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Hide SAWAHATA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
495-501
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The varietal differences in thickening of storage root was investigated under different supplies of nitrogen and potassium nutrients by gravel culture. Roots were divided into two different functional parts, storage root and feeder roots. In an experiment using 5 sweet potato varieties with a diverse variation of storage root yield and top growth. (1) Treatment with nitrogen-containing culture solution greatly affected the storage root yield and top growth of each varieties. (2) There was a significant negative correlation between dry weight of tops and nitrogen content in leaves when plants were at the similar level of nitrogen supply. (3) A varietal difference was found in the effect of abundant applications of potassium on the increase of storage root yield in the case of overluxuriant growth. (4) A close relationship was found between nitrogen content in leaves and dry weight of storage root; optimum nitrogen content in leaves for the production of storage root slightly varied among varieties at optimum top weight for the production of storage root.
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Tadahiko FUKUOKA, Toshiro HORINO
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
502-506
Published: December 05, 1989
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Twenty-one samples of hard and soft wheats (both grain and flour at 60% extraction rate) were analyzed for N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Zn and Mn and comparisons in contents and balance between hard and soft wheats were made. In both grain and flour, N, Mg, Ca and Mn contents were significantly higher for hard wheats than for soft wheats. K content was significantly higher for soft wheats than for hard wheats in grain, and Zn content was significantly higher for hard wheats than for soft wheats in flour. Mg/K chemical equivalent ratio was significantly higher for hard wheats than for soft wheats in both grain and flour, and was found to reflect the processing suitability of wheats. Correlation coefficient between grain and flour for Mg/K was significantly high (r=0.895).
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Yuji HAMACHI, Masahiko FURUSHO, Tomohiko YOSHIDA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
507-512
Published: December 05, 1989
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The objective of this study was to clarify the factors causing underdevelopment of husks in malting barley. In 1986-87 growing season, many malting barley cultivars in Fukuoka and Saga districts had high occurrence of husk underdevelopment, resulting in the exposure of caryopsis through lemma and palea, which caused poor germination and low inspection grade. Special attention was given to the husk development stage, environmental factors which affected husk size and, varietal difference of husk size. In this study mechanical husk peeling by threshing was not included. There were varietal and yearly differences in the degree of the occurrence of husk underdevelopment. The length, width and weight of lemma and palea of cvs. Nishino Gold, Nirasaki Nijo and Haruna Nijo, which had high occurrence of husk underdevelopment, were less than those of cvs. Amagi Nijo and Kinuyutaka, which had low occurrence of husk underdevelopment. The length and width of lemma and palea rapidly increased from the flag leaf stage to the heading stage. In both excess-soil-moisture plots and shading plots, during this period, the growth of lemma and palea was inhibited. In excess-soil-moisture treatment plots combined with shading treatment or low temparature treatment for this duration, the degree of occurrence of husk underdevelopment was very high. Therefore, it was concluded that the husk underdevelopment in malting barley was due to the adverse environmental conditions such as wet-injury, scarce sunshine and/or low temperature during the husk-size determination period, i.e., from flag leaf stage to heading stage, when the length and width of lemma and palea rapidly increased.
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Yoichi TORIGOE
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
513-519
Published: December 05, 1989
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A simplified and comprehensive model to evaluate energy flow and renewable resources was introduced into the region of our case study, Yasato-cho, Ibaraki. This model shows a picture of agricultural use of energy in individual agricultural domains. In the analysis of energy flow, the agricultural system of the region was divided into three subsystems, that is, the primary production, the secondary production and the soil subsystems. In the primary production subsystem, total annual energy production was estimated to be 5.79×10
2 TJ, of which 1.93×10
2 TJ was contained in agricultural products, 2.21×10
2 TJ in by-products, 2.38×10 TJ used for animal husbandry and 1.37×10
2 TJ recycled into the soil subsystem. Artificial energy input was 2.44×10
2 TJ. The efficiency of conversion of photosynthetically available radiation for total primary production was 0.52% and the output/input ratio was 0.79. In the secondary production subsystem, total annual energy production was estimated to be 5.18×10
2 TJ, of which 1.34×10
2 TJ contained in animal products and 3.84×10
2 TJ remaining in animal excreta. Artificial energy input was 3.49×10 TJ and feed energy from outside the system was estimated to be 1.03×10
3 TJ. The output/input ratio was 0.12.
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Yusuke GOTO, Kiyochika HOSHIKAWA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
520-529
Published: December 05, 1989
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In our previous papers, we reported methods of growth analysis in relation to the tillering behavior of a rice plant. Using these methods, we analyzed tillering patterns of 6 rice cultivars, Akihikari (AK), Aikawa 1 (A1), Khao Keo (KK), Dawn (DW), North Rose (NR), Palmyra (PL). These cultivars are produced a relatively small number of tillers per plant (it is therefore called "small-tillering types"). Three factors were considered to be the major components in the analysis of rice plant tillering patterns : i.e. (1) the leaf emergence rate on the main stem, (2) emerged tiller percentage of each tillering position on a stem, and (3) the difference between the growth curve of the tiller number (from actual measurement) and the theoretical synchronous growth curve. We compared the tillering patterns of the cultivars used and tried to apply the above 3 factors to tillering behavior analysis. Factor (1) was directly confirmed by the comparison of tillering patterns between AK and A1, factor (2) was confirmed directly by the comparison of AK and DW, but factor (3) was not confirmed directly. But in the comparison of PL and KK or NR, factor (3) was recognized indirectly (i.e. the tiller number in actual measurement of PL, KK and NR were nearly equal, and also amounts of factor (1) of these 3 varieties were nearly equal, but values of factor (2) of PL was smaller than that of KK and NR. It was therefore concluded that factor (3) affected the tillering pattern). On the basis of these results, we discussed tillering behavior of small-tillering type rice cultivars, and considered how to mathematically express factor (3).
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Tomomi NAKAMOTO, Seiichi SAKAMOTO, Kazuo SHIMODA, Akio MATSUZAKI
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
530-534
Published: December 05, 1989
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The root systems of four field grown cereals were observed at heading. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv.) and common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) are small-sized, while pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum Rich.) and corn (Zea mays L.) are large-sized. We compared foxtail millet with common millet, and pearl millet with corn. Root length in every 0.17 mm diameter class was determined by means of a personal computer assisted measuring system. Root length density (m root length/m
3 soil volume) in deep soil layer was higher and the difference of root length density between under row and under inter-row was smaller in common millet than in foxtail millet, and in corn than in pearl millet. Thus common millet and corn are considered to have relatively uniform and desirable root distribution pattern in the soil. While root length per m
2 soil surface varied from 5.5 to 11.1 km/m
2 in four cereals, root length per stem was similar among foxtail millet, common millet and pearl millet (90-111 m), except in corn which had no tillers. This suggests close relationship between root length and number of stems in the field. Common millet and corn had more thick roots (>0.17 mm in diameter) than foxtail millet and pearl millet.
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Yoshinori YAMAMOTO
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
535-540
Published: December 05, 1989
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This study was undertaken to clarify the effects of root pruning on the organic constituents and early growth in each organ of seedling after transplanting, using 6 leaf aged seedlings without pruning roots (CS) or with pruning all roots (PS). The degree of transplanting injury was severer in PS than that in CS. Wilting of leaf blade and sheath in PS was conspicuous, and carbohydrate was scarcely accumulatcd as a whole after transplanting. Nevertheless, degradation of protein in the leaf blade and starch in the leaf sheath and stem was accelerated just after transplanting and non-protein nitrogen or sugars accumulated in the stem. The accumulation of these soluble substances in the stem promoted rooting of PS, so that there was little difference in taking roots relative to CS which markedly accumulated carbohydrate, especially sugars, in not only the stem but also in the leaf sheath just after transplanting. Moreover, root dry weight of PS recovered by 37% of CS untill 14 days after transplanting. However, growth and development of tiller buds of PS was inhibited, due to partitioning of most of the carbohydrate and nitrogen for the formation of new roots. Consequently, the dry weight in top organs decreased 35-40% as compared with CS during 8-14 days after transplanting by less development of leaf area of the tillers.
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Morie EBATA, Takeshi OZEKI, Kazuo INOUE, Masashi ISHIKAWA, Toru TASHIR ...
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
541-548
Published: December 05, 1989
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The effect of ultraviolet (uv) ray on rice (Oryza sativa L) kernel during its kernel development was investigated. Upper one-thirds portion of each flower glumes (palea and lemma) on the middle branches of panicles were cut off immeadiately after flowering. Panicles with the cut glumes were then covered with a vinyl film envelope of different light transmittance in uv range. Kernel development in the cut glumes was greatly inhibited by being exposed either to the natural light or to the light of uv range. Relative humidity, however, seemed not to have a great influence on the development of the glume-cut kernels. The inhibition was most outstanding when exposed to short wave uv rays, although it was lessened as exposed to longer wave uv rays. Inhibitory effect of visible light was very slight. Moreover, under dark conditions, kernels in cut glumes developed quite well beyond the untreated kernels and formed a Dahrma doll shape. In terms of kernel characters, uv radiation produced tapered kernels and promoted a browny coloring of kernel as well. Another experiment as to the degree of glume cutting revealed that under dark conditions, the effect of the extent of cutting on the inhibition was rather slight, although they were very conspicuous when exposed to the natural light. Rice flower glumes was found to intercept uv rays almost completely after the last stage of booting. These results indicate that exposure of young kernels to a short wave uv ray strikingly supresses their development and that rice flower glumes may take an important role in protecting their inside kernel through intercepting harmful uv rays. Rice kernels might substantially have an ability to develop beyond the volume of glumes though their development are usually restricted within the volume limit of their glumes.
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Yasumasa KATO, Masao TAKEDA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
549-554
Published: December 05, 1989
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Nodulating and non-nodulating soybeans from the 3 pairs of near isogenic lines (Norin 2 and Tosan 89, T 202 and T 201, and Fujimijiro and Tosan 90) were grown in a culture solution containing
15N-nitrate and the amounts of
15N accumulated in whole plants were compared. Up to the flowering stage, the amounts of
15N taken up by each pair of nodulating and non-nodulating isolines were similar. At maturity, however, nodulating isolines accumulated considerably less
15N than the non-nodulating counterparts, with the differenccs being statistically significant excepting the isolines, T 202 and 201. Differential
15N uptake between these isolines was not due to the alteration of root development, because no differences in root dry weight were found between them. In consequence of these results, total amounts of N
2 fixed, as measured by the N balance method (difference method) for Norin 2 and for Fujimijiro, were only one third and one half, respectively, of those estimated by the
15N isotope dilution method. These results point out the need of excercising caution in applying the N balance method even when near isogenic lines are used.
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Morie EBATA, Masashi ISHIKAWA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
555-561
Published: December 05, 1989
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Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.) at different stages after heading were treated with artificial winds of 0 to 15 m/s, with and without an artificial rain. Flower fertilization was clearly inhibited by winds over 4 m/s. Rainy wind, however, did not cause much injury. Brown-discolored kernels were caused by wind at the flowering stage. Occurrence of milky white kernel, however, was promoted by winds at 14-21 days after heading (DAH). These injured kernels increased with strengthened wind. Wind accompanied by rain, on the other hand, caused injured kernels to a lesser extent. Transpiration rate of rice spikelet was highest just after heading. It slightly dropped around 7 DAH and increased again in the mid-stage of kernel development and decreased thereafter. The stages of high rate transpiration coincided with stages most susceptible to wind injury. The rate of transpiration was accelerated with increased wind velocity especially in earlier stages. It is concluded therefore that most of the wind injuries seem to be triggered mainly by a temporary water stress occured in a panicle or in each spikelet. Rain was thought to be effective to lessen wind injury through protecting spikelets from their water loss.
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Shigeyuki TANAKA, Koji ITO, Etsuo MIYAGI, Shinobu INANAGA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
562-568
Published: December 05, 1989
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Biological dry matter yield, and in vitro-digestibility and its relating plant factors were investigated for the leaf blades and the stems ot napiergrasses (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) grown at Naha, Miyazaki and Tokyo under two cutting regimes. Digestibilities of the leaf blade and the stem were highly correlated with the lignin concentrations. The regressions of lignin concentrations to biological yield in both leaf blade and stem were positive hyperbolic regressions, whereas regressions of digestibility to yield were negative hyperbolic regressions. The leaf blade was more digestible than the stem and the lower parts of the stem were less digestible than its higher parts. High temperatures, long cutting intervals and maturing of plants appeared to lessen the digestibility of the stem. However, the variations of digestibilities mentioned above, were not so large, and the digestible dry matter yields were regressed linearly to the biological dry matter yields with a significant correlation coefficient at 5% level, irrespective of the differences in the regional site, season and cutting interval. An increase of biological dry matter yield from 10 t/ha to 30 t/ha was followed by a decrease of in vitro-dry matter digestibility of the whole harvested material from 74.3% to 60.0%. The average digestibility was about 65% and this value was estimated to be intermediate among the tropical grasses.
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Morie EBATA, Tsutomu YAMADA, Masashi ISHIKAWA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
569-575
Published: December 05, 1989
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Ninety seven rice cultivars including nonglutious and glutinous rice both of japonica and indica subspecies were investigated to clarify the varietal influence on the textural parameters of cooked rice. A General Foods Texturometer was used for the analysis of the physical parameters. Value of chewiness which is well expressive of hard character of cooked rice was very high in indica nonglutinous rice especially in long kernel varieties. Stickiness which generally represents a sticky character of cooked rice, on the other hand, was highest in japonica lowland varieties and it's followed by japonica upland and indica lowland varieties. Glutinous rice showed exceedingly low value of chewiness and high stickiness, although varietal differences in the textural parameters among the glutinous rice groups were rather small. Textural palatability index (TPI) which has been thought to be indicative or eating quality of cooked rice was high in japonica rice and very low in indica rice. The order of TPI value among the nonglutinous variety groups was japonica lowland > japonica upland > indica short culm > indica medium kernel > indica long kernel. In the japonica lowland groups, early maturing varieties had a rather higher TPI than the intermediate or late maturing varieties. Chewiness as a whole negatively correlated with stickiness. Length-width ratio of kernel positively correlated with chewiness and negatively correlated with stickiness and TPI. In nonglutinous varieties, hundred kernel weight showed a negative correlation with chewiness and a positive correlation with stickiness and also with TPI.
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Yusuke GOTO, Kiyochika HOSHIKAWA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
576-584
Published: December 05, 1989
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The tillering behavior of rice plants (1 plant/pot) at the late tillering stage was investigated. Assuming plant growth in which a leaf of each tiller and a leaf of the main stem expand synchronously (synchronous growth), we made a growth curve of tiller number which we called a 'synchronous growth curve (SGC). Compared the SGC with the growth curve (tiller number) obtained from actual measurement (MGC), we analyzed the pattern of tillering cessation. The growth curve of increase in tiller number of cv. Sasanishiki (which SGC was simple sigmoid curve) and the simulated growth curve (which was drawn under the assumption that every tiller had appeared) were used for the analysis. Though the tiller number of MGC suddenly stopped increasing and the relative rate of the increase in tiller number (Rt) of MGC fell off sharply, Rt of SGC decreased gradually. We thought that the factor responsible for the phenomenon was the difference (D) in growth speed between the main stem and each tiller. In relation to tillering cessation, we examined tiller positions or the last emergence daughter tillers (LMT: the tiller which emerged last from each mother tiller) and the emergence date of LMT. We also discussed the application of the concept of Rt to the analysis of the tillering at the last tillering stage.
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Shigeyuki TANAKA, Koji ITO, Raisaburo UMEZU, Etsuo MIYAGI, Osamu KAWAM ...
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
585-591
Published: December 05, 1989
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Contents of crude protein and crude fiber in harvested material were investigated in kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestimum Hochst ex Chiov.), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) and rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana Kunth) grown at Kuju in Oita Prefec., Miyazaki and Naha. Plants were grown under two cutting regimes, namely, cutting at about 20 days interval and about 40 days interval. Investigations were done successively for 2 years. Crude protein content was generally lower and crude fiber content was higher in summer than in other seasons, and crude protein content was negatively and crude fiber content was positively correlated with mean daily air temperature during regrowth period. Each species cut at 20 days interval showed almost no regional difference in the magnitude of the variation of the two contents following the change of the temperature. In the plants cut at 40 days interval, in contrast, the above magnitude was larger in the northern site than in the southern site. However, regional differences were hardly found in the two contents in each species, averaged for the entire growing season. The crude protein content was higher, the crude fiber content was lower and the reduction of annual dry matter yield at the northern site was less in kikuyugrass than in the other two grasses.
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Eiji TSUZUKI, Yasuyuki WAKIYAMA, Hakuroku ETO, Hiroshi HANDA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
592-597
Published: December 05, 1989
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Field and laboratory experiments were carried out in 1987 and 1988 in order to study the effects of pyroligneous acid and mixture of charcoal with pyroligneous acid (pyroligneous acid 1: charcoa1 4; Sannekka E) on the growth and yield of rice. The results of field experiments in 1987 showed that Sannekka E as a basal dressing increased the ear number and grain yield (17%), but in 1988 there was no difference in brown rice yield between Sannekka E applied plot and the control plot. However, field experiments in both years showed that Sannekka E increased root dry weight and also promoted root respiration rate. When Sannekka E was added to nursery boxes as a basal dressing and in solution culture, it promoted plant height, root length and branching of the root. From the result of sterile culture of root tip of rice, it was confirmed that pyroligneous acid induced to form new branched roots and elongate roots. It was showed that there was an optimum rate in pyroligneous acid applications and the action might be hormonal. The data also suggested that pyroligneous acid and Sannekka E promoted rice growth through the development of branched roots.
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Yukindo TSUNO, Takeshi YAMAGUCHI, Hiroyuki KANAKUCHI
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
598-604
Published: December 05, 1989
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Five rice cultivars, three Japonica and two hybrids of Japonica-Indica, were grown in pots to examine the influence of low night temperature (10°C) on photosynthesis and transpiration during the period from young panicle formation to middle of the ripening stage. Photosynthesis and transpiration were depressed from 3 to 46% by low night temperature when compared with those under natural night temperature. The depression was due to increased stomatal resistance. The percentage of depression of photosynthsis and transpiration were highly correlated (0.939) with each other. The relative value (treated/non-treated) of photosynthesis had high multiple regression coefficient (R=0.880) with both root respiratory rate and specific leaf area (SLA). The relative value of transpiration had high multiple regression coefficient (R=0.861) with root respiratory rate, SLA and leaf area per stem. The result shows that root respiratory rate was supported by its nitrogen and sugar contents, and also; SLA had a highly negative correlation to leaf respiration. Thus, a rice plant, having active root respiratory rate and low SLA which in turn has high leaf respiratory rate is capable to be released from low night temperature stress the next morning.
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Hideki SUGIMOTO, Tooru SATOU, Sadateru NISHIHARA, Katsushi NARIMATSU
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
605-610
Published: December 05, 1989
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The purpose of this experiment was to examine whether the foliar application of urea is effective as a countermeasure against excess moisture injury of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. During the flowering period, soybean plants cultivated in pots were treated with three soil moisture conditions: excess moisture (water table of 5 to 7 cm below the soil surface), flooding (water table of 2 to 3 cm above the soil surface) and control, and a fertilizer solution contailling 1% urea was sprayed on the plants. The soil treatments and foliar application continued for 7 and 14 days, respectively. In the excess moisture and flooding plots, since the nitrogen content increased with the foliar application, photosynthesis was promoted and dry matter production increased. The increase in the number of pods and seed weight by the application brought about an increase in seed yield in these plots. In the excess moisture plot with application, these values were nearly the same as these of control plot. In the control plot, the foliar application was not so effective as in the other plots. As a result, soybean plants could escape the damage by the foliar application of urea during the flowering period even under conditions of excess moisture with the water table of 5 to 7 cm below the soil surface. Also, even under 7-day flooding conditions, the damage was reduced to some extent by the application.
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Hiroyoshi CHUJO, Humio BENITANI, Hironori MIMOTO
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
611-616
Published: December 05, 1989
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Three early wheat cultivars of west Japan, Norin 26, Norin 61 and Omasekomugi, sown in autumn, were compared regarding tiller appearance and heading. The difference in maximum tiller number among three cultivars was small; whereas the differcnce in headed tiller number was large, the largest in Omasekomugi and smallest in Norin 26. This difference was due to the difference in heading ratio of the secondary tillers, not to their appearance ratio. There was a certain period when a negative correlation coefficient was observcd between the appcarance date of the secondary tillers and their heading ratio. The appearance date of the secondary tillers with a heading ratio of 80% or 50%, was about 10 days later in Omasekomugi. The number of the secondary tillers appeared till this date was much larger in Omasekomugi than in the other two cultivars. As a result, there was a difference among three cultivars in the number of headed tillers. The varietal difference was small among the cultivars in the relation between the heading ratio and the increment of dry weight of the secondary tillers in March. In contrast significant differences was observed in the increment of dry weight and of culm length of the secondary tillers in March among the three cultivars. The result suggests that these differences resulted in the difference among the cultivars in the heading ratio of the secondary tillers.
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Eiki KURODA, Atsuhiko KUMURA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
617-622
Published: December 05, 1989
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Under field conditions, the photosynthetic rate of single leaves (CER) declined with time of day even in the case where light intensity at the leaf surface was kept higher than the saturation point. The characteristics of this kind of variation of CER and its physiological base were examined. (1) The average degree of depression for 46 cases including various years, growth stages, weather conditions and leaf positions was estimated to be 19%. (2) This kind of depression was closely correlated with a depression in stomatal conductance (gs). (3) Degree of depression in gs with time was large in the condition that evaporation rate evaluated above the leaf canopies was large. (4) The degree of depression in CER was larger in lower leaves than in upper leaves because the depression in gs was larger in the latter leaves.
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Eiki KURODA, Atsuhiko KUMURA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
623-627
Published: December 05, 1989
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(1) Variations in single-leaf photosynthesis (CER) among days: CER under saturation light intensity at nearly the same time of several successive days were examined, at three growth stages. (i) CER varied from day to day. The difference between the maximum and the minimum for the several successive days amounted to 5-10 mg CO
2 dm
-2 h
-1. (ii) The variations in CER among days were positively correlated with those in stomatal conductance (g
s). (iii) The variations in g
s was negatively correlated with those in the current evaporation rate evaluated witll a Piche's evaporimeter. (iv) From the above, it was concluded that the variations in CER were brought about by climatic factors such as radiation intensity, wind speed and air humidity, which affect stomatal aperture through waterloss from leaf tissues or a direct effect on stomata. (2) Interactive effect of irradiance and stomatal conductance on CER: The data collected on several successive days at various times of day and under various weather conditions were combined. Then, they were placed into seven groups according to magnitude of g
s, and light-CER relationships were examined considering the levels of g
s. (i) Under low light intensity, there was little difference in CER irrespective of magnitude of g
s. (ii) The light saturation point rose with an increase in g
s. (iii) Under strong light intensity, CER was shown to depend on g
s and increased with an increase of the latter.
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Hironori MIMOTO, Masanori YANASE, Hiroyoshi CHUJO
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
628-634
Published: December 05, 1989
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The juvenile phase and photoperiodic sensitivity of 13 Japanese paddy rice varieties were investigated. The duration of juvenile phase was determined by counting the days of insensitivity to a short-day rearing condition through observation of the panicle initiation, using rice plants grown under a long-day conditions which was altered to short-day conditions at different intervals. The photoperiodic sensitivity was estimated from the slope of the regression line of the growth periods and the periods from germination to panicle initiation, using the same rearing condition. The following results were obtained. (1) The duration of juvenile phase at 28°C was 4.3 days (2.8 plant age in leaf number) for the shortest variety and 19.0 days (6.3 plant age in leaf number) for the longest variety. (2) The varieties of each short, medium and long juvenile phases existed in all areas of cultivation throughout Japan. Specific patterns of latitudinal distributions of the varieties were not demonstrated. (3) As already confirmed previously, the degree of photoperiodic sensitivity in rice varieties was found to increase with latitudinal descent from cool Hokkaido to warmer districts. (4) Large differences were found among the varieties in the number of days required from panicle initiation until heading.
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Susumu TOYAMA, Hisaaki KATOU, Toyohiko IMAI
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
635-640
Published: December 05, 1989
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Rice mesophyll protoplasts were isolated with ease and with high yield from expanded 2nd leaves, which were grown on agar plates under 23°C, 16.5 W/m
2 for 25 days, by using a new cell wall lytic enzyme 1% "funcelase" together with 1% cellulase "Onozuka" R-10, although the isolation was difficult by the conventional method using cellulase and macerozyme. The yield ranged from 10
4-10
6/g of fresh weight of the 2nd rice leaves by enzyme treatment for 4 h. The survival cells just after isolation were 80-90% of the isolated total protoplasts. The yield and survival rate of the protoplasts could be elevated by shorter treatment time using cellulase "Onozuka" RS in place of cellulase "Onozuka" R-10. Treating in the enzyme solution for 4 h or less would be better when the subsequent culture of protoplasts was carefully considered. The protoplast isolation from rice mesophyll, as long as the present method is used, is no necessity for using macerozyme or pectinase. The application of 1% BSA was effective for the isolation and culture of rice mesophyll protoplasts. A satisfactory isolation in this study would be dependent considerably on the decomposition of β(1-3) glucan by laminarinase contained in funcelase.
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James Chukwuma OGBONNA, P.G. ABRAHAM
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
641-647
Published: December 05, 1989
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Pretreatment of seeds of cowpea (Vigna sinensis Endl.) with indole-3-acetic acid and indole butyric acid had beneficial effects on their germination, dry matter production, flowering and yield. Treatment with Gibberellic acid resulted in increased rate of germination and plant height while the plants raised from seeds treated with distilled water were the same as the untreated plants (control) in terms of the measured parameters. Maleic hydrazide, on the other hand, had inhibitory effects on the rate of germination, dry matter production, flowering and yield. Neither indole-3-acetic acid nor gibberellic acid nullified the inhibitory effects of maleic hydrazide.
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Tomomi NAKAMOTO
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
648-652
Published: December 05, 1989
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Development of rooting zone formed by a corn plant, which was grown nearly in isolation, was studied. Length of the root in the soil around the plant was determined by means of a personal computer assisted measuring system. On the soil profile, a zone of high root density (>5000 m/m
3) extended horizontally from the base of the plant and was rectangular in shape at the beginning of growth. From 10 to 16 weeks after sowing this zone extended downwards. In the region of 0.3 m in depth and 0.3 m from the plant axis, root length density increased very slowly and remained comparatively low until 16 weeks after sowing. Judging from the mean root diameter (mm), thick roots seemed to be grown predominantly under the plant and thin roots in the top soil layer. Total root length increased linearly throughout the growth and was calculated to be up to 157 km, though some reduction of root was observed in 0.01 m soil layer at the end of growth.
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Masahiko TAMAKI, Morie EBATA, Toru TASHIRO, Masashi ISHIKAWA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
653-658
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Effects of nitrogen top-dressed at full heading time and air temperature during ripening period on rice quality were investigated from the viewpoints of the texture of cooked rice and protein, amylose and fat-by-hydrolysis contents. The protein content of milled rice increased correspondingly with an increase in nitrogen fertilizer. In terms of textural characteristics of cooked rice, chewiness value increased with that of protein content. Stickiness and textural palatability index (TPI) values were highest at 8.5% protein content. Amylose and fat-by-hydrolysis contents had no relationship with protein content. These results suggested that protein, especially the water-insoluble kind, had a great effect on the texture of cooked rice when the changes in the contents both of amylose and fat-by-hydrolysis were small. A lower temperature treatment during ripening period remarkably increased chewiness value, but stickiness and TPI values markedly decreased in nonwaxy rice. However, these features were not seen in waxy rice. A lower temperature treatment increased amylose and fat-by-hydrolysis contents in nonwaxy rice, but this was not detected in waxy rice. The protein content decreased at a lower temperature in both nonwaxy and waxy rice. It was concluded that air temperature during ripening period affected the texture of nonwaxy cooked rice by changing the amylose and fat-by-hydrolysis contents, but not the protein content. However, the texture of waxy cooked rice was unaffected by air temperature.
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Masahiko TAMAKI, Morie EBATA, Toru TASHIRO, Masashi ISHIKAWA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
659-663
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Changes in the quality of nonwaxy and waxy rice during grain development were investigated, laying emphases on the texture of cooked rice and protein, amylose and fat-by-hydrolysis contents. In terms of textural features, chewiness value decreased with maturity, but stickiness and the textural palatability index values increased. The trends of decrease or increase became constant after 30-40 days after heading. There were no clear differences in the formation mechanism of texture during maturation between nonwaxy and waxy rice. Changes in the contents of protein, amylose and fat-by-hydrolysis with maturity were similar to those in chewiness. At the early maturing stage, the protein content of the rice kernels was very high. Protein seemed to restrict starch swelling, so that cooked rice from immature kernels were thought to be harder and less sticky. Amylose was considered to be a dominant factor in determining texture during ripening. The texture of waxy rice also changed although amylose was not detected throughout the ripening period. Hence, amylose could not be the only factor that might control textural changes. Since fat-by-hydrolysis was relatively abundant at the early stage of ripening, it was thought to make cooked rice harder and less sticky by limiting starch swelling. For the reasons mentioned above, protein, especially water-insoluble protein, amylose and fat-by-hydrolysis were found to play an important role in restricting the expansion of starch.
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Susumu TOYAMA, Midori YOSHIDA, Teruo NIKI, Takeshi OHASHI, Isao KOYAMA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
664-672
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Young rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari), which are 4 week old plants grown in a potting soil under natural light at 28/27°C in day/night, were intermittently fumigated with 0.1 ppm ozone for 4 h (AM 10-14)/day for 4 days, and the ultrastructural changes of chloroplasts in leaf cells were examined by electron microscopy. A visual symptom of small reddish brown flecks appeared on an abaxial leaf surface fumigated for 2 days. After fumigation for 3 days or more, the flecks increased in both size and number and also brightness of green leaves slightly diminished. On observation by electron microscopy, the first indication of ozone injury was swelling of the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts of abaxial leaf cells fumigated for 2 days. The swelling began first at the outermost thylakoid in grana stacks and was followed by a distortion in the arrangement of internal thylakoids. After fumigation for 3 days or more, the changes of thylakoid membranes became serious and then vacuolization occurred in chloroplast stroma. In leaves which were fumigated for 4 days and afterward kept in a fumigation chamber for a day, destruction of chloroplast envelope was observed. The ultrastructural changes occurred first on the leaf tip area and then extended to the middle region. Ozone injury was more serious in abaxial leaf cells than in adaxial ones. A characteristic was no increase of osmiophilic globules in chloroplasts throughout this ozone fumigation.
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Craig WIEGAND, Michio SHIBAYAMA, Yoshiki YAMAGATA, Tsuyoshi AKIYAMA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
673-683
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Remote spectral observations of plant canopies provide information that may be useful for describing their growth and yield. In this paper we (1) present equations that dcscribe how spectral reflectance observations, expressed as vegetation indices (VI), relate to leaf area index (L); fractional photosynthetically active radiation, PAR, absorbed (Fp) ; daily solar PAR absorbed (Sp); above-ground dry matter (DM); and, grain yield (YIELD), and (2) apply the equations to a rice (Oryza sativa L.) experiment conducted at Tsukuba in 1987. The 13 treatments consisted of incomplete combinations of 2 transplanting dates (21 May, 11 June), 6 nitrogen application rates (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 g/m
2), and 3 cultivars (Nipponbare, Koshihikari, and Shinanomochi). Over the seasonal interval transplanting to physiological maturity of the grain, grain YIELD (g/m
2) and cumulative daily absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (ΣSp, MJ/m
2) were linear functions of the cummulative perpendicular vegetation index (ΣPVI). The efficiency of conversion to dry matter, e
c, was 2.9 g DM/MJ for transplanting to 20 days after heading and ∼2.5 g DM/MJ for transplanting to physiological maturity. YIELD was linearly related to dry matter at heading, DM
h (r
2=0.92) which could be better estimated by the reflectance difference vegetation index at heading, (R
1100-R
1650)
h (r
2=0.82) than by PVI at heading, PVI
h, (r
2 = 0.69). The functional relations suggested by the equations demonstrate how observable canopy attributes (L, DM) and plant processes (light interception, photosynthesis, growth) interrelate to VI and YIELD, and provide a basis for interpreting the variation in vegetation indices of rice canopies in terms of canopy development and grain yield.
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Setsuo KOIKE, Tetsuo SATAKE
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
684-688
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Effect of the starting time of cooling at the flowering stage together with the effects of water temperatures and light conditions after cooling on the fertility percentage were examined. The fertility percentage of the spikelets cooled from the end of the light period was 20% higher than that of the spikelets, with identical maturity, cooled from the end of the dark period. No effect was observed on the fertility if water temperatures (at 25°C and at 15°C) and light conditions (light and dark) were changed after cooling. This suggests that the difference of the fertility percentage between the two cooling starting times, morning and evening, is determined by the difference of some physiological properties of the spikelets at the start for cooling.
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Katsumi INADA, Yoichi YASUMOTO
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
689-694
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Effects of light qualities under continuous lighting, daylengths at a constant temperature, and periodic temperature variations under continuous lighting on the vegetative growth of lettuce and radish plants were studied to find the suitable environmental conditions for plant production in controlled environment rooms. Among the four light qualities, most growth parameters increased with increasing photon flux of the red component and the red/blue ratio in the light spectra, except when the red/farred ratio was extremely high. The plant growth was promoted with the increase of daylength up to 24 h, whereas the lighting effiency in terms of dry-matter production per lighting duration was greatest in 20 h daylength. Daily periodic temperature variations showed some effects on the plant growth and the greatest effect was found in temperature regimes of 16 H/8 L for lettuce and 20 H/4 L or 16 H/8 L for radish. The increased dry matter was distributed to both the top and roots in lettuce, but exclusively to the storage root in radish.
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Masahiko TAMAKI, Morie EBATA, Toru TASHIRO, Masashi ISHIKAWA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
695-703
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Free amino acids (FAA) in the cooked rice exterior and in milled rice kernels (ground milled rice) were studied from the standpoint of taste. The amount and proportion of FAA in the exterior of cooked rice were compared with those in ground milled rice in relation to maturity stages. Moreover, the effects of nitrogen top-dressed at full heading time, air temperature during ripening period and varietal differences on FAA were examined. The amount of FAA was substantial in immature rice but it decreased with maturation, particularly that in the exterior of cooked rice declined continuously till the over-ripened stage. Taste which can be felt by human senses was suggested to be rich in immature rice but poor in over-ripened rice. FAA proportion in the exterior of cooked rice varied considerably during ripening, although that in ground milled rice hardly changed. The amount of FAA was also little in rice of both exceedingly low and high protein content. A low temperature regime produced an increased amount of FAA, as was also seen in immature rice. In terms of variety, rice of good eating quality contained plenty of FAA. This trend was more remarkable in the exterior of cooked rice than in ground milled rice. In good eating quality rice, FAA, especially glutamic acid, easily dissolved out from the cooked kernels in the cooking process.
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Perigio B. Jr. FRANCISCO, Kazumi MAEDA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
704-711
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The growth and field performance of 24 mungbean cultivars selected from initial 83 introductions based on 1987 trials, were evaluated in field experiments to identify the cultivars suited for cultivation in warm temperate environment and to examine the basis of high field. Relationships among earliness in flowering, growth and seed field were examined. The number of days to first flower (DFF) was positively correlated with plant height, number of primary branches, and vegetative, reproductive, and total main-stem nodes. However, DFF was negatively correlated with the percentage of reproductive nodes to total number of main-stem nodes, number of days to first muture pod, reproductive stage duration, and seed yield. Thus, the early flowering cultivars had limited vegetative growth, but had a long reproductive growth duration and produced high seed yield. Late flowering cultivars had significantly more vegetative and reproductive main-stem nodes but very low seed field. Yield was ncgatively correlated with all vegetative parameters. However, some high yielders, including the top yielding KUS, the Indian origin check, had a high degree of vegetative growth. The generally lower yield of some cultivars in 1988 was partly due to the attack of spider mite (Tetranychus sp.). The KUS check cultivar which flowered relatively early, had a long reproductive growth duration, and the highest 2-year mean seed yield of 191 gm
-2, appears to be the "Ideo-type" for warm temperate environments.
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Perigio B. Jr. FRANCISCO, Kazumi MAEDA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
712-719
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The relationships among dry matter production and partitioning, yield components, earliness in flowering and seed yield in 24 cultivars of mungbean, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, were studied in field experiments in 1987 and 1988 to examine the agro-physiological basis of yield. Total dry matter (TDM) production and partitioning significantly differed among cultivars (cvs.), but cv. performance were similar across years. Early flowering cvs. produced less TDM and vegetative DM, but had higher seed-stem ratio, harvest index (HI) and yield than later flowering ones. Since stem DM was negatively correlated with seed-stem ratio and HI, reduced stem DM may increase yield. Seed yield was correlated with TDM only in cultivars with low TDM. Cvs. with high TDM were separated into 2 groups, one with higher HI and higher yield, and another with lower HI and lower yield. Seed yield was mainly determined by the number of pods/plant while the number of seeds/pod, 100 seed weight, and pod length tended to compensate fo reduced pod number. It was suggested that earlier flowering, higher TDM but lower percentage of stem DM, higher HI, and more and longer pods with more and bigger seeds, which were shown by the top-yielding cv. KUS in both years, characterize the mungbean "Ideo-type" for warm temperate environments.
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Junko YAMAGISHI, Ryuichi ISHII, Atsuhiko KUMURA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
720-725
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Time course challges of respiration rate in a leaf and roots were examined in attached and detached conditions to obtain information of the internal factors determining the time course change of respiration in different organs. In the attached condition, an expanding leaf showed a rapid increase of respiration around midnight (Midnight rise of respiration, MRR), while, an expanded leaf showed a steady state of respiration around midnight, followed by a rapid decrease, resulting in a vague MRR. The attached roots showed a clear MRR. In the detached condition the changes in leaf respiration rate were almost the same as in attached condition; whereas in roots, MRR completely disappeared. The results suggested that the respiration of a leaf is not affcted by other organs, whereas that of roots was strongly dependent on the existence of a shoot. The results also suggested that the internal factors causing MRR existed in a leaf, especially in an expanding leaf.
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Junko YAMAGISHI, Ryuichi ISHII, Atsuhiko KUMURA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
726-731
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Time course changes in nitrogen transformation among nitrogenous compounds in a detached leaf of soybean was examined in relation to respiration rate. Nitrogen content in protein continued to increase for 12 hours from the onset of dark period. This apparent protein synthesis showed a high peak betwreen 0:00 and 3:00 in an expanding leaf, and a low peak in an expanded leaf, followed by a steep decrease in both leaves. This trend of protein synthesis fitted to the time course change of respiration rate. The time of maximum protein synthesis rate corresponded to that of midnight rise of respiration appearance. It was, therefore, supposed that the time course changes in respiration which has been examined in the previous papers, is the reflection of diurnal changes in protein synthesis rate in a leaf.
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Genshichi WADA, Pompe C. STA. CRUZ
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
732-739
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Potential sink size was correlated with plant nitrogen (N) at late stage of spikelet initiation and flowering, and with growth duration (GD) in DS and WS. The amount of N in plant at critical growth stages increased with GD which can be attributed to N absorption pattern of plant. Degenerated sink size and percentage of degenerated spikelets were correlated with GD, which is a function of N content in laminae during reproductive stage. The low amount of N absorption during this period resulted to high sink and spikelet degeneration as observed in long duration varieties. Sink size was correlated with the amount of N in plant at late stage of spikelet initiation and flowering. However, the contribution of N to sink formation (S/N) differed with GD. This was manifested in the apparent association of maximum sink size with a certain GD. The optimum GD as a function of the vegetative lag phase, however, can be altered by N level. Yield was positively correlated with sink size, and was a quadratic function of GD regardless of cropping season. The optimum GD is generally shorter than the optimum GD for sink size. This is attributed to the trend of ripening percentage that decreased with GD. Yield was also correlated with the amount of N in plant at flowering and maturity stages.
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ICHWANTORI, Tatsuo OGO, Yasuo TAKAMURA, Mikio TSUCHIYA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
740-747
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Varietal differences in growth response to drought were studied in order to determine major attributes composing drought resistance in the rice plant. Eight rice varieties of different hydrological backgrounds (1986) were grown under soil pF 1.6 and pF 2.9, and six wetland rice varieties of different maturity (1987) were grown under flooding and soil pF 2.9 conditions for two weeks at the early growth stage, in a vinyl house. Varietal difference in response to drought was evaluatcd in terms of growth rate, nitrogen uptake and tillering habit. Varietal differences between growth and drought resistance was apparently found. RGR response resulted from the response of NGR to drought and RLGR responded in the same way as RGR and NAR. However, nitrogen uptake was more sensitive to drought than NAR then varietal response in nitrogen uptake was different from the response of RGR and NGR. Therefore, the degree of drought resistance among the varieties was evaluated according to the response of NAR and nitrogen uptake. The high tillering variety and the early-maturing variety generally tended to be sensitive to drought. However, it was found that observation of growth rate was important in evaluating drought resistance in rice because of an exceptional response. Varietal difference of hyrdrological background of rice varieties was not related to varietal difference in growth response to drought.
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Gen-ichi HIRAI, Noboru NAKAYAMA, Yoshiaki KITAYA, Toichiro INANO, Hiro ...
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
748-749
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Michio SHIBAYAMA, Keiichi SATO, Katsuo OKAMOTO, Tsuyoshi AKIYAMA
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
750-752
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Morio KATO, Keo INTHAVONGSA, Katsu IMAI
1989 Volume 58 Issue 4 Pages
753-754
Published: December 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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