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Shizuwo YOSHIDA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
1-2
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The growth of flax plants sown at different dates from spring to autumn was investigated at Ueda, Nagano Prefecture, Midde Japan. The growth curves are shown in Fig.1. The growth of the plant seeded early in summer was strongly retarded. The height of the plant seeded at the end of August approached closely to that of the plant seeded in spring, but the growth curve was of a low pitch. When seeded in summer, all the plant retained green colour, never becoming yellowish, and the suitable date of harvesting was hardly determined. The phenomenon might be probably due to the climatic conditions shifted by the change of seeding time. The flowering of the plant seeded at late spring or early summer was markedly hastened, also being due probably, to high temperatures. It might be concluded that flax culture in autumn at such localities would.be almost hopeless though may by desirable practically.
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Mitsuo KIDO
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
3-4
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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1. In order to know the effect of Baido, a practice to push up the soil aside the hil1, upon the growth of rice plant and of following crops in rotation on ill-drained paddy fields, investigations were carried out in the field of the Hokuriku Agricultural Experiment Station. 2. The best time for Baido practice was 33 days prior to heading ; i.e. the time when fruitful tillerings had developed, and when it was delayed, the crop yield decreased owing to the unrecoverable injuries of roots. 3. Increase of yield caused by the Baido method may be analyzed as follows : (1) Retardation of the development of unfertile tillerings. (2) Delayed formation of lysigenous aerenchyma, indicating checked decay of root because of high oxidation-reduction potential of soil. (3) Lessening the damages by sesame spot and stem rot.(4) Deep development of root system and increased number of roots. (5) The healthy growth and development caused by larger diurnal fluctuation of soil temperature. 4. The favorable effects of Baido not only upon the rice plant, but also on the rotation crop ascribable to the good aeration of soil were observed.
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Yasuo KASAHARA, Tadaji KIMURA, Osamu KINOSITA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
5-6
Published: June 30, 1954
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l. The crab grass occurs as a dominant weed on both thes weed potato and soybean fields. Both crops are susceptible to 2, 4-D, but the crab grass is resistant to this herbicide. Post-emergence spray of 2, 4-D on these crops, therefore, cannot be expected as a practical means. 2. During 1948 to 1951, field tests of weed control with 2, 4-D were made: (a) pre-planting treatment, (b) pre-emergence treatment and (c) between-row spray. 3. 75 to 150 grams of 2, 4-D per l0 ares were sprayed on the ridged beds, and after a rain, the sweet potato slips were planted. All of the slips took root and the growth of the crop was not retarded. Its yield equalled that of the weeded plot, with the weeds reduced to 1/1O ∼1/3 of those in the untreated plot. 4. When sweet potato slips were planted immediately after 2, 4-D was applied, the crop was severely injured, particularly in the drought year. But, those roots that were moistened and dusted with active carbon were delivered to some extent from the 2, 4-D injury. 5. The pre-emergence spray of 150 grams of 2, 4-D per 10 ares was considerably effective for the weed without decreasing the yield of soybean. A spray of more than 150 grams was injurious for the growth of the soybean. Seeds coated with active carbon prior to sowing was not injured even by the spray of 450 grams of 2, 4-D. This was attlibuted to the protecting action of the active carbon. 6. The soil treatment with 2, 4-D between the rows, after tillage, cares being taken in avoiding splash of the herbicide on foliages of the crop, was more effective on the annual weeds than pre-emergence tratment. The soybean plant was not injured by the applications of l00 grams of 2, 4-D per l0 ares on dry soil and 200 grams on moist soil. The yield decreased as the amount of 2, 4-D given increased.
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Yasuo KASAHARA, Osamu KINOSHITA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
7-8
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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1. As continuing works of this series, several ecological investigations and tests on the control of the barnyard grass were made. 2. In the paddy fields in Kurashiki Region, Japan, we found that the barnyard grass, Nobie (Echinochloa crusgalli BEAUV) consisted of 3 varieties : namely, Hime-inubie (var. Prat-icola OHWI), Ke-inubie (var. caudata KITAGAWA) and Ta-inubie (var.oryzicola 0HWI) of type (a) with pubescent sheath and type. (b) with smooth sheath, the latter predominating in the district. 3. In the laboratory, it was bound that with the increase in the depth of water, the germination of the seeds of barnyard grass decreased, excepting Ta-inubie, but when a good drainage was provided after submerging, these seeds germinated well. 4. Most barnyard grasses died after having been submerged in water at the depth of 20 cm.for 15 to 30 days. At 15 cm. it took 30 days, but many survived after 15-20 days, and also same was true at l0 cm. for 15 to 30 days. 5. Barnyard grass developed best on the water-saturated soils, but a good stand was obtined when submerged at a depth of 5 cm. 6. On the other hand, rice plants showed considerable tolerance to water. The growth and yield of the plants grown with water of l0 to 20 cm. deep, equalled that grown with 5 cm. deep water which was taken as the control, except those plots in which the plants 1odged. 7. The growth of rice plants on the water saturated soil was poor, as it was suppressed by the luxuriantly growing weeds, and resulted in a poor yield.
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Shigeo TAGIMA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
9-10
Published: June 30, 1954
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Spraying Weedone Concentrate 48 (Manufactured by American Chemical Paint Co.) to the soil between wheat rows and ridging rows with cultivators within a few days were found very effective to eradicate weeds. giving no bad influence on the crops. (statistically significant at 5 % level)
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Kenichi KUBO
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
11-12
Published: June 30, 1954
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As the lint percentage of cotton is a genetic character and is one of important factors composing the yidlds, studies of it are of much significance for the production as well as to the breeding of the crop. The present paper deals with the studies on the lint percentage, made by the author at Yamanashi Cotton Experiment Station in 1941-1943. The average lint percentage of Asiatic cotton (264 varieties) was 31.5%, of Upland cotton (85 varieties), 33.3% and of Egyptian cotton (6 varieties) 29.9%. Among the Asiatic verieties, the Indian ones gave 35.1%, the Chinese 33.6%, the Japanese 33.2%, the Korean 27.9% and the Manchurian 26.3%, respectively in the average. The varietal variations in the percentages within the Chinese group and that within the Japanese were both remarkable, the, range of the former being 20-40%, and the latter 25-40%, those of the Korean and the Manchurian, however, were small, both being 20-30%. The matter mentioned above were considered from the point of the factors composing the lint percentage. In the Korean and the Manchurian groups, the lint weight was comparatively small, while tbe seed weight was large. In the Indian group, the seeds were comparatively small, giving high percentages of lint. Both the seed weight and the lint weight in the Chinese group being the largest of the Asiatic varieties, its lint percentage showing little difference from that of the Japanese one. In the Egyptian group the lint weight as well as the seed weight were the highest of all the races of cotton, giving, however, the lowest lint percentage. The seed weight and lint weight of Upland cottons were both larger than those of Asiatic cottons, but the proportion of the lint was slightly larger, giving somewhat higher lint percentage than those of the Asiatic groups.
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Kenichi KUBO
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
13-14
Published: June 30, 1954
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In the preceding paper, it was reported that in cotton the varietal difference in the lint percentage was very conspicuous. The present paper deals with the lint percentage variation in relation to the culture conditions and natural environments. It was found that the variation of the lint percentage attributable to the differences of culture conditions in the same fields was not so large compared with those due to the plant varieties or to the natural envirbnments, for, in the former case the seed weight and the lint weight increased or decreased at a similar rate. But remarkable lateness of planting time, excessive width of spacing or deficiency of potassium fertilizers, made the lint percentage somewhat lower, for, in such cases, the decreasing proportion of the lint weight was larger than that of the seed weight. The difference of the natural environments, especially that of the fields where the plants grow, brought a remarkably larger difference in the lint percentage than that due to different culture conditions in the same fields.
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Yozo MURAYAMA, Tomoyoshi SATO
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
15-16
Published: June 30, 1954
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l. Tobacco seedlings were grown with nutrient solutions at various levels of nitrogen and phosphorus supplies and the effects of nutrition upon their vegetative characters, their rooting capacity and the subsequent growth were examined. 2. The growth in the plant size was larger at high levels of available N, and P, but under excessive supplies of N and P, the dry weight of the seedling became to drop. In the plot of 40 ppm of N-10ppm of P, the plants showed the best growth. 3. The total nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the seedling plant bodies increased with the amounts of supply of each element, but the totsl carbohydrate was found to be higher with decreasing concentrations of nitrogen at each phosphorus level and its absolute amount per plant was correlated with the dry matter. 4. The rooting capacity was not associated with the carbohydrate percentage of C/N ratio. but was closely connected with the absolute quantity of total carbohydrate per plant. 5. The growth after transplanting was associated directly with the plant size of seedlings and their rooting capacity. The larger the dry weight of the plants, the earlier they reached the stage of flower differentiation or budding, under the experimental conditions. 6. The differences in the amounts of absorbed N and P did not influence the essential natures of development and were observed only to havd contrlloing influences upon the growing speed of the plant to reach the stage to response to certain changes in developing process in connection with vegetative conditions.
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Goro NISHIKAWA, Kiro ICHISHIMA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
17-18
Published: June 30, 1954
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l. Seedlings of bright yellow tobacco were. planted each, in a pot on 10th of May, 1951, and were divided into the following 3 experimental plots on the 1st of June : "damp" plot with moisture of 75-80% of the water capacity of the soil, "medium" plot with 45-55%, and "dry" plot with 30-40%. After about two months the plants were harvested and the structure of the leaf epiderm and the leaf qualities were examined. 2. The higher the moisture contents of soil, the higher was the plant height, the longer was the stem length and the larger was the leaf area. The number of internodes was not signicantly different between the damp and medium plots, but it was small in the dry plot. 3. In the dry plot, the numbef of epidermal cells per unit area increased. The thickness of the leaf blade showed no difference between the damp and medium plots, but in the dry plot it also decreased. No definite difference of the fresh or dry weight of unit area of the leaf was found among the plots, but the moisture contents of leaves were higher in the plots with higher moisture of soils. 4. As to the chemical composition, the nicotine content was higher in the drier soils, and the total nitrogen showed almost the same tendency. Soluble sugars were more abundant in the moister soils. Ash content was found definitely higher in the leaf of the dry plot Plant.
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Toshimasa MUROGA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
19-21
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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We researched the efflorescence habit of hop during two yeard, 1949 and 1950. The resaults obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The order of efflorescence varies according to the sexuality of hop stocks. 1) The female stock set the flower balls at the tops of its lateral branches and branchlets. While the male stock is quite different. 2) The branchlets were observed to shoot gradually in orders in female stocks, while the shooting occurs simultaneously in male stocks. 3) The duration of efflorescence period of male stocks was shorter than that of female stocks. 4) The lateral branches and branchlets of female stocks grew opposite at each node of the stem and branches, while greater part of those of male stocks shoot alternately at each node. However, as to the orders of efflorescence on lateral branches, both male and female stocks, behaved similarly. Efflorescence began at a lateral branch which bad grown comparatatively near the foot, and extended towards both upper and lower lateral branches. This is performed systematically according to a certain rule. 2. The time of efflorescence is 6.00-8.00 a.m. on the male flower, and 6.00-10.00 a.m. on the female flower.
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Ichiro SATO
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
22-23
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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l. Using the main axis of caster-bean plant, Ricinus communis, the histological change caused by applying α-naphthalene acetic acid was compared with that shown by the same organ kept horizontally as a result of georeaction. The purpose was to obtain an experimental evidence concerning the cause of the latter case. 2. A conspicuous growth in thickness was seen at the acid-treated parts of the axis, owing to the repoated cell division and its enlargement, the formation of roots being thus resulted in. 3. At the acid-treated parts, the xylem enlarged in the number of cell layers, owing to the rapid division of cambium cells. Xylem cells became larger and the thickenning and ligniftcation of cell walls were accelerated. The intercellular spaces as well as the irregular, sparse arrangement of cells were observed in xylem. These histological changes, together with some other changes, resembled much to the histological conditions shown at the lower side of the axis held horizontally. 4. Therefore, it may be concluded that one of the causes of the histological differences between the upper and the lower sides of the horizontal axis, lies in the unequal distribution of plant growth-hormones in the axis.
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Yukio MIYAZAKI
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
24-25
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Five experimental plots namely, (1) with complete fertilizers, NPK, (2) without nitrogen, PK, (3) without phosphoric acid, NK, (4) without potassium, NP, and (5) without any feitilizers, O, were planted with geranium (Relargonium denticulatum Jacq.). Results obtained are summerized as follows: 1. Generally speaking, between the plots of NPK and NP and also between the PK and O plots, the growth of the plant resembled each other, but in the latter two plots it was remarkably inferior to that in the former two ; and in the NK plot it was at an intermediate level between the two groups. Therefore the effect of nitrogen was recognized to be the strongest, followed by the effect of phosphoric acid, while that of potassium was hardly recognizable. 2. Generatly the top growth was best in the NPK and NP plots, the difference between them was small ; and in the NK plot, it was inferior a little to the formers. In both PK and O plots, it was inferior conspicuously to the others. 3. The raw weight of the top was maximum in the NP plot, while in the NPK plot, it was inferior slightly to that in NP, though the difference besween them is not remarkable ; and in the NK plot, it was inferior a little to the formers ; and in PK and O plots, it was inferior conspicuously to the others. As to the raw weight of the leaves and the stem and branches, the similar tendency as the above-mentioned results was also found. 4, The root weights, both raw and dry, were maximum in the NPK plot, and decreased in in order of the NP to NK plots, and they were conspicuously small in the PK and O Plots. 5. The size of the mature leaves was maximum in the NPK plots, and in the NP and NK plots, it was inferior slightly to the former, and in the PK and O plots, it was consp-icuously small. As to the raw weight of a single mature leaf, the similar tendency was recognized ; but the dry matter content ratio of the mature leaves was very high in the PK and O plots, and it decreased in order of NK, NPK to NP. 6. The percentage of the oil content of the leaves was higher in the NPK and NP plants, and gradually decreases in order of PK, NK to O plots, but the differences among each plot were not remarkable. The amount of the oil per plant was maximum in the NP plot and it slightly lower in the NPK plot, and decreased further in the NK plot, and was very small in the PK and O plots. 7. The oil contents in the stems and branches were so slight in each plot that it was difficult to compare them. 8. The specific gravity and the refractive index of both the oil in the PK and O Plots were slightly higher than those of the other plots.
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Koki MATUO, Susumu MIZUNO
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
26-27
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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We have never found seeds developing in yam plant in Tamba District, Japan. Some causes for the matter were considered by the author according to his researches. Firstly, the wall of the anther did not break at any time. Secondly, the embryo sac did not perfectly develope by the time of flower-opening.
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Ryozo YAMAMOTO
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
28-29
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The author investigated the effects of the loca1ities, Where the seeds were collected, upon the growth of soybean plants. The seeds used for the test were those from Nobeyama, Nagano Prefecture (a highland district) and Ishioka, Ibaragi Prefecture (a 1ow-land district). The varieties used were Daize Norin No.1, No.2, and No.3. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Effects of the 1ocalities where the seed had been collected varied with the varieties and the environments in which they were raised. 2. Generally speaking, those from the highlands bloomed and matured earlier than those from the lowlands. This phenomenon was more remarkable wben the the seeds were raised in the highland and in the glass house than in the open fields of lowland. Especially, in the glass house, the stem of the former was shaped in a twining form, while those of the latter was not. 3. The difference disappeared in the following generation. The author had an impression that the difference must be ascribed largely to certain ecological factors, rather than to the difference of the size of seeds. The effect of locality may not be a hereditary one to produce changes in the gene, e.d., resulting in mutation. The authoris continuing researchs of the possible mechanism of those effects.
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Susumu OGAWARA, Akio NAKAZAWA, Masaji SEKI
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
30-31
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Electric potential of the pistile of rape flower was measured. In the young flower bud (namely, of the developing stage degree 1, Fig.1) the stigma end showed to 3-5mV against the flower base, and the base of the pistil showed about 7 mV, that is the former being lower in potential than the latter. As the flower development proceeded, the point of higher potential ascended along the pistil, namely, at the stage of degree 2, the middle part of the pistil showing the highest, about 13 mV, and at the stage of degree 3, the stigma showing the highest potential, about 27 mV. At the stage of degree 6, the full bloom the potentials of all parts of the pistil ascended remarkably, and among the parts, the stigma showed the highest, namely about 80 mV, the base of the pistil being at about 48 mV. After full blooming and fertilization had occurred, the potential of the wholepistil lowered and the gradient along the pistil body reversed suddenly, the base of the pistil becoming again to show the highest potential of all paits of it. At degree 8 of stage, the base of the pistil showed 50 mV. As to the artificially castrated flowers, those which remained not pollinated showed the same tendency of potential gradient as the flowers in full bloom, while in those pollinated artificially the potential became to lower.
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Kyoichi MATSUOKA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
32-33
Published: June 30, 1954
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This experiment was carried out from June to ctober, 1952. Concerning the soil moisture, we examined its effects on the growth and yield of corn in field used after the foragd crop cultivation. After two years uniform cultivation we set up the followlng plots. A. Soybean...wheat...corn plus lespedeza. B. Soybean...wheat...corn. C. Soybean...wheat..forage crop (rye grass plus vetch)...corn. 1) The germination percentage of corn and the early stage of growth in the "C" plot was most inferior to others. This seemed to be caused by the fact that the moisture of surface soil was less than others. 2) The moisture contents at 20 cm deep in the "C" plot was more than others, and the latter stage of the growth of corn was superior to others. 3) The root-hair of the corn at the surface soil in the "A" plot was most prosperous, which followed by "C" plot. 4) The yield of corn in the "C" plot was heaviest.
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Tadao KOBAYASHI
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
34-35
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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A study was made to find the relation of growth of the weeds to NaCl content of soil in the reclaimed tidal land. The total species of weeds were 42 in number belonging to 11 families. The weeds belonging to the same family seemed to show the salt-resistance of similar degree and the difference in salt-resistance was very clear among families. The maximum limit of NaCl contents in soil tolerable for the weed growth were as follows: Chenopodiacea l.5% or more, Compositae and Polygonacea l.2∼1.5%, Amarantacea, Gramineae and Cyperacea 0.8∼1.2%, Leguminosae 0.5∼0.8%. Percentage of total fresh weight of the weeds beloning to every family collected in the area was as follows, Compositae 71%, Gramineae 21%, Cyperaceae 4%. Chenopodiacea 1%.
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Tadao KOBAYASHI
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
36-38
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Clear differences in salt-resistance were shown in summer among the families to which different cultivated plants belong. The maximum Nacl contents of soil tolerable for the growth of cultivated plants were as follows: Marvaceae and Compositae l.2∼1.5%, Cuculbitaceae, Solanaceae and Cyperaceae 0.8∼0.1%, Umbelliferae, Gramineae and Convolvulaceae 0.5∼0.8%, Leguminosae, below 0.5%. In the case of cultivated plants grown in autumn, winter and spring, however, the distinct differences in salt-resistance among different families could not be seen, and the author came to the opinion that the climatological factor may be one of the most basic factord which control the salt-resistance of cultivated plants in reclaimed tidal lands. The ecological relation between the weeds and crops was discussed briefly.
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Takashi SUZUKI
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
39-40
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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(1) The author examined the flowering order of the sesame, dividing the flowers, by there position, in two sorts of the chief flowers and the side flowers. (2) The difference in the days of flower opening between node to node was on average about one day in the chief flowers, advancing from the bottom to the upper part almost straightly. (3) Many aborted were found in the chief flower groups at the bottom of stem, while in the side flowers they located at various positions. (4) The percentage of fruit-setting was rather low at the lower flowers, highest at the middle and suddenly decreased at higher part. (5) The side flowers were observed less than the chief flowers both in the percentages of flower-setting as well as of fruit-setting. (6) The length of pods was short at the bottom, increasing toward the middle part, but gradually lessened from the middle to the high, showing a sudden decrease at the top, while in thickness and breadth they were smaller at the low to the middle parts and then gradually decreased upwards. (7) The grains in a pod were rather few in number at the low part, largest at the middle and a few at the high part. (8) The dried grain weight was heavy at the low part, while lather light at the middle, and the lightest at the high part.
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Kaoru MURAKAMI, Tamotu SEKIJO
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
41-43
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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1. Studies of the recovery and nutritive yield of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and serradella had been made in 1951. Five varieties of crimson clover and serradella (Se) were used: Auburn (Ab), Autanga (At), Dixie (Di), Mississippi (Mi), Talladega (Ta). The three systems of cutting emplbyed were : C
1, cut every 35 days or 3 times per year C
2, cut every 49 days or 2 times per year C
3, cut at every full bloom stage or 2 times per year 2. Recovery after cutting (green yield) : Mi produced more significant green yield than the other five varieties in C
1, C
3, and Mi, Ta in C
2. However, there were no significant differences in yields between Mi and Ta. 3. Recovery after cutting (oven-dry yield) : Mi produced more significant oven-dry yield than the other five varieties in C
1, C
3 and Mi, Ta, Di and Se in C
2. However, there were no significant differences in yield between Mi, Ta, Di and Se. 4. Recovery after cutting (crude-protein yield) : Mi produced more significant crude protein yield than the other five varieties in C
1, C
3 and Mi, Ta in C
2. However, there were no significant differences in yield between Mi and Ta. 5, On the differences of yield between three cutting treatments, the following results were obtained.C
2 C
3 green yield oven-dry yield green yield oven-dry yield C
1C
2sig. sig. sig. not sig. not sig. not sig.6. A statistical analysis of crude protein percentage showed the following results. Between varieties-not sig. Between dates of cuutting-sig. and the second cuts on 30 August and 21 September indicated the highest crude protein contents.
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Chihiro UEKI, Isao SUETSUGU
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
44-46
Published: June 30, 1954
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Isamu BABA, Katsumi INADA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
47-48
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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In order to find out the relation between the soil properties and the occurrence of straight head, we have determined the Eh values of the soil and the amount of NH
3-N produced during one or two weeks immediately after the water is given to the dried soil. In the case of two soils, rich in humus, taken from the fields where straight head often occurs, a large amount of NH
3-N was produced when the soil was dried to below 20 per cent in moisture content and then flooded. When these soils were brought to air-dried condition, the Eh value of them was lowered extremely and large amounts of NH
3-N were produced by supplying such a small quantity of water as enough to raise the soil moisture content to 40 per cent. While, in the case of other one, deficient in free iron, taken from the field where straight head seldom occurs, the Eh value of the soil descended very slowly and only a small amount of NH
3-N was formed when the dried soil was flooded. From these results it is suggested that both the extreme lowering of the Eh values of the soil and the production of a large amount of nitrogen caused by supplying water to the dried soil, have an intimate relationship to the occurrence of straight head.
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Isamu BABA, Yasuo TAKAHASHI, Iwaho IWATA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
49-50
Published: June 30, 1954
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We have made a study on the influence of shading treatment in midsummer season upon the nutrient absorption of the rice plant growing in nutrient solution with and without H
2S. Result of the experiment is as follows : - (1) The shading treatment decreased the absorption of CaO, NH
3-N, MnO and H
2O, while it increased the absorption of K
2O and SiO
2. Irrespective of the amount of H
2S given the retardation of nutrient-absorption due to shading treatment was in the order K
2O < SiO
2 < P
2O
5 < MnO < NH
3-N < CaO. (2) Irrespective of the light intensity, hydrogen sulphide reduced the uptake of nutrients in the order K
2O < SiO
2 > P
2O
5 > NH
3-N > MnO > CaO and such a retardation in the uptake of nutrients due to hydrogen sulphide was less marked under shaded condition. (3) These results seem to suggest that light affects unfavorably the normal aerobic metabolism of the root, at least under high temperature and strong light intensity of midsummer, and cause the reduction in the uptake of ions possessing high values of hydration.
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Mitsuo KIDO, Takeyasu MUSHA, Yoshio ICHIKAWA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
51-52
Published: June 30, 1954
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Several experiments were carried out to investigate the mechanism of decrease of rice yield in ill-drained paddy field. The results were summarized as follows : 1. No difference of rate of growth of the plant in cooler seasons were recognized between on well-drained and on ill-drained paddy fields, but as it became warmer, the plant grown in the former showed more rapid growth than that in the latter, and at the harvest time the culm length, number of panicles and kernel yield in well-drained paddy fields were greater than that in the ill-drained. 2. The higher the soil temperature in summer, the heavier became the decay of r0ot caused by bad aeration in ill-drained paddy fields as compared with that in well-drained fields. 3. The remarkable outbreak of sesame spot disease and stem rot in ill-drained paddy fields might be attributable to the retardation of absorption of nutritive elements, especially of potassium and silica, caused by injuries in roots.
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Noboru YAMADA, Yoshio MURATA, Akio OSADA, Junichiro IYAMA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
53-54
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Respiration rate of each part of rice plant growing under transplanting or direct seeding cultural method was measured (at constant temperature, 30°C) throughout the whole season. The respiration rate as expressed by dry-weight basis shows remarkable difference between the plant growing under different cultural methods. But the respiration rate based on the unit amount of protein was strikingly identical between the both plants, indicating that the transplanting practice causes much increase of protein content which can account for the increased respiration of dry-weight basis at that time, although no essential changes were caused in the respiration rate of protein basis.
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Noboru YAMADA, Yoshio MURATA, Akio OSADA, Junichiro IYAMA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
55-56
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Using the data obtained for the oxygen content in the internal atmosphere of rice root growing in the paddy field, under different treatments (normally growing ; light limited ; and aerial part removed), and the values of respiration rate of each of these roots, as well as the relationship found between oxygen uptake and oxygen tension, we calculated the amount of oxygen supply to the root from aerial part of rice plant. Approximately 0.8mg. of oxygen is found to be supplied per hr. per lcm
2. of cross section of root. About 20% of the total amount of oxygen supplied was estimated to be derived from the oxygen evolved by the photosynthesis of the aerial part of plant.
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Noboru YAMADA, Akio OSADA, Yasuo OTA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
57-58
Published: June 30, 1954
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When rice plant was submerged under water, sugars such as reducing sugar and sucrose were used up rapidly, while acid-hydrolysable polysaccharides including starch and hemicellulose were also decreased to some extent. Protein hydrolysis was observed to be inhibited by the deficiency of oxygen. Soluble nitrogenous fraction increased soon after flooding, reaching to a peak, and then decreased. All these changes suggest that available substrate of respiration was exhausted under water. This idea was supported by the fact that CO
2 output of tissue under water was decreased to about one-thirds of that of control plant after three days of flooding. That the plant, when supplied with light, are able to carry on photosynthesis even under water was shown.
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Noboru YAMADA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
59-60
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The work reported here concerns the well known fact that the rice coleoptile elongates more rapidly and more extensively under water than in air. Decapitation experiment carried out with seedlings in air or under water, as well as experiment done with the growth response to the added IAA of floating or submerged coleoptile sections suggest that the superior growth of coleoptiles under water depends intimately on a decreased capacity of auxin it being destroyed under water. IAA disappears more rapidly from coleoptile tissue infiltrated with IAA and ihcubated in air than from similar coleoptile incubated under reduced oxygen. Experiments on the inhibition of growth by KCN as well as DNP suggest that the growth of rice coleoptile is determined by the two factors ; (1) decreased auxin destruction at low oxygen tension, and (2)decreased aerobic respiration at low oxygen tension.
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Tadayo WATANABE, Mahiro NAKAMINE, Nakae ENOMOTO
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
61-62
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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This report dealt with values of and Eh of soils in the experimental plots of paddy culture by ridging, vs. by the ordinary method of planting. Values of both pH and Eh were measured with the Chinhydron electrode and the BROWN's methods respectively. The results showed that soils in the ridged plots were disposed to become more acidic and oxidative than those in the ordinary ones. So it was suggested that the reductive state, which is characteristic to normal usbmerged paddy fields, developes scarcely in the ridged fields.
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Yoshiro KIMURA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
63-64
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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In the present paper, the author reported that the correlation coefficients between the trans-mode percentage and other eight items picked out from the former reports, Were high in Hokkaido and low in S-W type as shown in Taple l. From the correlation diagram, Fig.1, there was observed only one regional linkage group which was linked into a line with Aomori, Miyagi, Iwate and Yamagata Prefectures, which lie in the north along the Pacific Coast of the N-E type, and no other regionally linked groups were not seen, but some topographically correlated groups might be inferable.It Was concluded that the regional likage group is a regionality formed in bad harvest region, located at high latitudes, where rice plants suffeted frequently of a single limiting factor such as cool temperature, and that the topographically correlating group is another regionality formed in bad harvest regions, located at lower latitudes, where bad harvests are presumably derived from numerous factors. Therefore, the bad harvest may be said to come from Okhotsk Sea in Hokkaido, and from Pacific Ocean in the northern N-E region, but such a definite way for bad harvests is not found in the regions of S-W type.
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Yoshiro KIMURA, Teisuke SEKIGUCHI
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
65-67
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The authors obtained the following results from the observation on appear ance cycle of each leaf on the main stem in the rice plant, on the initiating date of flower-primordia-differentiation, and on the heading date, using six varieties transplanted at five different times from May 26 to June 23 with a week interval at Morioka in 1951. The difference between the earlier and later periods of leaf appearance cycle, b
2-b
1 in table 3, was smaller than that observed at Hukuoka and Suigen in whidh it was difficult to observe the turning period of appearance cycle dividing the earlier and later periods. The later the setting the shorter was the period from setting to heading and this shortened period was mainly due to the shorter period from setting to turning period of leaf appearance cycle, but with the period from turning to heading, there was found almost no correlation (Fig.1 and Table 4). The turning period of leaf appearance cycle and of growth from the vegetative to the reproductive stages seems to be about at forty days before heading almost constantly. Therefore, considered that they are, perhaps, closely correlated.
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Yoshiro KIMURA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
68-69
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The author measured the weight of each rice grain divided into the two classes : the normal and the inferior, by the texture of grain, harvested from 155 experimental paddy fields distributed in Iwate Prefecture, in 1950, and made a ferquency distribution table (Table 3). Confliction came from the fact that the normal grains contain those which are lighter than the mean weight of the inferiors, and on the other hand, the inferiors contain those which are heavier than the mean weight of the normals, the frequency distributions of both being of wide ranges from 6 mg. to 24 mg. classes. The lower limit of grain weight of the upper 95% range in the normals was 16 mg. and the upper limit of the lower 95% range in the inferiors was 18 mg. About 16 mg. may be established as a limit weight between the normal and inferior rice grains.
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Seiko SUGAWARA, Go INOUE
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
70-71
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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In the previous report, the author presented the fact that the percentage of fructiftcation in upland rice plant was higher when transplanted, but the crop yield was usually poor owing to the decreased number of tillers developing. In this paper, he tried to know of some measures for improving the crop by shifting the time of transplanting and proper spacing. The results were as follows : 1) Sown at the same date and suplied with the same amount of fertilizers under the same plant density, the yields obtained from the transplanted plots were always lower compared to those from the direct sowing plots. 2) When sown in nursery 20 days earlier than the standard time of direct sowing and grown up in nursery for 40 days, and then transplanted at the rate of 2 seedlings per hill spaced at 12×9cm, the crdp gave a yield 4∼10% smaller than that of directly sown crop. While the crop, when transplanted at the rate of 2 seedlings per hill spaced at 6×9cm gave about the same amounts of yield as that of the direct sowing method. The labour requirement in the transplanting culture method was found 5∼10% less than that of the direct sowing method. In pradtices of transplanting method, however, many other factors such as fertilizers, the variety of rice and rotation system, including mix.culture of rice with other crops, etc. should be taken into consideration.
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Seiko SUGAWARA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
72-73
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The author carried out an experiment for the purpose of drawing some knowledge on the relation of soil reaction to the growth behavior of the ramie plant, with a variety "Saikeisaishin" as the material. 8 plots of every five pots were arranged, one of them being a control and the other being applied with either flower of sulphur or slaked lime to regulate the soil reactions. The results were as follows ; On acidic soils. the plant stems were short and slender, being small in number, and the average days for shooting as well as those for full development of fiber cells were prolonged, but the number of fiber cells were greater, the individual cell being round in section, fine and long. The stem yields were, however, very small. On alkaline soils, with pH beyond 8.0, the growth was worse than on the control soil, the yields decreased, and the fiber cells were thick, eliptical in section, and shoft. The plant growth was gernerally most vigorous at pH 6.0 or 7.0.
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Kojuro ARAI
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
74-76
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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l. The amount of amylase produced in seed potatoes at the germination period was studied. Two.varieties of white potato, Danshaku and Benimaru were used as experimental materials. 2. As to the variations in the amount of amylase at the period measured in each of the varieties : (1) The amount was smaller in the control plot compared with those in the peeled potatoes and ethylen-chlorhydrin treatment plots. In each of those plots, amylase increased from the 3rd day after planting, and it reached maximum on the 5th day, dccreasing after that date. The relation between the amount of amylase produced and the growth of buds was as follows : Until the 10th day from the date of planting, differences in the growth rates of buds among the plots were not distinct, but, since the 20th day, the difference became clearer and the growth of buds in the ethylen chlorhydrin plot predominated, where amyalse decreased distinctly. (2) Relations in amylase amount of the three plots of the variety Benimaru, was the same in tendency as that in the plots of Danshaku ; namely, until the 13th day, after planting the difference in growth rate of bud among 3 plots were not distinct. Since the 20th day, however, 'the growth rate was greatest in the peeled plot where the production of amylase became to decrease. 3. The difference between two varieties : The amounts of amylase produced in Danshaku and Benimaru respectively in each treatment plot began to increase gradually after the 3rd day from the date of planting, and reached their maxima on the 5th day being greater in Benimaru than in Danshaku, and in both the two varieties production of amylase was greater in the ethylen plots, Since the 5th day distinct decreasing tendency of the amount was remarked in each plot. Since the 20th day the rate of growth of buds was best in the peeled Beni-maru plot where the production of amylase was seen rapidly to decrease. It was considered in general that the amount of amylase increased from the beginning of bud germination of the seed potatoes and that, until the 10th day, the germination was affected by its presence. On the 10th day and afterwards the amount of amylase decreased rapidly while the buds showed high growth rates. It should be considered on the other hand that the bud growth in the latter part of the period might probably be affected by many factors other than amylase production.
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Yoshinobu SHIROSAWA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
77-78
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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1) The growth of buckwheat plant was delayed by pinching for a time, but was gradually recovered afterwards and at the time of maturation the plants bore better grains than those not pinched. Blasting and sterile grains seemed to decrease a little in number when the plants wer pinched leaving five 1eaves. Pinching were suppose to bring results on growth and fruiting, but other experimental conditions such as weather, nutrition, and distance of planting, etc. should be taken into consideration for more accurate evaluation of the results. 2) Experiments were made to see whether urea solution is absorbed through the undamaged epidermal tissue of the leaf or not, when it is sprayed. The experimental plants sprayed 1∼5times, repeatedly seemed to show better growth than those untreated, Spraying in earlier stages of growth brought good results on fruiting. These experiments were but preliminarily conducted, and the above conclusion should be re-examined in farther experiments.
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Susumu OGAWARA, Sakue KOBAYASHI, Seiichi AOTA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
79-81
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Auxiliary bud at 1∼3 node : These buds did not develop to reach the stage of flower bud differentiation. Auxiliary bud at 4∼15 mode : Stage of flower bud differentiation, Des 10; stage of sepal differentiation, Jan.20. Auxiliary bud at 16∼19 node : Stage of flower bud differentiation, Nov.20; stage of sepal and stamen differentiation, Jan.20. Auxiliary bud at 20∼24 node : Stage of flower bud differentiation, Nov.20; stage where floral parts increase in size, Mar.30. Auxiliary bud at 25∼30 node : Stage of flower bud differentiation, Nov.20; stage where floral parts increase in size, Mar.30. Auxiliary bud at 31∼32 node : Stage of carpel differentiation, Jan.20; stage where floral parts increase in size, Mar.30. Auxiliary bud at 33∼36 node : Stage of sepal and stamen differentiation, Jan.20; stage where floral parts increase in size, Mar.30. Auxiliary bud at 37∼38 node : Stage of sepal differentiation, Jan.20; stage where floral parts increase in size, Mar.30. Auxiliary bud at 39∼40 node : Stage of flower bud differentiation, Jan.20; stage where floral parts increase in size, Mar.30.
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Susumu OGAWARA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
82-83
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Reduced sugar, dry mattar and carbon dioxide assimilation in leaf were larger in B. napus than in B. campestris, but under snow condition these subustances were found to be consumed especially by respiration in B. napus plants. It may be ascribable to the fact that the rape varieties of B. campestris have stronger snow resistivity than those of B. mapus.
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Susumu OGAWARA, Sakue KOBAYASHI
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
84-85
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The authors investigated the development of auxiliary buds in rape plants grown under the conditions of (1) deep snow, (2) 1ittle snow, (3) glass house, (4) covering by box and (5) long day-light. The results were as follows : 1. On the l∼10th nodes : Auxiliary buds did not develop under those conditions. 2. On the 11∼20th nodes : Most of auxi1iary buds were impposible to develop but a few developed to branches setting many pods under the conditions (5) and (2). 3. On the 21∼30th nodes: Buds develop to largest branch under the condition (5). and succeded by (2), (4), (3) respectively, and the poorest by (1). 4. On the 3lth and higher nodes : The similar tendency to the 21∼30th nodes was obtined.
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Susumu OGAEARA, Akio NAKAZAWA, Masaji SEKI
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
86-87
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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We had previously reported on the electric potential differences in the pistil of rape under ordinary temperatures. In the present report, the effects of a low temperature (3°C) and a high temperature (30°C) on it were concerned. (a) At the low temperature : At 3rd stage of flowering, the highest potential of about 90 mV. was observed at the stigma. At other flowering stages, it was found to drop gradually towards the base along the style. At 7th stage of flowering, the potenial of the style decreased very sharply. showing about 6mV. at the middle part of it.(b) High temperature : At the whole stage, the potential of the style was lower with some irregularity as shown in Fig.1. From physiological viewpoints, the pistil of rape was thonght not to be affected by low temperature (3°C) but affected by high temperature (30°C). It may by suggested, therefore. there should be some relation between the physiological mechanism of the pistil and electrical potential of it.
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Yozo NURAOKA, Tomoyoshi SATO
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
88-90
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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l) By applying high temperature H (20°∼30°C) and low temperature L (5°∼20°C) to the aerial and root portions respectively, four plots (H/H, H/L, L/H, L/L) were provided in order to study the effect of temperature upon the nature of tobacco seedling only for twenty days at the end of seed-ded period. 2) At high air temperature (H/H and H/L), the plants showed elongated appearance, while the highest dry weights of top and root were obtained at high root temperature (H/H and L/H). There was scarcely striking difference in final number of leaves among them. 3) Some chemical analysis indicated that carbohydrate content was highest at L/H, and that above all starch accumulation was remarkably high and reversely total nitrogen content was very low in that Plot. The H/H plants came next to this. In general, high root temperature showed high carbohydrate content. 4) Comparing their rooting ability, L/H was highest, H/H was next to it, and H/L and L/L were lower. This suggests that the above facts had close relation to high carbohydrate content and high dry weights of top and root. 5) It seems that root temperature is an important factor to obtain good tobacco seedlings suitable for transplanting.
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Kyoichi MATSUOKA, M. KAWAKAMI
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
91-92
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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This experiment was carried out from June to October, 1952. Concerning the 9 kinds of crops we examined their effects on soil and water holding capacity in the experimental plots with a slope of just 15 degrees. The plants grown were as follows : weeping love grass, insect flower, lespedeza, peppermint, Hibisus Japonicus, sweet potato, maize ramie and soybean. l. Through the every stage of growth, soil erosion was slightest both in the love grass plot and insect flower plot, followed by the lespedeza plot and peppermint. 2. Through the every stage of growth soil erosion was heaviest both in the maize plot and in the soybean plot, followed by the ramie plot and Hibiscus plot. 3. The soil erosion in the sweet potato plot showed just the same degree as that in the maize plot and the soybean plot in the earlier stage of growth, but when once the coverage comes to surpass 50% 1evel the amount of soil erosion suddenly dropped and ih the later stages of growth the sweet potato plot showed the same amount of erosion as that in the love grass plot. 4. After smaller rainfall, the soil erosion was less in the ramie plot than in the Hibiscus plot, but after larger rainfall the tables were turned. 5. As d rule, regardless of the height of the plants and the coverage, crop plants having upright stalks caused heavier soil erosion.
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Kyoichi MATSUOKA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
93-94
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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This experiment was carried out from June to October, 1952, to get the effects on growth and yield of sweet potato. After the uniform cultivation of two years we set up the following plots. I. Soybean...pasture (rye grass plus vetch)...sweet potato II. Soybean...wheat...sweet potato plus soybean III. Soybean...wheat...sweet potato 1) Concerning the soil moisfure, at 5cm of depth from the surface, the plot I proved driest and the difference between early morning and evening was greatest of all the plots, but at 20cm of depth the plot I proved wetter than any other plots and the least amplitude of soil moisture was seen. 2) Soil temperature up to 5cm of depth was highest in the plots III and II, and lowest in the plot I. 3) The take-root ratio of sweet potatoes in the plot I showed 95 % and that of the other plot was 1OO%. 4) The surface growth of sweet potatoes in the earlier stage was worst in the plot I, then came the plot II. But since the first the days of August potatoes began to grow suddenly well in the plot I, and at harvest time, the length of vines, the number of branches and the thickness of vines were superior to those of potatoes grown in any other plots. 5) the water-reserve right after rainfall at l0cm of depth and further beneath was highest in the plot I, then came the plot III. But at 5cm deep the plot I rapidly went dry. 6) At harvest time in vine-leaves quantity the plot I produced most, while concerning the weight of tuberous root, the plot III produced most, then came the plot I, and the plot II turned out least. 7) Concerning the potato shape, the plot I produced remarkably longer ones than any other Plots.
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Yoshiji TOGARI, Yoshimi OKAMOTO, Atsuhiko KUMURA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
95-97
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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(1) Paddy rice, Norin No.8 was pot-cultured in usual method, and the principal constitiuents of its each organ were analysed. (2) Immediately after transplanting, nitrogen percentage of each organ was comparatively low, but much starch was accumulated in leaf sheath and culm. (3) At the time of vigorous tillering, nitrogen percentage was the highest in each organ and starch percentage in culm and leaf sheath was very low. (4) From the panicle primodia forming to the begining of ripening, nitrogen percentage of each organ reduced rapidly, and starch was accumulated in culm and leaf sheath. About 2weeks before heading, the panicle began its rapid development, while the nitrogen content (absolute amount) of leaf reduced. This might be caused by nitrogen translocation to panicle. (5) With the progress of ripening, perhaps by translocation to panicle starch content in culm and leaf sheath reduced. Although starch content of panicle increased rapidly, the amount of all other constituents were nearly constant at this stage. Threfore, almost all photosynthesised carbohydrates were seemed to be accumulated in panicle in the form of starch.
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Yoshiji TOGARI, Kanoe SATO
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
98-99
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The process of accumulation and distribution of starch in the organs of rice plant, with its development of growth, was observed chiefly microscopically using 0.1% J-KJ solution. As the parts which accumulated much starch were both the base of leaf-sheath and the interode of culm, the authors estimated the relative amount of starch accumulated there, by the methods illustrated in Fig.1 and Fig.2 respectively. The results observed were as follows : (1) A 1arge number of minute starch-grains accumulated in all young organs before elongation, but theydisappeared during elongating period being probably consumed for enlargement of cells. When the elongation ceased accumulation of starch took place again and increased thereafter in amount. (2) The behavior of starch in the leaf-sheath of the locus lower than the 12th was different from that of higher one : In the formers starch disappeared thoroughly before the development of young culm and panicle and the leaves soon died, but in the latters it attained maximum in amount about lO days before and decreased just before heading date, again increasing till the beginning of translocation of it to kermels and decreased gradually thereafter (Fig.3, upper). (3) In the lower internodes (8-9∼10-11) starch decreased in amount in tillering stage, but later, amount of it in all internodes increased and attained its maximum lO days after heading when fruiting began, then decreased with the progress of translocation. At maturity, the lowdr internodes restored considerable amount of starch, but in rachis and peduncle it was lost thoroughly (Fig.3, lower).
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Jusuke HIRANO, Yuji TOKUNAGA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
100-102
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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In this study, we have examined the influence of spray with several solutions of lime, nitrogen and potassium chlolate on the boll-opening in cotton. Results obtained are as follows ; (1) The chemical injury of leaves was very serious, resulting in almost complete defoliation about two weeks after the treatment. On the other hand, the boll-shedding increased slightly though the symptom of injury on capsules was scarcely recognized. (2) The boll-opening was accelerated fairly especially at l0 to 15 days after the treatment, but on the contrary, checked afterwards. (3) In general, but that the amounts of yield in treated plots were much in early stages and lessened in later one, of seed cotton were not significantly different form that in the control plot. (4) The influence of treatment upon lint percentage and length of fibers was not recognized, but on the weight of seed cotton per boll and strength of fibers, some differences were recognized and the strongly treated plots were inferior to the control.
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Ichiro YAMADA, Kiyoyuki HOZUMI
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
103-104
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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l. As the germination beds of pollen following tbree kinds of media were Prepared : a) Agar medium : 1∼5% of agar containing 5∼30% sucrose. b) Kuzu starch medium : 10∼20% of Kuzu starch paste containing 0∼20% sucrose. c) Potato starch medium : 5∼20% of potato starch paste containing 0∼20% sucrose. Of these three kinds, the first had been popularly used by several investigators, while the last two were newly devised by the authors. 2. Pollens were collected from rice Plants (varieties : "Kyoto-Asahi" and Mokko-Mochi") when they were just in bloom. These pollens were subjected to germination tests on each beds. 3. The results showed that the germination parcentage were only 0∼3% on the agar bed, while it increased to 31∼63% on the Kuzu starch bed and to 0∼68% on the potato starch bed. 4. These results suggest that we will be able to get a satisfactory result of over 60% germination of pollen by using either 10% Kuzu starch or 5% potato strach, each containing l0∼15% sucrose.
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Seizo MATSUSHIMA, Shunji YAMAGUCHI, Takeshi OKABE, Nobuyuki KOMATSU
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
105-106
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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In order to make clear how and when the yield of rice and its constitutional factors are determined, experiments on shading had been conducted at an interval of lO days after transplanting, using linen blothes to cover the plants. The experiments were carried out in 1951 and 1952, in paddy field, according to 4-blocks randomized method, using a medium maturing variety, Norin-No.25 (Each plot was 8×8 feet). The results of two years of experiments are in close agreement with each other on main points, and they are summerized as follows : (l) So far as the present experiments are concerned, effects of shading on numder of heads per unit area were hardly found.(2) The most striking effect of shading on number of spikelets per head was found at the period from 15 to 16 days prior to heading, and at the succeeding period no effects were observed The reason why the spikelet number per head was remarkably reduced by shading in the above period may be explained by the results of our anatomical investigation done in the past, which revealed the fact that a large majority of spikelets in a given hill differentiates in the period from 15 to 16 days prior to heading. (3) Highly significant differences in fruit bearing percentage were found among the plots. No effects of shading were found in all the plots treated during the period until 6 days prior to heading, but marked effects appeared in those treated in the period from 5 days prior to heading to 10 or 20 days prior to maturity. And a most remarkable reduction in fruit bearing percentage occurs in the period for 23 days immediately after heading. It my be recognized that in the period, when the development of caryopsis takes place more actively, the effect of shading comes out more strongly.(4) Remarkable effects on weight of 1, 000 grains were found in the two sparate periods, the first was 15∼6 days prior to heading and the seeond was 14∼23 days after heading. The effect at the former was more intensive than that at the latter. Strange as it may seem that most intensive effect were found in the period before heading, it had, however, been proved by no means unreasonable. The results of other experiments conducted by the authors showed clearly that the size of lemma and palea was determined during the above metioned period, and when they once are formed into a small size, the caryopsis which develops in them, however vigorous its development may be, can never become large because of mechanical restraint. The latter case of strong effect observed after heading might largely be due to retardation in the fruiting prseess. (5) Remarkable effect on yield were found in the two periods, 15∼6 days prior to heading and 14∼23 days after heading. The reduction in grain yield in the former period is brought about by a reduction in number of spikelets per head and in weight of 1, 000 grains, and that of the latter by a reduction in fruit bearing percentage and in weight of 1, 000 grains. But, among these factors which determine the grain of yield, the weight of 1, 000 grains proved itself the least effective.
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Seizo MATSUSHIMA, Shunji YAMAGUCHI, Takio MANAKA, Takeshi OKABE
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
107-108
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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In 1951 and 1952, authors made experiments, controlling the sunlight with white clothes of various kinds of texture, to ascertain to what extent the yield of rice and its 4 constitutional factors are affected by different light intensity. The experiments were carried out in paddy field with 4 randomized blocks. Classes of light intensity used were 4 in 1951, and 1952. Results obtained are summarized as follows : (1) No definite relations between light intensity and number of heads per unit area were obtained. (2) Definite relations of light intensity to number of spikelets per head and weight of 1, 000 grains were found for the period 15 days prior to heading, especially for the period 12 6 days prior to heading, and those to fruit bearing percentage were found for the period 15 days immediatly after h heading. Each relation found was represented by a quadratic equation. By knowing the light intensity expressed in calorie/cm
2. day, and using the equations one may easily calculate the value of eachfactor which determines the yield. (3) A very important fact was drawn from the relations mentioned above ; that is, there exists a indispensable and sufficient level of light intesity for not to reduce the values of the factors and the amount of grain yield, namely, about 340 cal./cm
2. day. Light intensity higher than this proved of no direct use in favouring the yield and its constitutional factors. And the light intensity higher than 240 cal./cm
2 has a little effect on reducing them. Lower light intensity than 240 cal./cm
2, however reduces decidedly the rice-yield and values of the yield constitutional factors in proportion to the reduction of light intensity. (4) It may not be said that the same relations as obtained in the present experiments always exist in other places with different ecological conditions or with different varieties, but analogous relations would be likely obtained in every case. Therefore, the study on the relation of light intensity to yield and its constitutional factors seems td offer some promising contribution for predicting yield of rice.
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Tetsuya HIRANO, Hiroshi SHIMADA
1954 Volume 22 Issue 3-4 Pages
109-110
Published: June 30, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
1.In the previous experiment, it was shown that the late transplanting of rice results in a remarkable decrease of yields, particularly when the seeds are sown densely in the nursery, and thinner seeding seems to be able to raise seedlings to produce higher yield, even when they are transplanted later than usual. 2. With the aim to analyze the low yields caused by late transplanting, wa have compared the growth and yield of rice plarnts sown at four different densities in the nursery ; i. e. 541cc, 180cc, 45cc and 18cc of seeds were sown respectively per 3.3m
2. Seedlings thus obtained were transplanted under the same density ; 90 hills per 3.3m
2 (24.2cm×15.2cm) of paddy field. 3. Yields of the plants transplanted 30 days later when compared with the control are as follows : (i) Plot sown at the density of 541cc per 3.3m
2 gives only three quarters of the yield of the control culture. (ii) Sparsely sown plot (180cc, 54cc and 18cc plot) showed nearly the same or even larger yields than that of the control. 4. The high yields obtained in the sparsely sown plots may be explained as follows : (i) As the seedlings had good enough space to grow in the nursery, they could produce many healthy tillers on the lower nodes by the time of transplanting (July 5).(ii) Consequently the larger number of tillers and ears were obtained from lower nodes.(iii) As tillers from the lower node start early in growth, and their heading take place also early, In such a case even the tillers produced from upper nodes on late transplanting, ded not so much delay in heading (iv) The reduction in grain weight, grain numbers per ear, and fertility were compensated by the increased number of stems. 5. The low yield of the 541cc plot may be explained as follows : (i) Many of the main stems died prematurely. (ii) Tillers have appeared from the upper nodes. (iii) As tillering delayed, heading also became late, fertility, decreased and reduced weight of grains resulted. (iv) Although the number of stems or ears were equal to that of usual culture it, could not overcome the seriously decreased weight of each ears, in this case.
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