Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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Volume 80, Issue 2
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Review
  • Edible Canna—A Valuable Plant Resource from the Andean Region
    Katsu Imai
    2011 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages 145-156
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.80.145
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Edible canna originated in the Andean region and has been utilized since about 2500 BC. It is a large, perennial herbaceous monocotyledon and has not been significantly improved by breeding in the past; it is cultivated on a small scale in scattered locations of subtropical-to-tropical regions of the world. Unlike ornamental canna, it forms swollen rhizomes at the stock base and accumulates starch. Investigations into the physicochemical properties of this starch are in progress, but the utilization of edible canna has not yet been generalized. The large aboveground parts (about 3 m-tall and 12 LAI) are used not only as fresh forage for livestock but possible as silage. Stems with large ellipsoidal leaves directly grow from rhizomes without branching. The wild type of this plant is seen on the edges of moist thickets, and so the cultivated lines prefer moist soil and absorb a large quantity of mineral nutrients. Edible canna is a C3 heliophyte adapted to a broad range of light environments and warm temperature, and has a medium CO2-fixation rate. During the middle-to-late growth stage, the stand maintains a high LAI with a moderately high CGR, and its potential productivity is equivalent or superior to that of cassava and potato. However, botanical and agronomical studies are fairly limited. In this review, the author makes a comprehensive introduction of the history, morphogenetic characteristics, photosynthesis, dry-matter and starch productivity, and utilization of edible canna.
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
  • Effects of the Amount of Iron Coating, Seeding Depth and Water Management after Seeding on Emergence and Seedling Establishment of Rice Direct-Seeded in a Submerged Paddy Field in Hokuriku Region
    Toru Sato, Satoshi Azuma, Takafumi Ichikawa
    2011 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages 157-164
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.80.157
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    We examined the effects of the amount of iron coating, seeding depth and water management after seeding on seedling emergence and establishment of rice direct-seeded in a submerged paddy field in Hokuriku region. The results of a field survey showed that air temperature and water management after seeding influenced seedling establishment. However, the influence of the amount of iron coating was not distinct. In the field experiment, the seeds coated with iron powder, a quarter and half times as heavy as seed dry weight (Fe 0.25 and Fe 0.5), and with calcium peroxide were sown under different water management (drainage, wetness and flooding) conditions. The rate of seedling establishment was higher in Fe 0.25 than in Fe 0.5 and in the drained and wet plots than in the flooded plot. Furthermore, the rate of seedling establishment was decreased by seeding below the surface of soil more greatly in the iron-coated seeds than in the calcium peroxide coated-seed. In the vat experiment, seedling emergence of the seed sown on the soil surface was delayed by drainage, but seedling emergence was increased with increasing seed moisture. In the seed seeded below the soil surface, seedling establishment was decreased by flooding. To improve the seedling establishment of direct-seeded iron-coated rice, it is important to sow Fe 0.25 seed on the soil surface and drain after seeding, and to supply the moisture necessary for germination to the seed.
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  • Mechanism for Regulating Yield Components in the Fields of the Plants Grown from Potato Microtubers
    Shogo Tsuda, Motoyuki Mori, Akira Kobayashi, Akiko Takada
    2011 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages 165-173
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.80.165
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    Potato microtubers (MT), generally 1 gram fresh weight, are mass-produced under in-vitro conditions, and they are used as seed tubers in the fields. We previously found the varietal differences in tuber yield characters of plants grown from MT, and the varieties were divided into two groups; one with a larger number of tubers with lighter individual tuber weight than in plants from conventional seed tubers (CT) (tuber-number type), and the other with opposite characters (tuber-weight type). The purpose of this study is to make clear the mechanism of regulating the yield characters of MT plants. We conducted experiments using four varieties, including different types of the yield characters in MT plants, for five years. In all five years, the MT/CT ratio in tuber number was negatively correlated with that in individual tuber weight. The number of tubers increased from an early tuber growth stage to a harvest time was larger in MT plants of tuber-number type varieties than in that of tuber-weight type varieties. There was a significant negative correlation between the increased number of tubers and the tuber yield at an early tuber growth stage. These results suggest that tuber growth may affect earliness or lateness of the end of tuber formation. The findings of the characteristics of varieties found in this study may be useful to improve the multiplication rates of the seed potato production using MT plants.
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  • Varietal Differences in the Seed Viability after Wintering and the Seed Dormancy in Forage Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    Youichi Ohdaira, Ryouji Sasaki
    2011 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages 174-182
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.80.174
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    Seedlings derived from dropped seed of forage rice for whole crop silage at the harvest cause a severe weed problem on the normal rice paddy field in the following year. To alleviate the weed problem, we examined the germination ability of 15-19 cultivars and lines of forage rice and ordinary rice harvested at the yellow ripe stage in 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. The seeds overwintered on the soil surface (SS) or were embedded in a soil depth of 15-cm (ES) in the paddy field. Viability index (VI) represented by germination percentage after wintering divided by that before wintering multiplied by 100 showed a significant difference among varieties in the range of 0-44 and 0-24 in SS and ES, respectively. The VI in ES was lower than that in SS for almost all varieties. There were positive correlations between VI and the degree of seed dormancy before wintering and the correlation coefficients were higher in ES than in SS. Trace of germination was observed in ES treatment after wintering and there were negative correlations between the percentage of trace of germination after wintering and the degree of seed dormancy before wintering. These results suggest that the over-wintering ability of forage rice seed is lower in the varieties having weaker seed dormancy, because they are vulnerable due to easy germination during wintering in the paddy field.
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Quality and Processing
  • Effects of Fertilization at Flowering Stage and Environmental Condition during Seed-Filling Stage on Soybean Seed Coat Cracking of Different Types
    Yoshihiko Hirai, Hiroshi Tsushima, Makoto Tsuda
    2011 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages 183-189
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.80.183
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    The effects of fertilization at the flowering stage, soil moisture and high temperature during the seed-filling stage on seed coat cracking of different types in soybean were investigated. For topdressing, calcium, silicon or NPK was applied at the flowering stage. For temperature and moisture, period from 14 September to 24 October was divided into 4 periods of 10 days in each treatments, the plants were exposed to 3-4°C higher temperature (H1-H4), dried soil (D1-D4) or wet soil (W1-W4) during each period. The cracked seeds increased in H2 and H3, meaning that the seeds are easily cracked by high temperature at R6 to R7 stages. The cracked seeds of irregular type increased in each of H2, H3 and H4 irrespective of seed size. The frequency of cracked seeds of line type was high in large seeds treated with silicon, but the seed weight was not affected by silicon treatment. The effect of dried soil on cracking was low, while W1 and W2 tended to decrease the frequency of cracked seeds and W2 decreased the cracked seeds of irregular type. It was concluded that the effects of environmental condition on cracking vary with the type of cracking, and the physiological mechanism of cracking may vary with the cracking type.
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Modelling, Information and Environment
  • Further Examination of Nitrogen Fixing Cost in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Based on the Dry Matter Production-Evapotranspiration Relation
    Akio Sumi, Sae Mori, Takuji Hayashi
    2011 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages 190-198
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.80.190
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    The relationship between dry matter production (W) and evapotranspiration (ET) was examined in the normal nodulating soybean cultivar Enrei, the supernodulating line Kanto 100, and the non-nodulating line ‘En1282’. In addition, using the normal nodulating soybean cultivar Fukuyutaka (F) and the non-nodulating line ‘T201’ (T) grafted soybeans, F/F (scion/stock) and F/T with (+) and without (-) flower removal and 2F/F were prepared. The W-ET relation was examined in F/F (+), F/F (-), F/T (-), F/T (-) and 2F/F (-). The difference in ET between nodulating and non-nodulating soybeans (ΔET) increased with the amount of symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation in the plants. The difference in W between nodulating and non-nodulating lines (ΔW) corresponding to ΔET, which was calculated from ΔET (kg H2O)/transpiration coefficient (kg H2O g-1 dry weight) in non-nodulating soybeans, was closely correlated with the nodule weight (Ndw) and the amount of symbiotic N fixation. Although the supernodulating line Kanto 100 had a much larger Ndw/ΔW ratio than the normal nodulating soybean cultivars, no significant difference in N fixing cost was detected among the soybean cultivars (0.098±0.006 Ng g-1 dry matter). We concluded that ΔW between the nodulating and the non-nodulating soybean lines is a good indicator of the amount of symbiotic N fixation.
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  • Changes in Dry Matter Production-Evapotranspiration Relation Associated with Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation of Several Legumes
    Akio Sumi, Sae Mori, Takuji Hayashi
    2011 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages 199-206
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.80.199
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    Broad bean, hairy vetch, cowpea and groundnut were grown under low nitrogen (N) and high N fertilizer application conditions. The nodule weight of plants was heavier under low N than under high N. Evapotranspiration (ET) increased linearly with the increase in total dry weight (W), but the value of ET at the same W was larger under low N conditions. The difference in the W- ET relationship was characterized by the intercept (ET when W was zero, ETW=0) in broad bean, hairy vetch and cowpea and by the slope of the regression line (transpiration coefficient) in groundnut. Supply of N from symbiotic N fixation was detected under low N conditions, whereas the loss of N exceeded the N supplied from symbiotic N fixation under high N conditions except for hairy vetch. The difference in W between low and high N conditions (ΔW) corresponding to the difference in ET was correlated with the difference in the nitrogen balance. Taken together ΔW is a good indicator of the differences in symbiotic N fixation.
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Research and Technical Note
  • Effect of Submergence after Flowering Stage on Number of Pods and Bean Quality of Soybean in Shonai District of Yamagata Prefecture in 2008
    Hiroyuki Matsuda, Shizuka Mori, Masaru Chuba, Hiroshi Fujii
    2011 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages 207-212
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.80.207
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    Heavy rain during the growth stage of soybean has been occurring once every two years in Sakata city, Yamagata prefecture since 2000. The frequency of submergence was higher after 2000 than before 2000. Since submergence damage occurred in soybean in Shonai district, Yamagata prefecture due to heavy rain from Aug 14 to 15 in 2008, we investigated the damage by submergence in variety ”Ryuho” at the ripening stage R4∼R5. In this investigation, the pod number per plant did not vary greatly with the investigation point, and the pod number showed a normal distribution with the highest number in the middle part of the plant. Therefore, it was presumed that the occurrence of blossoms falling off and pod shedding due to submergence was low. The sterile pod number per plant and sterile pod ratio (sterile pod number / whole pod number) increased and the pod number per plant decreased with increasing submergence time. The ratio of sterile pods and small grains (less than 5.5mm) was higher at lower nodes than at upper nodes. This is because the lower part of the plant was exposed to oxygen deficiency for a longer period and was damaged more than the upper part, resulting in earlier defoliation in the lower part. There was no significant correlation between the submergence duration and small grain ratio. The whole grain ratio was decreased greatly by occurrence of damaged grains (wrinkled grain, rotten grain, and skin sliced grain). However, there was no significant correlation between the rate of damaged grains and the pod position on the stem, and the ratio of whole grain was below 50% at all positions on the stem. Therefore, we considered that the soybean method in the field with submergence-damaged should be harvested without mixing with that in the non-submerged field.
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  • Effects of Polyethylene Film Mulching on Growth and Yield of Green Soybean in Early-Direct Sowing Cultivation in Upland Field Converted from Rice Paddy in the Hokuriku District
    Katsuyuki Katayama, Tatsuo Hosono, Hisashi Hosokawa, Yukiharu Shioya, ...
    2011 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages 213-219
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.80.213
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    For establishing the stable production technology in early-direct sowing green soybean, the contribution of polyethylene (PE) film mulching to the growth and yield of green soybean was evaluated in an upland field converted from rice paddy in the Hokuriku district. Dry matter at harvest and yield of green soybean were higher in the plots of direct sowing with transparent or black PE film mulching compared with the plots of transplanting with black PE film mulching and direct sowing without mulching. This is probably due to higher seedling emergence, higher leaf area index from an early growth stage and larger number of pods. On the other hand, weed dry weight at harvest in the plot of direct sowing with transparent PE film mulching increased markedly compared with the plots of direct sowing or transplanting with black PE film mulching. These results suggest that direct sowing with black PE film mulching is effective to stabilize the yield and weed control in early-direct sowing of green soybean cultivation.
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  • Planting Density Suitable for Late Transplanting for Avoiding High Temperature During the Ripening Period of Rice Cultivar Koshihikari in Toyama Prefecture, Japan
    Kazuhiro Morita, Wataru Takahashi, Fumio Sugimori, Masami Furuhata
    2011 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages 220-228
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.80.220
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    In order to avoid a high temperature during the ripening period, the effects of late transplanting and high planting density on the growth, yield and grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘Koshihikari’) were investigated for two years. Transplanting in mid-May (late transplanting) reduced maximum tillers number and panicle number than did transplanting on late-April (early transplanting), resulting in yield decrease. However, late transplanting improved grain quality in 2005 when the late transplanting lowered temperature during the ripening period. Under early transplanting, high planting density led to overluxuriant growth and, in some cases, the extreme decrease in leaf color, resulting in the poor grain quality. Under the late transplanting, on the other hand, high planting density increased the number of panicles and yield. In addition, high planting density in late transplanting improved grain quality due to decreased number of grains per panicle. These results suggest that the high planting density is effective to improve yield and grain quality under late transplanting for avoiding high temperature during the ripening period.
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  • Estimation of the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Fixed by the Tea Tree
    Yoshihiko Horiuchi, Kenji Torao, Takanori Satou, Yuhei Hirono
    2011 Volume 80 Issue 2 Pages 229-232
    Published: 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.80.229
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    The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) fixed by the perennial tea thee during the growth period was estimated from actual measurements and from data in the literature. CO2 fixed by 2-year-old young trees was 28.8 g per plant and 53.5 kg per 10 a. The amount of CO2 fixed by adult trees varied depending on whether the stems welle cut off for rejuvenation or not, and immediately after cutting, the amount was 3.9 kg per plant and 7.3 t per 10 a. In the year of usual tea picking, the amount was 6.3 kg per plant and ll.6 g per 10 a. Compared with fruit trees such as peach and pear trees, the planting density of tea trees was higher suggesting that the amount of CO2 fixed by the tea tree was larger than that fixed by fruit trees, but the amount was less than that fixed by a forest of equal area.
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