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Volume 77 (2008)
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- Issue 3 Pages 253-
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Volume 77, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Review
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Satoshi Morita2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 1-12
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecently, in Japan, high temperature is causing a decrease in rice grain weight and quality such as transparency, roundness and cracking. There is a genuine concern that ongoing global warming will seriously affect rice production. Consequently measures to prevent damage by high temperatures and knowledge on the mechanisms of this damage are urgent issues today. In this paper, the current status and background of rice ripening damage by high temperatures are shown. Furthermore, the studies on the mechanisms of grain weight decrease, poor palatability, cracking grain and immature grains with white portion and deep ditch and also the studies on the improvements of tolerant cultivars and cultivation methods are shown and discussed for future works.View full abstractDownload PDF (1293K)
Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Shizuka Mori, Hiroyuki Matuda, Yasushi Shibata, Hiroshi Fujii2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 13-21
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPercentage of dying rachis branches and ripened grains of rice plant exposed to salty winds due to typhoon no. 15, 2004 in the Shonai area of Yamagata prefecture was investigated, to evaluate the effect of salty wind on the yield and quality of the rice plant and mechanism of the yield decrease. Percentage of dying rachis branches increased with an increasing amount of salt adhesion per panicle up to 1mg NaCl/panicle. Percentages of ripened grains and whole grain decreased with an increasing percentage of dying rachis branches. On the other hand, protein content of brown rice tended to increase with an increasing percentage of dying rachis branch. Weight of brown rice per unit area tended to decrease with an increasing percentage of dying rachis branches. In contrast, rice screening weight per unit area tended to increase with an increasing percentage of dying rachis branches. Weight of brown rice was"Sasanishiki">"Haenuki">"Koshihikari". Weight of brown rice per unit area was significantly correlated with rice screening weight and the rate of grains distribution with a (>1.9mm) thickness. In contrast, the weight of brown rice per unit area was not correlated with the number of spikelets per unit area. The yield of rice plants suffering from salty wind damage was reduced by the following factors. (a) adhesion of salt to the panicle, (b) occurrence of dying rachis branch, and (c) occurrence of incompletely filled gains or rice screenings, resulting in the reduction of brown rice weight. The rate of yield decrease was estimated from relationship between weight of brown rice and percentage of dying rachis branch. Even at the same percentage of dying rachis branches, it was higher in “Haenuki” than in “Sasanishiki”. Thus the equation of relationship between the weight of brown rice and percentage of dying rachis branches was separated into 2 lines. These results suggested that the rate of yield decrease was affected by the percentage of ripened grains more greatly than the number of days after heading when attacked by a typhoon.View full abstractDownload PDF (1384K) -
Yukihiro Hamada, Graeme D Batten, Judith M Dunn, Toshio Tani, Toshihik ...2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 22-32
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe V-furrow direct seeding method (VFDS) we developed covers only 3% of the total rice fields in Aichi even in 2006, although it has the potential to substantially reduce production cost and labor requirement. To prove the yield potential of the VFDS, we compared its yield level with that in the direct seeding culture (DS) practiced in Australia, which gives the highest yield level in the world. Field experiments conducted at Yanco Agricultural Institute in Australia showed that the growth and yields of an Australian variety Amaroo were superior to a Japanese popular variety Koshihikari when grown by the ordinary combine seeding (CS) which is one of the three major DS in Australia. However, when grown by the VFDS, the two varieties did not differ in yield, and the yield of Koshihikari was significantly higher than that by the ordinary CS. The two varieties were then grown at Aichi Agricultural Research Center in Japan applying some typical Australian cultural practices such as high seeding rate, high fertilizing rate and deep permanent water to VFDS. The results showed that none of the Australian practices enhanced the growth or yields in either variety. These results show that the yield level that can be achieved with VFDS is comparable with the high levels achieved with the ordinary Australian DS.View full abstractDownload PDF (1155K) -
Junko Tazawa, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Kazuei Usuki, Shigenori Miura2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 33-40
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecently, damages by soybean cyst nematode (SCN) are increasing in Japan, due to continuous cultivation of soybean, and the establishment of the culture method to control SCN is awaited. In this research, field experiments were conducted over four years. Various tillage methods were combined with fertilizers (chemical fertilizer, compost of cattle droppings and calcium cyanamide) and crop rotation with non-host and trap crops (corn, crotalaria, and red clover) to investigate their effects on the population dynamics of SCN and soybean yield. Shallow tilling (plowing depth : 5 cm) decreased the SCN population to a lower level than conventional tillage (plowing depth : 15 cm). It was attributed to fewer disturbances of soil and the presence of larger number of natural enemy microorganisms in the shallow tillage treatment. The effects of fertilizers on SCN were not clear. The effect of the preceding crop plant was greater than that of the tilling method. Corn cultivation before soybean increased SCN population drastically under the conventional tillage, but not under the shallow tillage. Suppressive effects of crotalaria and red clover on SCN remained during the following soybean cultivation, especially red clover cultivation with the shallow tillage kept SCN population under 10 eggs/g of dry soil. Soybean yield was increased by the application of calcium cyanamide and cattle manure. Consequently, it was suggested that the shallow tillage would be advantageous to decrease the SCN population, and to promote the suppressive effects of non-host or trap crops, such as corn, crotalaria, and red clover.View full abstractDownload PDF (1091K) -
Teihua Cao, Akihiro Isoda2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 41-47
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSJapanese and Chinese high-yielding cultivars (Japanese cultivars; Kanto 83, Nakateyutaka, Chinese cultivars; Huayu 16, Luhua 11) of peanut (Arachis pypogaea L.) were grown under dense planting over three years (2002, 2003 and 2005) to analyze its yield abilities in terms of growth parameters, intercepted radiation and radiation use efficiency (RUE). All cultivars showed a high leaf area index in 2002 and 2005, and it was around 5 in 2005. In 2003 with a low air temperature and less radiation from late June to August, all cultivars showed a small leaf area index as compared with that in 2002 and 2005. Except 2003, all cultivars had seed yields of more than 450 g m-2. In particular, Kanto 83 and Huaiku 16 showed a yield of more than 500 g m-2. Variation in total dry matter production depended on both amount of intercepted radiation and RUE. Crop growth rates during all growing periods but the early growing periods were mainly affected by RUE. Huayu 16 had the highest RUE values in 2002 and 2005 when higher seed yields were obtained, resulting in a high dry matter production and seed yields. The factors, that caused high seed yields of Huayu 16 and Kanto 83 in 2002 and 2005, were suggested to be rapid leaf area extension in the early growth stage, high RUE values, and large pod and seed numbers as a sink.View full abstractDownload PDF (1083K) -
Teihua Cao, Akihiro Isoda2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 48-53
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSJapanese (Kanto 83, Nakateyutaka) and Chinese (Huayu 16, Luhua 11) high-yielding peanut cultivars were densely planted to analyze their yield abilities in terms of characteristics of intercepted radiation and photosynthesis. The Japanese cultivars had short plant height with a large leaf area in the upper 2 or 3 layers from the top of the canopy (5—15cm). The Chinese cultivars had tall plant height with a small leaf area in each layer. The canopy of Chinese cultivars intercepted a larger amount of radiation than that of Japanese cultivars, due to higher values of intercepted radiation per unit leaf area despite smaller leaf area index. In particular, Huayu 16 intercepted a larger amount of radiation per unit leaf area in each layer than the other cultivars. Kanto 83 had the smallest light extinction coefficient mainly due to the small leaflet size, despite the dense leaf distribution. The CO2 assimilation rate and quantum yield of photosystem II in the later growing season were large in Kanto 83 and Huayu 16, which showed higher seed yields. Huayu 16 had effective characteristics for radiation interception, allowing it to maintain a high radiation use efficiency later in the growing season.View full abstractDownload PDF (986K) -
Yasunori Fukuzawa, Yoshinobu Kawamitsu, Yasuaki Komiya, Masami Ueno2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 54-60
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe growth of sugarcane plants at the initial stage is slower than that of other C4 plants. The improvement of initial growth is very important to obtain a high sugar content and high cane yield in sugarcane. In the present study, we examined the factors affecting the growth at the initial growth stage in Saccharum species (Saccharum spp. Hybrid, S. edule) and a related species (Erianthus spp., Pennisetum purpureum). The growth characteristics of the plants at 2 months after germination were compared with those at the 7th leaf growth stage. In the two-month-old plants, the shoot dry matter, leaf area and the number of shoot roots were larger in KRSp93-30 than those in the other species. However, at the 7th leaf stage, the number of shoot roots in KRSp93-30 were almost similar to those in other species. Efficient growth of KRSp93-30 at the initial stage may be attributed to a high leaf emergence rate and high net assimilation rate.View full abstractDownload PDF (952K)
Quality and Processing
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Minoru Osawa, Naoto Inoue2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 61-68
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStarch digestibility and texture of rice were studied in 58 rice cultivars and lines in the IRRI core collection and rice germplasm bank of Gunma Agricultural Technology Center. The principal component analysis was applied to evaluate the in vitro starch digestibility with α-amylase in milled brown rice and physicochemical properties related to texture. Eleven physicochemical properties were analysed by principal component analysis. Of the total variation of 11 characters, 49, 17, 14 and 9% were accounted for by these first 4 principal components, respectively, and so 90% could be explained by the 4 components. The factor loading suggested that the first principal component was a factor which was concerned with starch hydrolysis rate. The second principal component was closely related to the starch degradation rate, the third to the amount of the digestible fraction, and the fourth was to the content of protein in brown rice. The distribution of principal component score showed that the culivars with a low Glycemic Index (GI) have slow starch degrading properties and superior texture. The GI was significantly correlated with amylose content and the peak value measured with a rapid visco analyzer (RVAsuper3). These results contribute to development of the cultivars which have a low GI with good eating quality.View full abstractDownload PDF (914K)
Crop Morphology
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Kazunori Otobe, Kuniaki Yoshioka2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 69-77
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSImpermeable soybean seeds commonly referred to as ‘Ishimame’ in Japan are undesirable for the soybean food industries. The trait is widely accepted as a physical dormancy and its mechanism is considered as a difference in microstructure of the seed coat, which functions as a barrier to water and gases. We have hypothesized that the topography of pores in the seed-coat plays an important role in water uptake. The topographic differences in pores between the permeable and the impermeable seeds were investigated by using a digital imaging microscope equipped with laser profiling system. On the permeable seeds, 44.8 pores with a 10 μm depth and width were counted in 0.5×0.7mm of the coat surface, whereas only 3.2 pores were found on the impermeable seed coat. To clarify the effect of the pores on the permeability, depth-controlled depressions (pores) were formed on the impermeable seed coat by using a commercial diamond whetstone. Pores with depths of ca. 20 μm were sufficient to restore the impermeable seeds to the permeable ones. The permeable seed coat had pores that reached the palisade layer of the coat. The pores are suggested to the major pathways for the water uptake.View full abstractDownload PDF (1596K)
Crop Physiolory and Cell Biology
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Yoshiaki Watanabe, Shigenori Miura, Tomoyuki Yukawa, Shigehito Takenak ...2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 78-83
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of foliar application of plant hormones on the resistance to Pythium snow rot in barley were studied. The resistance was estimated from the lesion length extending from the point on leaf blade where the Pythium snow rot pathogen, P. paddicum was inoculated. Abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) increased the resistance, although jasmonic acid, ethephon, gibberellic acid, naphthyl acetic acid, and benzyladenine did not. Application of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibitors, α-aminooxyacetic acid, nullified the resistance-increasing effect of both ABA and SA. These results suggest that ABA and SA affect the resistance, possibly through phenylpropanoid metabolism.View full abstractDownload PDF (996K)
Research and Technical Note
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Yukitsugu Takahashi, Tomohiko Yoshida2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 84-93
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: February 08, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Tomo Area of Gunma prefecture, paddy rice cultivar Goropikari has been widely cultivated since 1993. This cultivar has a good taste, but, farmers pointed out its weak resistance to diseases and insects, low yielding ability and poor grain quality after its release, and they awaited a replacement cultivar. In the 2000s, we recommended replacing it with a new cultivar “Asahi-no-yume” in Tomo area, but we had little knowledge on the cultivation method of the cultiver. Therefore, we studied the method of fertilizer application for “Asahi-no-yume” planted in early and normal seasons in Tomo area for 3 years from 2000 to 2002. We found that it was possible to cultivate the plants with a high yield and high quality by basal dressing 0.5 kgN/a and top dressing of 0.2 kgN/a about 20 days before heading, in both copping seasons.View full abstractDownload PDF (1257K)
Information
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 94-96
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: July 02, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (676K)
Mini Symposium
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2008 Volume 77 Issue 1 Pages 97-99
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: July 02, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (853K)
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