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Volume 29 (1960 - 196･･･
- Issue 4 Pages 387-
- Issue 3 Pages 323-
- Issue 2 Pages 191-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 29, Issue 4
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Shin-ichiro KAWATA, Kuni ISHIHARA1961 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 387-391
Published: July 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been found by the authors that epidermis of crown roots is composed of two types of cells; haired short cells and hairless long cells. The present studies were conducted to find out on what developmental stage of epidermis and how these cells are differentiated. After the last anticlinal cell division in meristematic region of epidermis was completed, two types of cells, rich or poor in ribonucleic acid (RNA) were observed. But morphologically such cells were similar. The cells rich in RNA elongated slowly and developed in haired short cells. On the contrary, the cells poor in RNA elongated rapidly and developed in hairless long cells. It was also found that elongating root hairs, especially their tips, contained much RNA, as compared with other epidermal cells; hair-bearing cells and long cells. Furthermore, RNA in fully developed root hairs existed for a long time, after RNA in other epidermal cells was extinct. Recently it was reported by other workers that the process of potassium absorption in rice roots is closely related with the metabolism of RNA. From these facts it is suggested that the physiological longevity of root hairs should be studied by means of the existence of RNA in root hairs.View full abstractDownload PDF (2035K) -
Ichiro TANAKA, Kazuma NOJIMA, Yoshimasa UEMURA1961 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 392-394
Published: July 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of water percolation under a submerged condition on the rice growth and an nutrient and toxic substnces in various kind of soils were studied by means of frame and glass lysimeter experiments. The results obtained were as follows. 1) The water percolation decreased the amount of NH3-N in soil when ammonium sulphate was applied in a large amount, or when the percolation rate was high. In cases of re-irrigation or of circulation where water being drained through the bottom of the glass lysimeter, was poured back to the soil surface, the arnount of NH3-N in soil decreased significantly. It was interpreted to be due to the denitrification and/or immobilization of the compound by microorganisums in the surface soil. 2) It was found that the higher the percolation rate, the less was the amount of free-C02 in soil water. 3) Swampy soils rich in organic matetrs and poor in iron content lead to the production of large amounts of H2S in soil water when temperatur was high. H2S in soil water was decreased remarkably by the treatment of water percolation only when larger amounts of H2S were evolved, and was increased slightly when smaller amounts of H2S were evolved. 4) The water percolation increased the grain yield of rice only when larger amounts of toxic substances were evolved on swampy soils, while no changes were observed on soils poor in organic matters. On swampy soils, relatively large amounts of water percolation were favourable for the rice yield. 5) Helminthosporium leaf spot disease occured on swampy soils less in silica contents and water percolation was effective to sorne extent for reducing the occurence.View full abstractDownload PDF (530K) -
Kosei TSUNODA, Seizo MATSUSHIMA1961 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 395-397
Published: July 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor establishing a method of decreasing the damage of rice plant caused by low irrigation-water temperatures, the authors examined the effects of non-water-logging in every half-day period or a whole period at the different growth stages of the plant on its growth, grain yield and yield-components and compared the effects with those continuously water-logged with an optimum and a low temperature under a field condition as well as potted conditions. Results obtained might be summarized as follows: 1. At the stage just after transplanting every non-water-logged plot was much poor in rooting and in growth at an early stage than that water-logged with an optimum water temperatur, on account of that the former was lacking in soil moisture in spite of being high in soil temperature. 2. Both at the tillering stage and the stage from spikelet differentiation to heading, the potted plants grown under the non-water-logged condition with soil moistures higher than P.F. 1.70 (in the value of tension-meter) were higher in grain-yield than those grown under an optimum water temperature as well as under a low water temperature on account of the fact that in the non-water-logged plots the number of panicles and spikelets per hill much increased (Fig. 1.). On this occasion it is likely worth noticing that the rice plants subjected to non-water-logging showed a relatively high percentage of ripened grains in spite of a remarkable increase in the number of spikelets per hill, because in general there exists a negative correlation between those two components. The fact may be ascribed to the favorable effects of the non-water-logged treatment on the soil condition, nutrition and conseqently to carbon assimilation activity of rice plants. Furthermore, it is also presumedly noteworthy that no unfavorable effect of non-water-logged treatment was observed in the important period from the spikelet differentiation stage to the heading stage in which in general a deep water-logging practice has hitherto been recomended to farmers. 3. At the ripening stage potted rice plants grown under non-water-logged condition were a little lower in the percentage of ripened grains and in yield than those under watter-logged condition, while the plants grown under the field condition did not show such a tendency at all. 4. The non-water-logged treatment carried out during the whole growth period brought forth worse effects in yield as well as in growth than those brought forth by the water-logged treatment even with a low water temperature. It will be necessary, therefore, to examine not only the accumulative effect of non-water-logged treatment through the whole growing period but also the effects of that as influeneed by different kinds of soil, soil moisture etc. From the results above mentioned it should be taken into consideration that the non-water-logged cultivation for some period is quite effective not only for decreasing the damage due to cool irrigation water but also for saving the amount of water which is now becoming a new problem in our country.View full abstractDownload PDF (562K) -
Seizo MATSUSHIMA, Takayuki TANAKA1961 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 398-399
Published: July 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing the previously reported method for expressing the ripening grades of a grain by "translucent proportion", exactly speaking the proportion of the width of a translucent area to that of the whole area in a transverse section of a kernel, the authors tried to find out how to express the ripening grades of a hill as well as a panicle, and how to recognize the time when the percentage of ripened grains and the weight of 1, 000 kernels can be predicted. As the result, it was clear that the ripening grade of a panicle and that of a hill can be satisfactonly expressed by the sum of the "translucent proportion", being classified into 0-6, of the first (terminal) grain and that of the second one on the primary rachis-branch located at the central portion of a panicle, and furthermore, the percentage of ripened grains as well as the weight of 1, 000 kernels can be predicted with accuracy at the time when the ripening grade of a hill attains about 11.5 in the sum of the values of "translucent proportion" of those two grains in an average panicle in the hill under any conditions differing in variety, circumstance and cultural way.View full abstractDownload PDF (407K) -
Koou YAMAZAKI1961 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 400-403
Published: July 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe author has found in rice leaves, both in blades and in sheaths, many connecting strands running at right angles to the parallely arranged large and small vascular bundles, and making the whole venation like a fine mesh. The mode of differentiation of these fine connecting strands is quite different from that of the parallely arranged vascular bundles. The former begin to differentiate from the tip of young leaves and the differentiation advances basipetally, while the latter, mainly the large vascular bundles, differentiate acropetally. When a stain in absorbed from the base of a leaf, it goes up through the large vascular bundles, and from them, it goes transeversally to the small vascular bundles adjacint to them through the connecting strands mentioned above. This fashion of stain movement in leaves may also prove true in the case of water and nutrients.View full abstractDownload PDF (2405K) -
Noboru YAMADA, Yasuo OTA1961 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 404-408
Published: July 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
Morie EBATA1961 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 409-411
Published: July 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo rice varieties (Hattan-Jugo and Yamada-Nishiki) planted in pots were treated during night time with room temperature of 30, 23 and 13°C for 7 days around the seed-developing time and for 22 days after heading. Fruiting, qualities of kernels and types of white-core kernels were investigated on the samples. Dorsal and ventral radii of kernels were also measured on the crossections. Results and discussion are summarized as follows: 1) High night temperature accelerated the kernel develapment and maturation. Low night temp. worsened the fruiting and qualities of the kernels and retarded the kernel growth. 2) Percentages of white-core kernel were high in the high temp. plots and low in the low temp. plots. 3) Many of white-core kernels from low temp. plots were milky-white-like and somewhat white-belly-like, and were eye-shaped when observed on the cross-sections. 4) High temp. lenghened considerably the ventral radii of kernels and shortened to some extent the dorsal radii of kernels while low temp. shortened the ventral radii, especially in the early stages of seed growth. 5) Promotion of early growth of kernel as indicated by well-developed ventral side in the case of high temp. treatment may lead to the well-developed thin-cell tissues along the dorso-ventral diameter of the kernel. These tissues seemed to be low in ability of storing starch and apt to form white-core parts in themselves. Retardation of early growth of kernel as incured by low temp. seemed to obstruct the development of ventral side and thin-cell tissues, and censequently occurrence of white-core.View full abstractDownload PDF (557K) -
Kojiro KAWAKAMI, Akiyasu TAKAYAMA1961 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 412-414
Published: July 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA possible vaiue of winter-grown Irish Cobbler tubers of 4.0 months of age as the seed for the fall culture, was examined. The kinds of the seed tubers used in the experiment were the winter-grown seed tubers of 4.0 months of age and the spring-grown seed tubers of 2.5 months of age. The former were harvested in May by planting the seeds in December in Ehime Prefecture and the latter in June by planting the seeds in March in Hyogo Prefecture. These were planted early in September in the field, and the growths and yields were compared. The winter-grown seeds sprouted more than 20 days earlier and yielded the tubers over nine times as much as the spring-grown seed. The results from using the winter-grown Irish Cobbler seed tubers were by no means inferior to those from using Unzen, one of the standard variety in the potato fall culture. This suggests the possibility of introducing a potato variety of more superior quality in the fall culture.View full abstractDownload PDF (656K) -
Kiyochika HOSHIKAWA1961 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 415-420
Published: July 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBased on the anatomical studies of the wheat grains which were sampled everyday beginning from the day of anthesis to the maturity, the stages of development of the endosperm were classified under 13 heads as follows (parenthesized figures show the days after anthesis under natural condition): Stage I, division of endosperm mother cell (∼1). Stage II, multiplication of endosperm nuclei (1-3). Stage III, cell membrane formation (4). Stage IV, the peripheral cell layer formation (5). Stage V, filling up of the embryo sac cavity (6). Stage VI, deposition of the "first type" starch grains (7). Stage VII, stop of cell division at the inner part of endosperm (11). Stage VIII, deposition of the "second type" starch grams (17). Stage IX, end of cell division in an entine endosperm (18). Stage X, enlarging of the endosperm cells (20). Stage XI, beginning of maturation from inner part of endosperm (30). Stage XII, completion of cell growth (37). Stage XIII, constriction of tissue (40). During the early stages (V-VII) of development, the cell divisions proceed not, only at outer zone of endosperm tissue but also at inner zone. The cell division of the most exterior cell layer ceases lastly and matures as the aleuron layer by about 20 days after anthesis. From the stage X onwards, the cells elongate into cylindrical form at the bridge, while they enlarge into spherical polygons at the flank. Starch grains reserved in every cell are of two types. The "first type" grams are deposited during early stages (VI∼) and all the grains becolne large and uniform in size, and lenticular in appearance. The "second type" grains appear in the same cells about 10 days later than the first type grains, and continue to increase in number extending over a long period. However, they grow only a little in size and become spherical in shape. Reserve protein particles (gluten) are deposited in the cytoplasma by 10∼13 days after anthesis, and thereafter they grow in form which are indeterminate by increasing their volume. These protein particles are more abundantly found in the hard variety than in the soft one.View full abstractDownload PDF (2593K) -
Yasumasa KATO, Yukio YANAGISAWA1961 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 421-424
Published: July 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo experiments have been made to examine the changes in nitrogen content that proceed in soybean leaves following the application of a girdle to their petioles. Girdling was performed by killing a portion of a petiole with heat given out by a small flame. In both experiments, fully developed leaves of a definite position (i.e. sixth leaves for Experiment I and primary leaves for Experiment II) were taken as samples for analysis. Varieties used were Aomame in the former, and Shirobanasai No.1 in the latter experiment. Although the conditions involved in both experiments differed each other in many respects, the resulfs obtained showed a marked similarity and will be described as follows. In the petiole-girdled leaves (this will be reffered to as treated leaves), the amount of total nitrogen invariably increased in excess of that of the control leaves whether the control leaves, during the same experimental period, were in a tendency towards either gaining or losing nitrogen. The excess was statistically significant in Experiment II. As the protein nitrogen content of the treated leaves changes in much the same manner as that of control leaves, the difference in the total nitrogen content between the control and the treated leaves is principally due to a striking accumulation of soluble nitrogen in the latter leaves. These results have led to the idea that, at least in a fully developed leaf, the transport of nitrogenous compounds either to or from the leaf, possibly through xylem and phloem respectively, would take place simultaneously and that the nitrogen levels of the leaf could depend upon the ratios of entering rate to leaving rate of nitrogen. The changes in composition of free amino acids in the treated leaves have been briefiy examined by one dimensional paper chromatography. A marked increase in certain amino acids which were hardlv recognized in the control leaves has been clearly demonstrated, suggesting that inward and outward currents, by which nitrogenous compounds are being carried to and away from a leaf, may be different in terms of amino acid composition. The occurrence of those additional free amino acids in the treated leaves might have been, at least in part, resulted from the breakdown of the leaf proteins.View full abstractDownload PDF (709K) -
Yasumoto FUCHINOUE, Hiroko FUCHINOUE, Tetsuzo MARUYAMA1961 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 425-427
Published: July 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThese examinations were performed to make clear the effects of shears plucking, upon the yield and the manufacturing quality of tea and also to know the causes of these effets. The results are as follows;- (1) Shears plucking reduced the yield by 30%, as compared to hand plucking. And the manufacturing quality of tea plucked by shears was also inferior. (2) The causes were recognized as follows. a) In shears plucking, especially the espalier training before sprouting adversely affected upon the form and the nature of the tea leaves. b) The use of shears itself adversely affected upon the quality of green leaf and manufacturing of tea. c) The vigor of plant was declined by repeating the shears plucking.View full abstractDownload PDF (572K) -
Masao ARAI, Hideo CHISAKA1961 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 428-432
Published: July 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs a fundamental investigation of controlling Alopecurus aequalis, a noxious weed in wheat and barley cultivation on drained paddy fields, the primary dormancy of the seed was studied. The results are as follows: 1. The glumes have no part in the dormancy, and the seed coat does not inhibit the seed itself from absorbing water. 2. The period of dormancy varies according to the moisture content of the seed during its storage. In case of high moisture content of seeds, such as a wet storage at 20°C (with about 55% moisture content of seeds) or a dry storage in a paper bag at room temperature (about 15% moirture), the dormancy lasts about 4 months after harvest, while it lasts longer when seeds are stored in a desiccator at room temperature (6%) 3. Low-temperture treatment is effective to overcome the dormancy in wet condition at temperature ranging from 1°C to 5°C (Fig. 1). Drying the seeds or placing them in a moist condition at 30°C for one day or more after the treatment lowers the effect of overcoming the dormancy. A low-temperature treatment in absenoe of oxygen is less effective (Fig. 2). 4. Placing the seeds at temperatures higher than the germination temperture (high-temperature tretment) is also effective to overcome the dormancy unless the seeds lose their vitality. This treatment is most effective in moist conditions at 30°C (Fig. 3), and effective in the same manner for the seeds buried in the soil. The treatment in absence of oxygen is much more effective (Fig. 4). 5. 5°C/20°C alternating-temperature treatment accelerates the effect of low-temperature treatment (Fig. 5A). 10°C/12°C alternating-temperature treatment is also effective to overcome the dormancy (Fig. 5B). 6. The dormant seeds germinate slowly if the seed coats are pricked with a pin (Fig. 6). The pricked seeds can not germinate if the pricked openings are covered with paraffin (Fig. 7). 7. As the results of these findings, it was clarified that high temperature in the absence of oxygen under submerged soil in summer is important for overcoming the dormancy of the seeds in paddy fields.View full abstractDownload PDF (863K)
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