It is generally agreed that the radiogram plays a very important role in the diagnosis, treatment and postoperative observations of the periodontal diseases. It is often clinically experienced, however, that the radiographic image does not exactly portray the alveolar bone as it should. That is to say, part of the alveolar bone exists when the radiogram fails to reveal it. Wakamatsu of our Deprtment experimentally proved this phenomenon to be due to the fact that, when Ca content in the alveolar region becomes reduced by about 50%, that portion will appear on the radiogram as if non-existent. On the other hand, acording to Ando it is established that, even if there should take place pathohistologic degenerations in initial change, these will not be radiographically revealed until they have reached the dental root by 1/5.
In the present study, the author conducted a series of experiments for the purpose of determining at what period of time passage changes can be radiographically interpreted in Iinea alba, the outermost portion of the alveolar bone.
For study purposes, the alveolar bone portions of human mandibles were artificially decalcified by the use of hydrochloric acid and changes in Ca were periodically measured and, at the same time, their radiograms were taken. Further, a group of dentists, 30 in number, was asked to interpret the period of disappearance of Iinea alba by using these radiograms. Although half the dentists agreed in their interpretations, opinions were divided in the remaining half, thus attesting to the difficulty of correct radiographic interpretations. In addition, the densities of these radiographic images were analyzed by a microphtometer. As a result of these expriments, the author arrived at the following conclusions.
1. As regards the relationehip between the rate of decalcification and linea alba, when the decalcification by 63.8% took place in the anterior teeth, the radiogram became black beyond the usual visuality necessary for a radiographic interpretation. When the rate of decalcification reached 69.3%, it was impossible to interpret the content of a radiogram.
2. In the molar region, on the other hand, the decalcification by 74.6%, the radiogram became black enough unsuitable for an interpretation, when the decalcification exceeded 86.6%, it was quite impossible to interpret the content of a radiogram.
3. As regards the densities, there were not observed appreciable changes in the anterior teeth till the decalcification was beyond 23% and, in the case of molars, till it was beyond 40%.
4. The above findings are assumed to mean that, even if there should take place the decalcification to a certain degree, it will not be radiographically revealed until it has attained to a given extent or percentage.

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The relationship between the various periodontal conditions and lysozyme activity has been investigated.
The assay conditions were preliminarily examined using a turbidimetric method, and lysozyme activities of serum and mixed saliva were measured quantitatively in normal subjects and in patients with periodontal disease.
The time-course of the changes in lysozyme activity of the serum and mixed saliva was measured afterintramuscular injection of lysozyme chloride (100mg).
These investigations were carried out to a total of 102 Japanese adults, 57 males and 45 females of the ages between 14 to 66.
The lysozyme activity of serum and mixed saliva was assayed by a modifyed method of Kakizaki. After collecting the serum and mixed saliva, they were immediately centrifuged in the cold for 15 minutes at 3000rpm. Within 6 hours of storage at 4°C., these specimens were measured.
The following results were obtained;
1) Lyoszyme activities in serum and mixed saliva from the 102 individuals were very high.
2) Serum lysozyme activity from individuals was comparatively stable when compared to the activity in mixed saliva. The mixed saliva lysozyme activity showed about five times as much as serum lysozyme activity. But both activities showed remarkable individual variations.
3) There was no relationship between serum lysozyme activity and age of subjects. But the lysozyme activity in mixed saliva was found to be highest in youth and declined with age.
4) The disparity of sex in lysozyme activity of serum and mixed saliva was not significant.
5) Serum lysozyme activity of patients with periodontal disease was higher than that of normal, and the enzyme activity of patients with acute condition was higher than that with chronic condition. There was a significant increment of the serum lysozyme activity in proportion as the disease progressed and aggravated.
6) Salivary lysozyme activity in patients with periodontal disease was lower than that of normal, especially in acute condition. The salivary lysozyme activity was decreased in proportion to the progression and aggravation of the disease.
7) No correlation was observed between serum activity and salivary activity in normal and patients with periodontal disease.
8) Lysozyme chloride (100mg) was injected into normal persons and patients with periodontal disease.
Serum lysozyme activity did not change, but after 2 or 3 hours, lysozyme activity of mixed saliva was increased 2-fold. The lysozyme activity in mixed saliva of nomal subjects was significantly higher than that in patients with periodontal disease.
It is speculated that the lysozyme activity of serum and mixed saliva is closely related to the various periodontal conditions and the mechanism of healing.

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Lysozyme activity of gingival tissue from patients with or without periodontal disease has been measured quantitatively in order to clarify the relationship between various periodontal conditions and the behaviour of the lysozyme activity.
Following this, lysozyme activites of epithelium and tunica propria of gingival tissue were measured, and the differences of the lysozyme activity were investigated.
Variations of lysozyme activity in gingival tissues were also investigated before and after oral administration of lysozyme chloride 90mg per pay for 14 days.
The total subjects were 104 Japanese (adults) of the ages between 18 and 58 (including 46 males and 58 females).
Gingival tissues obtained from periodontal surgery were weighed, then were immediately homogenized at 7500rpm for 20sec. with cold M/15 phosphate buffer solution by using a cold polytron homogenizer. The homogenate was centrifuged at 4500rpm for 10min. in a refrigerated centrifuge at 0°C. The supernatant fluid was used as tissue extract. Lysozyme activities of these specimens were measured by the turbidimetric method within 12 hours of storage at 4°C.
The following results were obtained:
1) The total lysozyme activities in gingival tissues of the 104 individuals were very high. However, there was a considerable variation of gingival lysozyme activity in each individual.
2) The lysozyme activity of gingival tissue was found to be lowest in youth and increased with age.
3) Slight difference in the lysozyme activity of gingival tissue by sex was found, but the difference was not significant.
4) The lysozyme activity of the gingival tissue in patients with periodontal diseases was clearly higher than that of normal tissue. The activity of the tissue from acute periodontal condition was higher than that from chronic condition. A remarkable increment of the enzyme activity in proportion to the progression and aggravation of the periodontal disease was observed. Also the difference in the lysozyme activity among each periodontal group was significant.
5) The average activity of tunica propria in normal subjects was about 40.7per cent higher than that of epithelium. The average activity of tunica propria in patients with periodontal disease was about 50.7per cent higher than that of epithelium.
6) The lysozyme activity of epithelium and tunica propria in gingival tissues increased in proportion to the progression and aggravation of the periodontal disease. A positive statistically significant correlation was found between the activity of epithelium and tunica propria.
7) Lysozyme chloride (90mg per day for 14 days) was administered orally to patients with periodontal diseases. After the administration of lysozyme chloride, the lysozyme activity of the tunica propria was greater than that of the epithelium.
8) After oral administration of lysozyme chloride, the lysozyme activity of tunica propria in patients with severe marginal periodontitis was found to be significantly decreased.
As described above, it was speculated that the lysozyme activity of gingival tissue was closely related to the various periodontal conditions.
The lysozyme activity of tunica propria of gingival tissue was higher than that of epithelium.
After oral administration of lysozyme chloride, the lysozyme activity of tunica propria was increased, and it is suggested that the lysozyme activity of gingival tunica propria may play an important role in the etiology and the mechanism of healing of periodontal disease.

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In the diagnosis and treatument of periodontal diseases, much emphasis is placed on the change in the coloration of gingivae.
The gingival coloration is said to be greatly influenced by such factors as the conditions of blood circulation, blood vessels, nature of the blood, parakeratinization of the epithelium and depositon of certain pigments.
In the present studies, the author concorned himself with the correlation existing between the gingival color and gingival capillaries. By way of study materials, a total sample of 25 males and 50 females who were healthy and free from any circulatory disturbances was selectivaly used.
With these subjects, measurements were made of the gingival color in the labial gingival rims of both upper and lower anterior teeth, by the use of a color meter (CM-5A) and were transferred in terms of Munsell values. Immediately after the measurements, the same portions were photographed by the capillary-microscope as well as visual inspections. By using these photographic images prepared as prints, the following five items were specifically invesigated in relation to the gingival color.
a. Morphology of the mucous membrane capillaries of gingivae.
b. The diameter of gingival mucous membrane capillaries and its relationship to the mean Munsell value.
c. The grouping of various pegrees of Munsell hue, value and chroma, and its relationship to the diameter of gingival mucous membrane capillaries.
d. The number of gingival mucous membrane capillary loops and its relationship to the mean Munsell value.
e. The relationship between the number of gingival mucous membrane capillary loops and their diameters, and the Munsell value.
The author arrived at the following conclusions as a result of these studies.
1. In terms of morphology of the mucous membrane capillaries of ginivae, a definite correlation was found in respect of the hue but any correlation was hardly observed neither with the value nor with chroma.
2. When the diameters of mucous membrane capillaries were grouped in terms of sizes and their relationships to the gingival coloration were studied, there was observed a clear change in the hue but it was lacking in consistency. Inthe value and chroma, on the other hand there was no appreciable relationship.
3. An attempt at the grouping of various degrees of Munsell hue, value and chroma with regard to the diameter of mucous membrane capillaries did not reveal any relationship worthy of notice.
4. When the number of mucous membrane capillary loops was grouped with regard to the gingival coloration, there was seen a definite change in the hue but it lacked the consistency. As ragards the value or chroma, there was no appreciable correlation.
5. When the number of capillary loops was divided into two classes: those over 50 and those below 50, and a relationship was studied between the average diameters of arserio-veins of these two classes and Munsell values, the following tendecies were established. That is, where there were less loops, the arterio-veins became thicker and red portions in the hoe increased correspondingly.
On the other hand, where there were more loops in number, the arterio-veins tended to become thin and yellow portions much increased in the hue.

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The colors of gingivae play an important role in the treatment of periodontal diseases in that they furnish valuable guides concerning the diagnosis, observation of curative processes and prognostic judgment. Despite this high importance, however, the gingival colors have been hitherto studied chiefly on a subjective basis.
For the purpose of studying the gingival colors with as much objectivity as possible, the author used a microcolorimeter (CM-5A model) in examining comparatively the gingival colors of the patients of periodontal diseases and gingivitis.
At the same time, after the measurement of gingival colors of alveolar pyorrhea patients a relationship between the hemoglobin index and that of blood volume was looked into.
The following are some of the salient findings obtained:
1. With regard to hue measurements, they were in a descending order of inflammatory alveolar pyorrhea, gingivitis and mixed alveolar pyorrhea in the papillar region. In the marginal region, on the other hand, they were in a descending order of inflammatory alveolar pyorrhea, mixed alveolar pyorrhea and gingivitis.
2. With regard to value measurements, they were in a descending order of gingivitis, inflammatory alveolar pyorrhea and mixed alveolar pyorrhea in the papillar region. In the marginal region, on the other hand, they were in a descending order of gingivitis, mixed alveolar pyorrhea and inflammatory alveolar pyorrhea.
3. With regard to chroma measurements, they were in a descending order of inflammatory alveolar pyorrhea, gingivitis and mixed alveolar pyorrhea it the papillar region.
In the marginal region, on the other hand, they were in a descending order of inflammatory alveolar pyorrhea, gingivitis and mixed alveolar pyorrhea.
4. From the findings in 1), 2) and 3) above, the papillar gingivae in gingivitis revealed a bright and red-orange with the median “chroma”, inflammatory alveolar pyorrhea a bright yellow-orange with the median “chroma”, while mixed alveolar pyorrhea revealed a dark red with no “chroma”. On the other hand, the marginal and attached gingivae in gingivitis revealed a bright yellow-orange with sufficient “chroma”, inflammatory alveolar pyorrhea a dark red with the median “chroma”, while mixed alveolar pyorrhea revealed a red-orange and its brightness was without the median “chroma”.
5. The fluctuations in the hemoglobin index had much bearings on the brightness of gingival colors. The general tendency was that a high hemoglobin index was attended with the low brightness and, inversely, a low hemoglobin index with the high brightness.
6. Similarly, the fluctuationsin the blood volume index were found to have much bearings on the hue and value of gingival colors. That is, the blood with large erythrocytes had a dominance of red, while the blood with small erythrocytes had a dominance of yellow. In terms of values, the former was found to he highly colored than the latter when the two were compared.

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Cariogenic streptococci capable of producing an extracellular polyasaccharide of the dextran type have been found in human dental plaque. Dextranase from culture filtrate of Aspergillus species have been found to be an effective dental plaque and caries control agent in hamsters infected with a cariogenic streptococcus and fed on a high sucrose diet.
The present report described the results of some examination to determine whether a dextranase preparation obtained from a strain of Spicaria species was effective in removing or preventing formation of dental plaque in human.
As it was found that local administration of the dextranase tablet (AD-17) at upper premolar mucobuccal fold maintained lastingly dextranase activity, clinical examination was carried by repeating for 3 days of giving 13 tablets of AD-17 a day, each tablet at every consecutive hour, For first 3 days 4 male adults who received a dental prophyraxis and then ceased all oral hygiene practices were devided into two groups of the dextranase active group and inactive group, and for next 3 days each group was switched, in the subjects of the dextranase active group, the dry weight of dental plaque that was formed during 3 days interval on surfaces of freshly cleaned teeth reduced. The reduction was proved to be statistically significant.
Chemical analyses of the obtained dental plaque materials of the subjects in both groups showed following results: There were no differences in the concentraion of hexose that might be construed as an effect of dextranase, but were increases in the concentration of reducing sugars in the subjects of the dextranase active group. This fact suggested that hexose polymers of the plaque materials in the dextranase active group have contained smaller chains than those in the dextranase inactive group. No other statistically significant effects of the dextranase were observed except decreases in inorganic phosphorus and calcium concentration of the plaque materials in the dextranase active group.

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The effect of hard and soft diets on plaque formation and development of gingivitis in Rheusus monkey has been investigated.
On day 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 the degree of gingivitis arround the following twenty teeth 76521 12567 76521 12567 were scored according to the modified gingival index of Löe & Silness.
On the same tooth, the extent of plaque were scored according to the debris index of Greene & Vermillion.
The same procedure was carried out more 6 weeks to minimize the experimental error.
The results of this study indicate that monkeys given a soft diet accumulate more bacterial plaque and develop more gingivitis than when they are given a hard diet.
The difference of the extent of plaque between the monkey fed on soft diet and hard diet was statistically significant (P<0.01).
The significant difference (P<0.05) of the development of gingivitis between at the beginning and at the end of the experiment can be seen only in the monkey fed on soft diet.

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On experimental study conserning the causality of deterioration or defacement of toothbrushes and the various influenses for brushing efficiency by its usage was conducted on the training nurses in the domitory where in a comparatively reguler life is established.
The test was conducted for two months and two different testing methods were applied by furnishing two groups with several kinds of brushes in the market.
To the one group, only a synthetic bristle brush was given without any specified instructions for brushing. To the another grop, both synthetic and natural bristle brushes were given with instructions as to its usage by the modified Stillman technique.
Findings of the above test results are as follows:
1) Transformation of brushes in the one group was full variety. A significant change was observed among 14% of the brushes and there was relatively small change in the remaining 86%.
2) In the another group, for synthetic brushes, a significant change was observed among 19% as compared to a small change in the remaining 81%. For natural brushes, a signifcant change was observed among 33% as compared to a small change in the remaining 67%.
3) It is a general trend for synthetic bristles to curl with usage and for natural bristles to gradually wear out with usage.

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There are so many kinds of medicines for the treatment of periodontal disease.
Now this time, the author had experimented by using Abound Solution and Flow of Tailase Buccal (α-amylase) and according to the result.
It tooth 60 to 70 minutes for abusolutely solution and about the extent of spreading; in the vestibular of mandibular, the extent of 3+3 was the most plenty of Sppreading amount and then we got to know that it spreaded to the both lower molars by collection exudate from gingival pocket.
It is spreaded out to the maxillar but if we put it to solute, I think the spreading amount will be acttually increased.
When we give tailase Buccal after full mouth scalling, further, I think the spreading situation is better if we move gradually the Buccal in the mouth and the result will be in creased.
We got sueh a result and we wauld like to research further and in detail by plenty of experiments.

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