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Volume 67 (1998)
- Issue 4 Pages 443-
- Issue 3 Pages 273-
- Issue 2 Pages 129-
- Issue 1 Pages 3-
Volume 67, Issue 1
Displaying 1-18 of 18 articles from this issue
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Atsushi OYANAGI1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 3-10
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
Hiroshi EHARA, Osamu MORITA, Tadasuke KANEKO, Gyonen FUJIYAMA1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 11-19
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA field trial was conducted to analyze the growth characteristics and compensatory effect on the yield of rice(cv.Yamahikari)broadcasted in submerged soil at four levels of seedling density(32, 64, 96, 160/m2).The relative tillering rate(RTR)and relative growth rate(RGR)were greater in higher density plots(96, 160/m2)in the early growth stage and greater at lower seedling densities in the subsequent growth stage.The difference in RGR was mainly attributed to leaf area ratio (LAR)in the early growth stage and net assimilation rate(NAR)in the subsequent stage.A difference in specific leaf area was observed during the growth period, which was responsible for the differences in LAR and NAR at 58-79 days after sowing (DAS).Although there were distinctive differences in yield components, the changing patterns of which to seedling density were not similar.There was no significant difference in yield per m2 among seedling densities.The lower density plots(32, 64/m2)showed high RTR through high NAR in the middle and late growth stages, and the panicle number per plant was greater at lower seedling densities.This was the first respanse for compensatory effect.The spikelet number per panicle increased when ponicle number per m2 decreased with the decrease in seedling density, which was also an important factor on the compensatory effect.Here, a positive correlation was found between spikelet number per panicle and NAR, and RGR at 58-79DAS.View full abstractDownload PDF (1492K) -
Yoshinori YAMAMOTO, Akihiko IKEJIRI, Youji NITTA1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 20-25
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe growth and changes of some inorganic and organic constituents in the shoots of rice nurseling(NS)and young(YS)seedlings after transplanting(TP)were compared to clarify the characteristics of taking root of NS.1)Elongation growth and leaf emergence rates were inhibited in YS for 3 days after TP, but not in NS.The first nodal roots of the NS started to emerge 2-3 days after TP, and the number of roots of NS at the same plant age in leaf number was higher than that of YS until about the 4.0-leaf stage.2)Nitrogen (N)and phosphorous(P)or potassium(K)percentage in the shoots of NS started to increase at one and three days after TP, respectively.This was 2-3 days earlier than that in YS.The contribution ratio of endosperm to the accumulation of N, P and K in the shoots after TP was higher in the order of P, N and K.3)The total sugar percentage in the shoots of NS decreased until 7 days after TP.On the other hand, that in the shoots of YS was markedly increased due to the transplanting injury until 3 days after TP.4)The decomposition of starch in the endosperm of NS was not inhibited by TP, and the starch was utilised for the gowth of NS and almost consumed at 7 days after TP.5)N, P and K percentages in the shoots after taking root were higher in NS than those in YS, but vice versa in total sugar and starch percentages.6)These results showed lower transplanting injury and smoother taking root in NS in comparison with YS.View full abstractDownload PDF (850K) -
Toshio TAIRA1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 26-29
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of low air temperature in 1993 and high air temperature in 1994 on the palatability and physicochemical characteristics of rice varieties were examined.A low air temperture during the ripening period caused a high amylose content in the rice in 1993, and a high air temperture during the ripening period caused a low amylose content in the rice in 1994.Sterility was induced by the low air temperture during July and August 1993, and the sterility increased the nitrogen content in brown rice.Breakdown values decreased as the amylose content in the rice and nitrogen content in brown rice increased.The amylose content in the rice, affected by air temperture during the ripening period, had a strong influence on breakdown values.A low amylose content in the rice showed high palatability in 1994.A clear relation was not observed between amylose content in rice and palatability, although palatability deteriorated as the amylose content in the rice increased in 1993.View full abstractDownload PDF (542K) -
Souichiro IMABAYASHI, Takefumi OGATA, Yuji MATSUE1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 30-35
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAnnual and locational variations in the physicochemical properties of rice were studied in order to establish cultivation techniques for improving the quality of rice and to develop cultivars with high and stable palatability in any growth environment.Values of variance among years were smaller than those among cultivars in amylose content, maximum viscosity and H/A3.It was estimated that palatability in 1994 was better than other years judging from physicochemical properties.Values of variance among years were larger than those among cultivars in protein content, breakdown and H/-H.Variation among years in amylographic characteristics and amylose content was mainly affected by temperature during the ripening period.The influence of temperature during the ripening period on textural characteristics was little.A varietal difference of variation among years in physicochemical properties was also found.In addition, locational variation for H/A3, H/-H and protein content was large, while it was small for amylose content and amylographic characteristics.It was concluded that large locational variation of H/A3 and H/-H was caused by variations in protein content, which was closely related to differences in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied.It was estimated that amylographic characteristics and amylose content were affected more by genetic background than by environmental conditions, resulting in small locational variation.View full abstractDownload PDF (783K) -
Kumi F. OOSATO, Yuji HAMACHI, Yoshiteru KAWAMURA, Souichirou IMABAYASH ...1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 36-40
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice palatability correlates with amylose content, which correlates with heading date, showing that indirect selection through low amylose content for high palatability usually results in predominantly early heading genotypes.To overcome this problem, a regression equation of milled rice amylose content on heading date was calculated.The residual(observed amylose content value-estimated value from the regression)+average of all observed values were designated as adjusted amylose content value.Tests for three years revealed that adjusted amylose content significantly correlated with palatability(-0.535<:**>l:, -0.439<:**>l:and -0.589<:**>l:), showing that palatability and amylose content correlated even among genotypes with the same heading date.Correlations between adjusted amylose content and the following year's palatability were significant for three years(-0.470*, -0.417<:**>l: and -0.479<:**>l:), showing that genotypes selected for low adjusted amylose content had relatively high palatability in the following year.These results show that adjusted amylose content could be used as a criterion for selecting highly palatable genotypes with a wide range of heading dates.Similar results were obtained for brown rice amylose.View full abstractDownload PDF (722K) -
Shigekazu HAYASHI1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 41-48
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRoot tips excised from rice seeds germinated aerobically and anaerobically for 12, 18, 24, 48 and 72 h were used as experimental materials, and the changes in the ultrastructure of the plerome cells of root tip over the passage of germination time were observed using a transmission electron microscope.The mitochondria in aerobic cells had more cristae than those in anaerobic cells from the early stage of germination.Both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum(ER)occurred in the cytoplasm of root cells.The most obvious developmental changes took place after 18 h of aerobic germination and after 48 h in the case of anaerobic germination.At the beginning of development, ER indicated expansion from the cisterna, after which it changed into flat form.Polysome formation was promoted during aerobic germination.Golgi bodies were developed during aerobic germination.Lipid bodies disappeared after 48 h in aerobic cells, however, they were still present after 72 h of anaerobic germination.The accumulation of starch into plastids occurred only in aerobic cells.Based on the above results, it is suggested that developments in the ultrastructure of root tips have some connection with metabolic activity in the root during the germinating stage when there is a limited oxygen supply.View full abstractDownload PDF (3032K) -
Atsushi OYANAGI, Teruaki NANSEKI, Shiro TSUCHIDA, Hiroshi NAGANOMA1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 49-55
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWheat and soybean were grown in an upland field converted from a paddy of gray lowland soil in Ibaraki, Japan in 1994-1995.Wheat and rice were also grown in multipurpose paddy fields of peat soil in 1995-1996.Non-tilled and tilled plots were prepared and wheat was sown in autumn.Soil monoliths, 30 cm in width, 5 cm in thickness and 30 cm in depth, were sampled during the late growth stages of the crops.The soil monoliths were divided into 5 cm cubes.Roots were washed and cleaned with water, and lengths measured with a root length scanner.Root length density of 0-5 cm in the depth layer was large in non-tilled fields of soybean and rice.Wheat in the non-tilled field had a smaller root length than that in the tilled field.Root length density of 5-15 cm in the depth layer was relatively small in the non-tilled wheat field.The root depth index(RDI), which showed mean root depth in a root system, was calculated from these data.The RDI of soybean and rice was small for the non-tilled field and large for the tilled field.However, the RDI of wheat was almost the same in both non-tilled and tilled fields.It may be caused by small amount of precipitation in winter.View full abstractDownload PDF (993K) -
Youji NITTA, Yoshinori YAMAMOTO, Tomiki FUJIWARA1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 56-62
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLight microscope observations were conducted to clarify the position and number of crown root primordia formed along the elongated portion of the stem in rice.The results were as follows.1)Each node of elongated stem, except the neck node of the panicle, could be divided into three parts based on the formation of the peripheral cylinder of the longitudinal vascular bundle(PV);that is, Divided Portion I(PV was divided at only one or two sites at midrib, DP I), DP II(PV was divided into many parts by large and/or small vascular bundles coming from the leaf sheath), and non-DP along the stem.2)Crown root primordia were formed only at the DP II of nodes along the elongated stem, except the neck node of the panicle.The diameters of the crown root primordia were small due to the size of the divided PV whre crown root primordia were formed.3)There was no tendency in the number of crown root primordia along the elongated stem, and the number of crown root primordia had no relation to the number of large and/or small vascular bundles coming from the leaf sheath.From these results and our previous reports, the former theory put forwarded by others, in which crown root primordia were said to be formed in both upper and lower portions of the node, is not applicable to the rice plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (1779K) -
Shigemi TANAKAMARU, Shinichi HAYASHIDA, Toshihiro MOCHIZUKI, Tadahiko ...1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 63-69
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSArtificially compacted soil cakes were used to examine the penetration of seminal roots in cereal and tap roots in leguminous crops.Using an oil pressure pump, compacted soil cakes 1 cm in thickness were mode from sandy loam sois which had been sieved through a 2.54-mm screen and had about 13% moisture by volume.The penetration of seminal and tap roots of 30 common and forage crops was examined at 25°C.All crops except maize(Zea mays L.)could penetrate soil cakes with a hardness of more than 11 kgcm<:-3>l:.Among the crops used, the seminal root of six-row barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)could penetrate the hardest soil cake(73 kgcm<:-3>l:).Of the leguminous crops, the tap root of moth bean(Phaseolus aconitifolius Jacq.)could penetrate a soil cake of 59 kgcm<:-3>l:.The seminal roots of 7 crops and tap roots of 4 crops penetrated completely through soil cakes of 11 kgcm<:-3>l:.Among cereal crops except maize, there is a tendency of the larger the diameter of the seminal root, the stronger the penetration force.On the contrary, among leguminous crops except white clover(Trifolium repens L.), the smaller the diameter of the main root, the stronger the penetration force.View full abstractDownload PDF (875K) -
Kuniyuki SAITOH, Sachiko ISOBE, Toshiro KURODA1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 70-78
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe soybean cultivar'Tachisuzunari'was cultivated with 6.3, 12.5 and 25.0 plants per m2 in 1992, 1993 and 1994 to elucidate the yield determining process as influenced by the nodal position on the stem and raceme order.Seed yield increased in accordance with increasing density, especially in 1994, due to an increase in the number of pods under higher air temperature and increased hours of sunlight.Negative correlations were found between the number of pods per m2, seed per pod, seed size and seed setting.The changing pattern in the number of daily flowers opening was different among years(i.e., in 1994, flowering continued for a long period and the total number of flowers was greatly increased).Flower or pod shedding peaked at the start of pad elongation, irrespective to the plant density and year.The number of pods on the basal raceme order increased with increasing density as compared to the upper raceme orders.The number of pods was closely correlated with total number of floral buds, but not with pod sets.The number of flowers were significantly different among the nodal positions.The pod sets of basal raceme orders were higher than those of upper raceme orders.The total number of floral buds were significantly correlated with the total number of nodes and the number of buds per node.Close correlations were found between the number of buds per node, the number of racemes per node and the number of buds per raceme.View full abstractDownload PDF (1240K) -
Kenzi KOHRI, Kuniyuki SAITOH, Toshiro KURODA, Seiichi KUMANO1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 79-84
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSShading treatment(shading rate 89%)was conducted on a soybean canopy(cv.Tatisuzunari)at successive 7-day intervals during 4 weeks before and after flowering, and the number of floral buds and pod sets were investigated.Shading treatment 28-15 days before flowering(DBF)and that 1-21 days after flowering(DAF)decreased the number of floral buds on a basal order raceme(terminal and 1st order)and upper order raceme(more than 1st order), respectively.This implies that soybean floral buds were differentiated according to the raceme order from the basal order to the upper order, and that the buds on the upper order raceme play a sink-adjusting roll after flowering.The number of pod sets on basal order raceme was higher than that on the upper order raceme.Shading treatment 28-15 DBF increased the number of pod sets to compensate the decrease in the number of floral buds, but that after 15 DBF decreased the number of pod sets on both the basal and upper order racemes.It was suggested that unfavorable nutritional conditions for the plants not only during the flowering period but also before flowering increased flower or pod abortion.To clarify the effect of dry matter production on the number of floral buds, three rates of shading treatment(40, 60, 82%)were given during both 30-10 DBF and 1-20 DAF.When increasing the shading rate before and after flowering, the number of floral buds decreased on the basal and upper order racemes, respectively.A higher correlation was found between the net assimilation reta(NAR)and the number of floral buds.This indicates that the decrease in NAR affected floral differentiation.In conclusion, active and rapid growth at the earlier stage and higher leaf photosynthetic capacity during the flowering period were needed to increase floral bud differentiation.View full abstractDownload PDF (905K) -
Kuniyuki SAITOH, Sachiko ISOBE, Toshiro KURODA1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 85-90
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMicroscopic observations of floral organs were needed to clarify the determining process of soybean yield.As previous studies have classified the development of floral organs into many stages, we tried to provide a simple classification by dividing the development into 9 stages through referencing the appearance and formation of organs, pre-differentiation(I), floral differentiation(II), bract formation(III), patal formation(IV), stamen formation (V), pistil formation(VI), ovuleanther formation(VII), pollen-embryo sac formation(VIII), and flowering(IX).The floral organs were differentiated at the same time on different nodes of the stem irrespective of the vegetative leaf growth on each node.In a node, the floral organs were differentiated from the 1st to the 2nd and 3rd order raceme.Within a plant, the floral organs were differentiated at first on the axil of the main stem accompanied by primary branches at the 4th-10th nodes from the base(2nd order raceme).As the subsequent progress of developmental stage was delayed or rested, flowering within a plant progressed according to raceme order, from the 1st to the 2nd and 3rd order raceme.The floral differentiation of the terminal and the 1st (basal)raceme, and 2nd and 3rd(upper)racemes were observed before the beginning of the flowering period.In spite of the basal raceme developing rapidly at the same time, the upper raceme was differentiated and developed separately among nodes for a long time.In conclusion, the number of floral organs on the basal raceme were determined before the beginning of the flowering period and that on the upper raceme during the flowering period.View full abstractDownload PDF (1077K) -
Kuniyuki SAITOH, Mitsuru SUGIMOTO1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 91-93
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree experiments were conducted to clarify the factors affecting the diurnal changes in the dark respiration rate of rice plants.The time courses of dark respiratory CO2 evolution per unit dry weight(Rr)at 25°C were measured continuously for 24 h after 6 p.m.Rr decreased rapidly after the onset of darkness.followed by a steady state for 6 h.The next morning, Rr decreased at the earlier growth stage, but increased at the later stage.To confirm the effect of light intensity during the daytime, the nighttime Rr was measured under the different shade treatments.Rr decreased with an increase in shading intensity.Rr in 100% shading was higher than that in 80% shading.Potted plants, grown under outdoor conditions, were incubated in a dark chamber at 3 h intervals from 6 a.m.to 6 p.m., and the time courses of Rr were investigated.The typical time-course changes of Rr were observed to be characterized as rapid decreases after the onset of darkness followed by temporary increases before a continuous decrease.The maximum rates of Rr were observed between 9 and 12 a.m., and were 1.3-2.0 times as greater than that measured in the nighttime.Although it was expected that Rr became higher with the passage of time from morning to evening, Rr peaked in the morning.This pattern of diurnal change in Rr was consistent with that of time-course changes in Rr under continuous darkness.These results suggest that diurnal changes in Rr were mainly regulated by the endogenous rhythm of respiration.View full abstractDownload PDF (486K) -
Mitsugu HIRANO, Yuko HOSAKA, Mihoko SUGIYAMA, Eiki KURODA, Takao MURAT ...1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 94-100
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNitrogen topdressing and leaf removal were carried out on the rice variety Hitomebore immediately after heading and on Akitakomachi before heading, respectively.In the nitrogen topdressing(+N)plot, compared with the control plot(CON), the increasing rate of both total dry weight and panicle weight was initially slower and then became faster reaching an approximate 30% increase in total dry weight at last.The content of sucrose in the leaf blades changed little in the +N plot during ripening in contrast to the CON, in which it decreased from the middle to late ripening stages.The amount of sucrose in the stems was initially smaller in the +N plot than in the CON but it became increased after the middle ripening stage.The amount of starch in the stems decreased from the begining of ripening in the CON, whereas in the +N plot, the amount of starch decreased little at the beginning of ripening and then largely increased during middle ripening stage.The removal of lower leaves other than flag leaf, and flag and second leaves, respectively, affected panicle weight with only about a 10% decrease, but the dry weight of the lower part of the stems decreased considerably.The nitrogen content in both leaf blades and stems was increased, but the sucrosecontent was decreased by leaf removal.Sucrose content inthe neck internode of the panicles was specifically smaller than that in other internodes and leaf blades.The contents of non-structural carbohydrate and starch in both leaf blades and the neck internode of the panicles were significantly smaller than those in the lower part of the stems, which were markedly decreased by leaf removal.View full abstractDownload PDF (1002K) -
Tomohiko YOSHIDA, Souichirou IMABAYASHI1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 101-103
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe genetic background of the highly palatable rice cultivars developed by Fukuoka Agr, .Res.Cent.was studied and compared with the high yield cultivars developed by Kyushu Natl.Agr.Exp.Stn.and Miyazaki Agr.Exp.Stn.The coefficients of parentage between these cultivars and several major cultivars were computed.The highly palatable cultivars showed high values of coefficient of parentage with 'Koshihikari', a renowned highly palatable cultivar.The high-yield cultivars showed low values of coefficient of parentage with Koshihikari, while showing high values of coefficient of parentage with 'Shinrei', 'Toyotama', 'Hoyoku'and others, which used to be grown extensively in northern Kyushu and were believed to have wide adaptability there.These cultivars showed low values of coefficient of parentage with highly palatable cultivars.It was recommended to introduce the genes of the germplasm with wide adaptability to future highly palatable cultivars in order to avoid genetic vulnerability.View full abstractDownload PDF (492K) -
Seishi NINOMIYA, Mari OIDE, Nobuo TAKAHASHI1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 104-108
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA fuzzy-logic based search engine for a soybean shape database was developed on the WWW.It used to be difficult to evaluate crop shape characteristics quantitatively.Image analyzing technologies, however, can now bring us several numerical parameters to describe crop shape and we can develop database systems of such numerical shape characteristics combining some image data.To make a search on shape information in such a database, one would rather prefer using naturally linguistic keywords such as"very fat and round"than numerical keywords because it is usually difficult to imagine appropriate values for what one wants in terms of shape.Therefore, a search system based on fuzzy logic with naturally linguistic and comparative keywords for shape information was developed in this study.In the fuzzy-logic based search system, a wide range of human subjectivity to the search results, caused mainly by the subjective recognition of each fuzzy keyword, can be distinct.Therefore, in order to adjust the system to such subjectivity, we prepared several search options;that is, two types of membership functions, flexible fuzzy range and three types of definitions on fuzzy membership logical products.One can try the system at http://zoushoku.narc.affrc.go.jp/snino/soyshape/search2.html.View full abstractDownload PDF (745K) -
[in Japanese]1998 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 109-110
Published: March 05, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (474K)
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