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Volume 72 (2003)
- Issue 4 Pages 377-
- Issue 3 Pages 265-
- Issue 2 Pages 133-
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Volume 72, Issue 4
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Tadashi TAKAHASHI, Kanae SHIMAUCHI, Yuko NAKAGAWA, Kaori SHIBATA, Take ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 377-383
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWheat cultivars, Haruyutaka and Daichinominori, were planted on high and low ridge beds to investigate the influence of water logging on the grain weight. Grain yield, dry matter production, canopy structure, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content in culm, and the nitrogen content and photosynthesis rate of leaf blades were measured. The ridge height of high and low ridge beds was 35 cm and 5 cm, respectively. There was no difference in grain weight between the high and low ridge beds in either cultivar, although the grain yield was higher on the high ridge bed than on the low ridge bed. The crop growth rate (CGR) was lower after anthesis than before anthesis in both cultivars on both high and low ridge beds, and especially the CGR of Haruyutaka on the high ridge bed was extremely low. This is because the net assimilation rate (NAR) on the high ridge bed in Haruyutaka was extremely low although green area index (GAI) on the high ridge bed was more than two times higher than that on the low ridge bed. In Haruyutaka, the content of WSC in the culm at the milk-ripe stage was as low as half of that on the low ridge bed, and was lower than that at anthesis. The nitrogen content of leaves and photosynthetic rate of upper two leaves in Haruyutaka were higher on the high ridge bed than on the low ridge bed, but these values were extremely lower than the values in Daichinominori. On the high ridge bed, dry matter production was high from the early growth stage, but the growth was too luxuriant and the GAI after anthesis was high, particularly in Haruyutaka, and the NAR after anthesis was extremely low. Thus, the grain weight on the high ridge bed was not heavier than on the low ridge bed, even though the grain yield was higher.View full abstractDownload PDF (737K) -
Akiko BABA, Shao-Hui ZHENG, Ryoichi MATSUNAGA, Mari IWAYA-INOUE, Tadah ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 384-389
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to determime the characteristics of dry matter production in Sachiyutaka, a new soybean cultivar in southwestern Japan in comparison with Fukuyutaka, a conventional cultivar in the region. Soybean plants were grown in the field in 2001 and 2002. The flowering time and the maturation time were earlier and vegetative growth was poorer in Sachiyutaka than in Fukuyutaka, but the ratio of grain to stem was clearly higher in Sachiyutaka, and there were no significant differences in seed yield between the two cultivars. Growth parameters such as leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), total dry matter and stem dry weight were slightly higher in Sachiyutaka until flowering, but the increase in those parameters after flowering were more rapid in Fukuyutaka. No differences in photosynthetic rate, net assimilation rate (NAR) or pod growth rate were observed between the two cultivars, though the beginning of pod growth was earlier in Sachiyutaka. The stem dry weight and the concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrate in the stem decreased after flowering in both cultivars, but the degree of the decline was larger in Sachiyutaka than in Fukuyutaka. Those results suggested that the carbohydrate stored in the stem was translocated to developing fruit more in Sachiyutaka than in Fukuyutaka. In conclusion, high seed yield in spite of low total dry weight in Sachiyutaka is caused by the early completion of vegetative growth and the retranslocation of stored nonstructural carbohydrate from stems to fruits during pod filling period.View full abstractDownload PDF (809K)
Quality and Processing
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Hiroichi SATO, Sin-ichi SAITO, Toshio TAIRAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 390-394
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relation between the palatability of rice and the value of mido (taste) meter (mido value) or rapid visco analyser characteristics (RVA characteristics) were examined to select highly palatable lines efficiently in rice breeding. The correlation of palatability with the mido value or consistency of RVA charactaristics was high, and the heritability of the mido value and the consistency were also high. We adopted the principal component analysis by using the correlation matrix of mido value and RVA characteristics to judge the characteristics of the highly palatable cultivars and lines. The first chief ingredient was the factor related to the following four characteristics; minimum viscosity, final viscosity, the consistency of RVA characteristics and mido value, which were thought to show the degree of aging of cooked rice. In addition, the heritability of these four characteristics was high and stable. The second chief ingredient was the factor related to the following two characteristics; peak viscosity and breakdown value, which were thought to show the rates of swelling and collapse of cooked rice, respectively. The two characteristics showed low heritability and were influenced by enviromental factors. In cooked rice of Koshihikari, the aging was slow and rates of swelling and collapse were high. Thus, the mido value and RVA characteristics would be useful to select highly palatable rice lines.View full abstractDownload PDF (449K) -
—“Nipponbare”, “Koshihikari” and “Snow peal”—Kumiko SHINDOH, Shigehiro NAITO, Hidechika TOYOSHIMA, Akemi YASUIArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 395-408
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDry weight, concentration and the amount of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and zinc in each brown rice grain (Oryza sativa L. japonica) from different grain positions on the panicle were analyzed. From each of “Nipponbare”, “Koshihikari” and “Snow peal”, 308-368 grains/3 panicles were collected, and each item was investigated in relation to the grain position on the panicle. The results were analyzed by non-parametric tests using each panicle, because the values for a single grain did not show normal distribution and showed significant difference among panicles in each variety (P<0.05). When the grains on the panicle were divided into nine groups depending on the position of the primary and secondary rachis branches, almost all of the analytical values varied with the grain position significantly (P<0.05). Dry weight, and total amounts of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the rice grains on the secondary rachis branches were lower than those on the primary rachis branches. On the other hand, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and zinc concentrations were higher in the rice grains at the second and third positions from the top of the secondary rachis branches, which flowered later, than at other positions. Rice grains on the rachis branches at the basal position of the panicle, which flowered later, had lighter dry weight and higher phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and zinc concentrations than those at the apical position of a panicle. When the primary rachis branches (including secondary rachis branches) were classified into 8-13 positions from the apex to the base, the lower the branch position, the lighter the dry weight and the higher the mineral concentration of the grains, with a significant difference (P<0.05) in most items.View full abstractDownload PDF (1295K) -
Hirokazu SATO, Yosuke UCHIMURA, Takefumi OGATA, Yuji MATSUE, Nobuaki J ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 409-417
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAnnual variation of wheat flour whiteness was examined to establish cultivation techniques for producing good quality wheat with high (superior) and stable flour whiteness. The degree of flour whiteness increased as the bulk density of grains and the maximum viscosity (of the flour) increased and the protein content and precipitation during late stage of ripening decreased. Especially, the correlation of flour whiteness with the bulk density of grains was high, with the highest correlation coefficient. There was a negative relationship between the bulk density of grains and precipitation during the late ripening stage (1-15 days before maturity stage). These results indicate the possibility of using the bulk density of grains as an index of flour whiteness and rain damage. The degree of flour whiteness was influenced the most by precipitation 3 to 6 days before the maturity stage. Judging from the above results, improvement of the tolerance to the precipitation during the late ripening stage is most important for stable production of wheat flour with superior (high) whiteness. The selection of the cultivars whose quality was little damaged by the precipitation during the late ripening stage, and early sowing that allow harvest in May with little precipitation, may be effective for producing good quality wheat with superior (high) and stable flour whiteness.View full abstractDownload PDF (1582K)
Genetic Resources and Evaluation
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Hisayasu SATOH, Souhei SAWADA, Shigeru ITOHArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 418-423
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA considerable amount of information on the procedure of crop breeding and characteristics of cultivars developed has been published, but very little information is available about the process of diffusion of cultivars released. We analyzed the diffusion process of 29 cultivars of soybean, adzuki bean, kidney bean and wheat cultivated in Hokkaido, northern part of Japan. The equilibrium level and the rate of acceptance of each cultivar were obtained by substituting yearly diffusion percentage into the logistic growth curve. Three patterns were found in the process of diffusion. The first pattern included eight leading varieties of the four crops which rapidly diffused immediately after release and had a high level of equilibrium (43∼98%). The second type had an intermediate level of equilibrium (20∼34%) and had a long longevity. The third type included 14 cultivars in which level of equilibrium was 5∼15% and that kept long longevity except for few cultivars. All cultivars except one had reached a rate of acceptance of 5% within 4 years after release. A significant negative relationship was observed between the years to the 5% acceptance rate and the equilibrium level. This shows that cultivars with a higher rate of acceptance just after release had a higher equilibrium level. However, there was no significant relationship between rate of acceptance and the equilibrium level. Three cultivars of soybean had a longevity of more than 30 years and four cultivars of adzuki bean, kidney bean and wheat had a longevity of more than 25 years from the acceptance.View full abstractDownload PDF (476K) -
Takuya HIROSE, Akira MIYAZAKI, Kiyomi HASHIMOTO, Yoshinori YAMAMOTO, T ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 424-430
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMatter production and water-purification efficiency were compared among nine gramineous plants and one cyperaceous plant grown by the floating culture on natural water in order to determine the plant characters useful for selection. The results were as follows : 1) When a slow-release fertilizer was applied at the base of the roots, the dry matter was increased in all species. However, there were specific differences in the effect of fertilizer on the removal of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from water. This was due to the difference in the ability to take up N and P among plant species. Therefore, selection of the plants highly reactive to fertilizer is an important character for the enhancement of both plant production and water purification. 2) The uptake of N and P by rice plants was inhibited by a high water pH, but natural water with a pH increased by the rapid growth of algae could be purified by uptake by the umbrella plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (787K)
Crop Morphology
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Jun HOSOI, Katsu IMAIArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 431-435
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn edible canna (Canna edulis Ker-Gawl.), the morphological and anatomical differences of adventitious roots generated in pairs from the basal and apical positions around the nodes of rhizome were studied. The roots generated from the basal position of the nodes were thicker and had better tissue structure than those generated from the apical position, from their early developmental stage. The vertical distribution of roots in the field was observed by the trench method during three cropping seasons. The root system was ‘clumpy’ in the early growth stage and shifted to a ‘mushroom’ shape after the middle growth stage, which has not been recorded for monocotyledons. It was considered that the development of mushroom-shaped root system was due to differences in the characteristics of sets of adventitious roots determined in early growth stage. The mushroom-shaped root system provides better support to the aboveground parts in terms of the massive root-soil structure and the functional share based on physical differences between vertical and horizontal roots.View full abstractDownload PDF (1108K)
Crop Physiology and Cell Biology
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—Comparison of the effects in the plants sown in pots at different times—Yoshihiko HIRAI, Takumi YAMADA, Makoto TSUDAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 436-442
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo examine the influence of temperature on the dark respiration and the dry-matter increase of the panicle of rice in the ripening period, we investigated the dark respiration rate and the dry matter production in the ripening period in the plants sown in pots at April, May, and June. The heading date was on August 4 in the plants sown in April, and it was delayed 14 and 28 days by sowing in May and June, respectively. The mean temperature from the 6th to 19th day after heading in the plants sown in April was 4°C higher than that in the plants sown in May and June. The growth and the maintenance respiration were estimated by using the regression method. The dark respiration of the panicle mainly contributed to the panicle growth respiration, and the maintenance respiration was higher in the plants sown in April and May than those sown in June. The dark respiration rate of leaf blade and stem was mainly related to the translocation rate of the carbohydrate to the panicle, and the maintenance respiration rate was low in the plants sown in June than in those sown in April or May. It was suggested that the rise of mean temperature did not necessarily increase the maintenance respiration and that the maintenance respiration was influenced not only by the temperature in the ripening period but also by the temperature before heading. It was also quantitatively shown that the dry matter production of the panicle was decreased by the increase in dark respiration accompanied by the increase in maintenance respiration.View full abstractDownload PDF (644K) -
Yuichi NAGAYA, Teruhisa UMEZAKI, Akihiro MATSUI, Tetsuro TANIYAMAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 443-449
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to establish an adequate method of examining the inhibitory effect of SO2 on photosynthesis in rice, we examined the effect of SO2 under various conditions differing in growth stage, CO2 concentration, light intensity, leaf position, leaf age and others. The rate of recovery from the inhibition was also examined. When whole (individual) plants were exposed SO2 between 8 : 00 and 14 : 00, light intensity and CO2 concentration scarcely influenced the inhibitory effect of SO2 on photosynthesis and recovery rate from the inhibition. When only a leaf blade was exposed to SO2, the inhibitory effect was the highest in the latest expanded leaf blade. The photosynthesis-inhibiting effect of SO2 in the flag leaf was higher at the heading stage than at 10 or 20 days after heading. However, the most stable results were obtained when the flag leaf was exposed to SO2 10 days after heading irrespective of the cultivation method.View full abstractDownload PDF (643K)
Modelling, Information Technology and Environment
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Masanori TOYOTA, Akihito KUSUTANI, Koh-ichiro ASANUMAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 450-460
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPrimordium initiation on the main stem of field-grown Japanese spring type wheat was studied with a scanning electron microscope to quantify the process determining the number of leaves, spikelets and florets. The number of leaves and spikelets was related to growing degree-days (GDD) with a three-piece linear-spline model. The rate of primordium initiation was 0.0181 [leaf (°C d)-1] and 0.0995 [spikelet (°C d)-1], and the duration of leaf and spikelet initiation was 374 °C d and 149 °C d, respectively. The relationship between the number of floret per spike and GDD was described with the Gompertz model and a linear regression model. The initiation of florets commenced at 494 °C d, and the number of florets reached the maximum (116 florets per spike) at 821 °C d. The number of florets per spikelet was closely correlated with GDD in all spikelet positions except the 15th spikelet. These significant linear equations made it possible to estimate the start of floret initiation, the rate of floret initiation and the time of initiation of the most distal floret per spikelet that formed grain at maturity (ISF). The number of grains per spikelet was maximum at the central spikelet and declined both toward the basal and distal spikelets. There were close relationships between the number of grains per spikelets and the start of floret initiation. The variations in the rate of floret initiation and ISF with the spikelet position were demonstrated and the significance of those traits to the distribution pattern of grain number per spikelet was discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1394K) -
Minehiko FUKUOKA, Hideo TANI, Kazuto IWAMA, Toshihiro HASEGAWA, Yutaka ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 461-470
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe difference between canopy temperature and air temperature (ΔT) is reported to be a convenient criterion for the non-destructive evaluation of drought avoidance of crop varieties under field conditions in arid countries, where vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is high. We examined its validity under field conditions in Japan, where VPD is low. We defined the drought avoidance as the ability to maintain stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potential (LWP) under non-irrigated conditions as high as those under fully irrigated conditions. Four crops (sugar beet, potato and two rice genotypes of upland and lowland), which were assumed to be greatly different in drought avoidance, were grown in both fully irrigated and non-irrigated fields under a rain shelter. For five weeks starting from the 7th week after planting, ΔT was measured by infrared thermography, in concurrence with the measurement of gs and LWP. In the non-irrigated plot, ΔT, gs and LWP differed significantly among the crops; lowland rice showed the highest ΔT and the lowest gs and LWP, followed by upland rice, potato and sugar beet. Meanwhile, in the irrigated plot, their differences were relatively small. There was significant interaction between irrigation treatment and crop in ΔT, gs and LWP (all p<0.001). These results indicate that the difference in drought avoidance among crops can be evaluated under field conditions in Japan, using ΔT under non-irrigated conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (1493K)
Research and Technical Note
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Yasuyosi NAGAOKA, Souhei SAWADAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 4 Pages 471-474
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeed coat color is an important factor of quality in azuki bean, because consumers prefer grains with a good appearance as well as good taste. In this study, we investigated the seed coat color of azuki bean cv. Erimoshouzu by using an XYZ color system that is able to analyze color by three attributes; hue, lightness and chroma. Considerable variation was observed in seed coat color among seeds in different ripening stages. Dominant wavelength of hue ranged from 539.8 nm in immature seeds to 616.0 nm in mature seeds. When the color became deeper in fully ripened seeds, the Y value of lightness decreased from 17.01 to 8.92, and excitation purity of chroma from 41.1 to 19.8%. Although the variations were also expressed by the L*a*b* color system, XYZ color system was considered to be useful for analyzing seed coat color of azuki bean, since it measures color based on dominant wavelength.View full abstractDownload PDF (2578K)
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