Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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Volume 83, Issue 2
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
  • Effects of Nitrogen Application on the Yield and Quality of Later-sown Naked Barley
    Izumi Tsujita, Hiroshi Kimura, Takashi Yudate, Kenichi Yamaguchi
    2014 Volume 83 Issue 2 Pages 105-111
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: April 21, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.83.105
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Although the optimal sowing time of naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum) is mid to late November in Ehime prefecture, it may not be sown whitin that period, depending on the climate and other growing conditions. In this experiment, the effects of nitrogen application on the yield and quality of naked barley sown about 30 days later than the optimal time were investigated. The yield in the later-sown plots was 28% lower than that in the optimal time-sown plot (average of 3 years), due to decreased number of panicles. However, in the plots where the total amount of nitrogen application was increased to 14∼16 g m-2, decrease in the number of panicles due to later sowing was prevented, and the decrease in yield was only 23%. In later sowing, the number of late emerging panicles due to topdressing at the panicle formation stage, resulting in the deterioration of grain quality (immature grain rate and steely-grain rate was increased and pearled grain whiteness decreased). In order to obtain a higher yield and to prevent deterioration of quality in later sowing, a nitrogen fertilizer should be applied to promote initial growth, and to secure the number of panicles. The suitable nitrogen application rate is 9 g m-2 for basal dressing, 2 g m-2 for topdressing at the tiller formation stage is, and 3 g m-2 for topdressing at the panicle formation stage is.
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  • Analysis of Stem Volume Based on Pattern of Internode Characteristics in Sweet Sorghum
    Akihiro Fujii, Satoshi Nakamura, Yusuke Goto
    2014 Volume 83 Issue 2 Pages 112-117
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: April 21, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.83.112
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    In sweet sorghum, the pattern of internode characteristics, which is drawn by plotting the length, diameter and the volume of internodes against internode position, is an important characteristic of the stem structure. The pattern is also considered to be an important trait for analyzing the process in which the stem yield and stem volume are determined. We examined the relationship between the stem volume and the pattern of internode characteristics in sweet sorghum cultivars with different earliness in maturity in the Tohoku region, and also analyzed the stem volume in association with their growth process over three years. As for the internode diameter pattern, all cultivars had almost the same pattern every year, while, in regard to the internode length pattern, the number and position of peaks varied depending on the year and the cultivar. In 2011, with a high temperature early in the growth, all cultivars had the largest stem volume and the lower internodes tended to be shorter and thicker than in other years. In addition, stem elongation began at almost the same time over three years. These results showed that a high temperature during the early growth stage accelerated the rate of leaf expansion, resulting in an increase in the number of basal non-elongated internodes and thicker stem caused by relative depression of elongation of basal internodes.
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  • Growing Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) with Composted Manure and Reduced Chemical Fertilizer on Acid Soil in Subtropical Japan
    Takahiro Hara, Yusuke Arakawa, Ryuichi Nagahama, Noriko Yamaguchi, Hid ...
    2014 Volume 83 Issue 2 Pages 118-125
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: April 21, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.83.118
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    Introducing buckwheat to acid soil region is expected to reduce soil erosion in subtropical Japan. We examined whether the amount of chemical fertilizer applied can be reduced by applying composted manure, which is produced locally in large amounts, since manure substantially improves grain yield of buckwheat grown on acid soil. When 1 kg m-2 of composted manure from pig and cow was applied, grain yield, yield components, shoot weight, and the concentrations of phosphorus and potassium in the shoot were not lowered even when phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were not applied. When 1 kg m-2 of composted manure of pig was applied, omittion of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen lowered the nitrogen concentration in shoot and grain, but did not lower grain yield or yield components. Even when chemical fertilizer was omitted, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of soil after buckwheat harvest were not lower than before sowing buckwheat. These results indicate that application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can be reduced by application of 1 kg m-2 of composted manure.
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Quality and Processing
  • Correlation of Type of Starch Composition with Milling Properties, Water Absorption and Shape of Starch Granules of Rice
    Mitsuru Nakamura, Yuko Mizukami, Noriaki Aoki, Takayuki Umemoto, Miyo ...
    2014 Volume 83 Issue 2 Pages 126-135
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: April 21, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.83.126
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    The composition of rice endosperm starch is classified into several types, based on the proportion of amylopectin short chains (L-type and S-type) and the contents of amylose and amylopectin with super-long chain (SLC) (K-type, H-type and Y-type). We investigated the correlation of these starch compositions with rice flour characteristics and the shape of starch granules using 27 rice cultivars including three near-isogenic lines of Nipponbare (Nipponbare NILs) with different starch compositions. Rice endosperm starch was classified into 6 types; KS, KL, HS, HL, YS and YL based on the amylose and amylopectin composition. Mean granule (partial) diameter of rice flours was smaller in high SLC type (Y<K). The amount of damaged starch was smaller in the low proportion type of amylopectin short chains (YL<YS, HL<HS) and high SLC type (YL<HL, YS<HS). The water absorption had a negative correlation with amylose content. Unpolished rice whiteness of Nipponbare NILs was higher in the L-type. The size and shape of starch granules observed by scanning electron microscopy varied with the type of starch composition. We suggested that the structure of the starch granules affect unpolished rice whiteness and rice flour characteristics.
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Genetic Resources and Evaluation
  • Varietal Difference in Lodging Resistance and Culm Characteristics of Wheat
    Hiromi Matsuyama, Yumi Shimazaki, Yasuo Ohshita, Yoshiaki Watanabe
    2014 Volume 83 Issue 2 Pages 136-142
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: April 21, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.83.136
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    We investigated stem lodging resistance and culm characteristics of 94 native and bred wheat cultivars in Japan for two years. The culm of 8 cultivars which did not lodged in either year was statistically longer than that of 29 cultivars which lodged in 1 year, and the culm of 29 cultivars was statistically longer than that of 57 cultivars which lodged in both years. Among the 57 cultivars in the group with 93.4 cm or longer culm, a negative correlation was observed between culm length and the days from heading to lodging, and in the group with a culm length shorter than 93.4 cm, a positive correlation was observed between the second moment of area of basal internode and the days from heading to lodging. Thus, it was suggested that in the cultivars with a culm length of 93.4 cm or longer, the taller cultivars lodged earlier, and in the cultivars with a culm length shorter than 93.4 cm, the cultivars with weaker basal internodes lodged earlier. Among 94 cultivars, there was a positive correlation between bending moment and second moment of area, and also between bending moment and lignin content of basal internode.
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Modelling, Information and Environment
  • Application of a Regression Tree to Analysis of Rice Yield and Quality Determinants
    Kodai Tanaka, Yasumaru Hirai, Keisuke Saruta, Eiji Inoue, Takashi Okay ...
    2014 Volume 83 Issue 2 Pages 143-154
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: April 21, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.83.143
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    In recent years, it is becoming important to collect and utilize different data on rice production to achieve a high yield and high quality, and to transfer the skill to the next generation. The objective of this study was to investigate the validity of a regression tree for analysis of yield and quality determinants. Determinants of grain yield (yield), 1000-grain weight, and protein content of brown rice (protein) were analyzed by focusing on explanatory variables for the meteorological environment and conditions of rice growth and nutrition after the heading period. The spikelet number/m2 was identified as a yield determinant by a regression tree and multiple regression analysis. However, the predictive accuracy was higher in multiple regression analysis due to a strong linear correlation between yield and spikelet number/m2. For the analysis of the 1000-grain weight with nonlinear data structure, no reasonable determinant was identified in multiple regression analysis, while a regression tree implied the 1000-grain weight determinant by clarifying its relationship with SPAD readings about 20-d after heading (SPAD20). The SPAD20 was also identified as a protein determinant. Furthermore, it was indicated for data under the condition with high SPAD readings that protein was lowered by the high temperature during 5 to 30 days period after heading. A regression tree can clarify the relationship among parts of data by splitting data hierarchically, but multiple regression analysis can not.
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Research and Technical Note
  • Infl uences of Simultaneous Seeding with Fertilizer Application on Seedling Establishment, Dry Matter Production and Yield of Paddy Rice in Direct Seeding Culture Using an Air-Assisted Row Seeder
    Masami Furuhata, Tadashi Chosa, Masahiro Seki
    2014 Volume 83 Issue 2 Pages 155-159
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: April 21, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.83.155
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    In 2010 and 2011, the characteristics of seedling establishment, dry matter production, and yield of rice direct-seeded by simultaneous seeding with fertilizer application were compared with those of rice direct-seeded in accordance with conventional practice to establish a direct seeding culture method using an air-assisted row seeder in a cold climate area. In the simultaneous seeding with fertilizer application, the rate of seedling establishment was the same as that in the conventional practice. After seedling establishment, top dry weight, stem number, Leaf area index and nitrogen absorption in the simultaneous seeding with fertilizer application were the same as or superior to those in the conventional practice. Thus, the yield was the same as or higher in the simultaneous seeding with fertilizer application than in the conventional practice.
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  • Effect of Atmospheric Oxygen Concentration on Germination of Three Species of Weedy Morningglory Using a Glass Vessel for Gas Replacement
    Sohei Asakura, Atsushi Matsumura, Yoshihiro Imahori, Hiroyuki Daimon
    2014 Volume 83 Issue 2 Pages 160-164
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: April 21, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.83.160
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    The effects of atmospheric oxygen concentrations on germination and elongation of hypocotyl and radicle in three species of weedy morningglory, entireleaf (Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. var. integriuscula A. Gray), threelobe (I. triloba L.), and pitted (I. lacunosa L.) morningglory were studied by a simplified method using a small vessel, in which the atmospheric oxygen concentration was controlled by replacement with argon gas. In this method, the actual oxygen concentration in the treatment that was assumed to be 0% was actually 0.62%. It was impossible to make a completely anaerobic condition in this way. Pitted morningglory germinated in a wide range of oxygen concentrations, and approximately 30% of threelobe morningglory germinated at 0% oxygen concentration. The germination of entireleaf morningglory was inhibited by the treatment with 0% and 1% oxygen in the same way as in soybean cv. Fukuyutaka as a control. Elongation of radicle and hypocotyl of entireleaf morningglory at 4 days after sowing was markedly inhibited at lower concentrations of oxygen. Thus, there was interspecific difference in germination at a lower oxygen concentration among tested morningglories. The present gas replacement method might be convenient for testing germination under a controlled atmospheric oxygen concentration for understanding wet damage of crops.
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  • Morphology and Distribution of Deformed Panicles in Downy Mildew Diseased Rice
    Hiroyuki Shiratsuchi, Youichi Ohdaira
    2014 Volume 83 Issue 2 Pages 165-172
    Published: 2014
    Released on J-STAGE: April 21, 2014
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.83.165
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    Deformed panicles and spikelets of downy mildew (Sclerophthora macrospora (Sacc.) Thirum., Shaw et Naras.) diseased rice were investigated to elucidate the morphology and distribution of deformed panicles in a paddy field in Akita Prefecture, which was flooded on July 6 (28 days before heading), 2012. The deformed panicles were classified into elongated type, shortened type, and elongated-shortened type. The panicles in the elongated type were long with a few spikelets, long glumes, and long awns. The panicles in the shortened type had short culms, short panicles, many spikelets and short glumes. In the elongated-shortened type, the upper part of the panicles was of the elongated type, and the basal part was of the shortened type with a high percentage of proliferation. The percentage of proliferation, awned spikelets, and long glumes was higher in the first and secondary spikelets, while the percentage of short glumes was higher in the tertiary spikelets. The percentage of hills with deformed panicles was 66%, while the percentage of deformed panicles was 7.8%. The deformed panicles were observed more in the poorly drained area around the inlets. The percentage of deformed spikelets of the deformed panicles was more than 80%. The estimated yield loss was 6%.
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