for treatment of periodontal disease, a system, containing a treatment procedure along with a progress of periodontal involvement, should be considered.
In this study, we used quantitative and qualitative assessment of alveolar bone, from one of the symptoms of periodontal disease could be observed and evaluated.
We examined 237 periodontal disease patients in department of periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, and the patients were divided into following age groups: 20-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60.
We measured a resorption of alveolar bone roentgenologically.
The results were as follows:
1. The average alveolar bone resorption advanced continuously with age.
2. With all of age groups, the prominent resorption was observed around portions of second premolars and first molars.
3. In pre- and post-flap operation, the change of alveolar bone level was clearly observed with the age group 51-60 (fig. 9), but no evident change was observed with other age groups (fig. 6-8).
4. A change of alveolar bone crest was not observed with the patients who regularly visited us after operation, but changes were observed with other patients who did not visit us regularly.

抄録全体を表示

The treatment of periodontal disease have to establish the system of periodontal therapy depend on the etiology and advance mechanism of periodontal disease. For the purpose of occlusal therapy, it is important to reevaluate the temporary fixation for treatment of the advance periodontal disease. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the prognosis of the periodontal treatment and the temporary fixation treatment, using the finding of the clinical examination and the standardized technique for radiography.
Of the periodontal patients who visited the Department of Periodontic Nihon University Dental Hospital at Matsudo, 7 patients needed for temporary fixation following the periodontal treatment the progress following the temporary fixation were examined at a month, 3 months, and 6 months after the fixation comparing the condition of pre-fixation.
The data of the clinical examination report and the remodeling of alveolar bone observed by the standardized technique for radiography were applied for the examination.
The remodeling of alveolar bone was observed by the application of temporary fixation. The composits resin material used in this study was effective in temporary fixation until 6 months.

抄録全体を表示

It is generally accepted that food impaction, especially vertical food impaction, influences the initiation and advance of periodontal disease. But still now there remain many unknown respects about it. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical characteristics of food impaction and the relation between its emergence and clinical signs. The subjects were consisted of 60 males and 43 females. They had diagnosed mild or moderate periodontitis and were found food impactions in one or some interproximal spaces on the first examination.
The results were as follows;
1. 2, 613 interproximal spaces were examined in this study. Food impaction was detected in 20.0% of the interproximal areas on upper jaw, in 18.2% on lower jaw, and in 19.1% of total interproximal areas.
2. Food impaction was most frequently detected in the interdental spaces between upper left first and second molars, and in general often in mesial and distal interproximal areas of first molars.
3. The frequency of food impaction was the highest in upper molar area of the whole mouth. The order of frequency was upper molar, lower molar, lower anterior, upper anterior, upper premolar and lower premolar area in sequence.
4. In case that the factors of food impaction were analyzed according to the Hirschfeld's classification, the interproximal areas were most frequently classified into class I in whole mouth and often classified into class III in molar and into class IV in anterior area.
5. There were no significant differences in periodontal pocket depth and tooth mobility between the teeth with food impaction and control teeth. Bone resorption in the interdental spaces with food impaction, however, was significantly higher than that of controls.

抄録全体を表示