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Volume 79 (2010)
- Issue 4 Pages 407-
- Issue 3 Pages 251-
- Issue 2 Pages 113-
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Volume 79, Issue 4
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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Review
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Yumi Shimazaki, Yoshiaki Watanabe2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 407-413
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aim of this review is to discuss the possibility of controlling the grain protein concentration (GPC) of wheat, an important factor of wheat grain quality, by cultivation techniques. The GPC of wheat is important to the wheat processing industry and to the wheat farmers. Nitrogen fertilizer is used to control GPC, but this is not easy, because GPC is altered not only by grain protein content but also by grain weight. We reviewed previous papers on the interaction between the timing of nitrogen fertilizer application and GPC or grain yield and found that the application of nitrogen fertilizer at the sowing or jointing stage, when the sink capacity is not determined, is the main factor for increasing the grain yield. Nitrogen fertilizer application after the booting stage, when the sink capacity is almost determined, is the main factor for increasing the GPC. Moreover, the grain nitrogen content is mainly controlled by the source. It may be important to clarify how the application of nitrogen fertilizer affects GPC and grain yield to develop a GPC prediction system that can be used on farmers’ fields.View full abstractDownload PDF (935K)
Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Takeo Sakaigaichi, Yoshifumi Terajima, Makoto Matsuoka, Takayoshi Tera ...2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 414-423
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe growth and yield in the twice harvesting system (THS) were compared with those in once harvesting system (OHS) of two sugarcane varieties (KRFo93–1 bred for forage use and the leading commercial NiF8 for sugar production). The cumulative effective temperature was the highest in OHS, followed by the 1st crop in THS and the 2nd crop in THS in this order. The growth stage was younger as the cumulative effective temperature was lower in both varieties. The stem length was consistently longer in KRFo93–1 than in NiF8, and the differences in stem length between the two varieties was markedly significant in the initial growth period after ratooning and in the 2nd crops in THS including low temperature period. Fresh- and dry-matter yields averaged in the 1st and 2nd ratoon years in KRFo93–1 were 226 t/ha/yr and 56.1 t/ha/yr in OHS, respectively and 278 t/ha/yr and 57.7 t/ha/yr in THS. Dry matter productivity was higher in THS than in OHS in KRFo93–1 but was lower in THS than in OHS in NiF8. The mechanism of high yielding ability of KRFo93-1 in THS may be caused by the vigorous initial growth after ratooning and vigorous stem elongation in the low temperature period.View full abstractDownload PDF (2174K) -
Tokihide Nagoshi, Ryota Uchida, Fujio Tamai, Shigeru Hirano, Tomoji Hi ...2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 424-430
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn direct broadcast sowing cultivation of rice plants, the seedling density is naturally low from nonuniform distribution of the seed and there is an increased chance of developing upper nodal tillers (UNTs). In this experiment, 50 seedlings were established per square meter, and the emergence of UNTs was investigated. Then the productivity of UNT panicles was clarified and compared to that of mother stems. The appearance ratio of UNTs from the mother stem was 98.8% in 253 rice hills. We observed 59 eared UNTs in 22 rice hills we examined. All but one of them had two leaves. Almost all UNTs emerged from the axil of the upper second leaf of the mother stem. About half the number of the UNTs had one tiller, but no ears emerged from them. The number of spikelets per panicle (18.9), the percentage of ripened grains (55.8%), the 1000-grain weight of brown rice (17.0 g) and the weight of brown rice per panicle (0.211 g) on UNTs were to 20%, 71%, 84% and 14% respectively of the mother stems. Most rice grains of UNTs were immature grains, such as green immature grains. Thus, the weight of brown rice per panicle in UNTs was low compared with that on the mother stems and it was suggested that emergence of many UNTs does not contribute to increased yield and causes the deterioration of brown rice quality by producing numerous immature grains.View full abstractDownload PDF (1656K) -
Tomoji Hirose, Izumi Kawamura, Shigeru Hirano, Tokihide Nagoshi, Fujio ...2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 431-439
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTea cultivation with intensive use of chemical fertilizers burdens the soil environment and might adversely affect tea plants. In this study compost was applied instead of chemical fertilizer in spring and autumn to reduce the application rate of chemical fertilizer (hereinafter, comp treatment) for five years. The results showed that the tea treated with comp differed little from that treated with chemical fertilizer mostly (chem-treatmen) in growth, nitrogen rates, or tannin rates of new shoots elongated. However, the comp-treated tea roots were more numerous than those of chem-treated tea and were distributed more deeply into the soil layer. The comp-treated soil was softer than the chem-treated soil in the surface to the deep soil layer: application and was more friable and well-drained. A soil solution of the chem-treated soil had a pH of less than 4.0 at 15-cm depth. In contrast, the comp-treated soil was pH 5.0–5.5, which is optimal for tea cultivation. The nitrate nitrogen concentration in a solution taken from the tea root zone at 100 cm soil depth in the comp-treated soil was lower than that from the chem-treated soil.View full abstractDownload PDF (3113K) -
Hisashi Tanno, Akira Honma, Tohru Yoshimura, Shinya Munekata, Yuji Hir ...2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 440-449
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe protein content, amylose content and the growth characteristics of two nonglutinous medium rice in 1994-2008, were examined in the north-central area (NCA), south-central area (SCA) and southern area (SA) of Hokkaido to clarify the factors causing yearly and regional differences. Protein content was higher in SCA with a higher wind speed during tillering and with gley soils than in the other areas with brown lowland soils. Amylose content was lower in SA with a higher night temperature during grain filling and with a lighter 1000-kernel-weight (TKW). Only in NCA with the heaviest total weight (TW) and highest grain yield (GY), was the protein content lower the heavier the TW and the higher the GY. Protein content was correlated with TKW, positively in SCA and negatively in SA, and these correlations seemed to be determined by soil characteristics. Among years on the average of three areas, the lower the sterility, the larger the total number of ripened glumes, the heavier TW and TKW, the higher the percentage of ripened grains, harvest index and GY, the lower was the protein content. Since the sterility ranged from 6 to 50%, it largely affected the protein content. The protein content was lowest when cumulative daily mean temperature during 40 days after heading (CTAH) was 843–852°C. Over 852°C, the higher the CTAH, the higher was the protein content, the lower was the amylose content, and the better was the eating quality.View full abstractDownload PDF (1886K) -
Kohei Tanaka, Masayuki Miyazaki, Osamu Uchikawa, Masato Araki2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 450-459
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of nitrogen content and the rate of nitrogen uptake on kernel quality of rice were examined in relation to nitrogen application and transplanting time. We clarified the amount of nitrogen application and transplanting time optimal for the soil with differences in soil fertility. On condition that the number of kernel per area was optimum, milky white, white-based and white-back kernels tended to decrease with increasing nitrogen content, and increasing rate of nitrogen uptake at panicle formation stage and full heading time. The rate of soil nitrogen absorption by rice plant, and nitrogen content of rice became high at the panicle formation stage and full heading time when transplanting time was delayed. In the field with a high soil fertility, the rate of nitrogen uptake during the panicle formation stage and full heading time, so that inspection grade was improved by the late transplanting and decreased amount of basal application. In the field with moderate soil fertility, inspection grade and yield were improved by topdressing with controlled release fertilizer at the panicle formation stage and keeping nitrogen content high at the panicle formation stage. The technique that maintains high nitrogen content and high nitrogen uptake rate during the maximum tiller number stage and panicle formation stage may be important for improving inspection grade and protein content of rice grains.View full abstractDownload PDF (1399K) -
Yoshiharu Wada, Mitsuyo Oogaki, Tomoko Konishi2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 460-467
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhite back kernel and milky white rice kernel are caused by a high temperature at the ripening stage. The recent tendency of high temperature is not only at the ripening stage but also during the vegetative growth stage. In this study we examined the effect of a high temperature during the vegetative growth stage on shoot and root growth of rice plant, and also on the brown rice quality. Three temperature sets 32/27, 27/22 and 22/17°C of day/night were given to soil grown rice cultivar Koshihikari during 50 days from 1 week after transplanting. Under a high temperature treatment, the growth enhancement was greater in the shoot than in the root, causing the reduction of root/shoot (R/S) ratio. The concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the soil solution was higher in the higher temperature treatment. In a water culture, with the same nutrient concentration, R/S ratio was also reduced by the higher temperature treatment. The number of degraded brown rice, especially white back kernel and milky white rice kernel was increased by the higher temperature during 28 days before anthesis. These plants had a low plant growth rate at the ripening period, mainly caused by a low net assimilation rate. Low breeding rates and accelerated leaf senescence in the high temperature treatment were associated with low R/S ratio caused by high temperature before anthesis.View full abstractDownload PDF (1088K) -
Tadashi Takahashi, Li Zhang, Tomohiko Mastuzawa, Kana Fujimoto, Shinji ...2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 468-475
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWheat is conventionally sown in November in Yamaguchi. Early sowing (October) is known to decrease the number of spikes per area and the number of spikelets per spike. We examined the effect of nitrogen topdressing at the spike-development period on grain yield of the early sowing wheat. Three wheat cultivars were used: Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi showing medium degree of winter habit, and Akitakko showing strong degree of winter habit. These cultivars were sown early and conventionally in three growing seasons, 2003/2004, 2004/2005 and 2007/2008. Nitrogen was topdressed to each cultivar at their double ridge stage, terminal spikelet stage or flag leaf stage. The early sowing decreased the harvest index and decreased the grain yield by reducing spike number or grain number per spike in Airakomugi and Iwainodaichi. However, nitrogen topdressing increased the grain yields by increasing the higher harvest index or spike number. In Akitakko, the early sowing increased grain yield in some cases and never decreased it. In Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, the early sowing advanced the spike development period about two months, to December or January, and increased the number of spikes having lighter grains or smaller number of grains. In Akitakko, the early sowing advanced spikelet development only ten days to March, and decreased the number of spikes with smaller number of grains.View full abstractDownload PDF (1473K) -
Takuo Kokuryu, Hiroshi Chida, Shinji Shimada, Masayasu Kato, Hideo Ham ...2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 476-483
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined the effect of the use of moisture-adjusted soybean seeds on seedling emergence and establishment, and investigated the factors that inhibited their emergence during Japan’s rainy season or in upland paddy fields. The decreased emergence rate was attributed to imbibition damage, soil microorganisms, and soil surface strength. The emergence rate of moisture-adjusted seeds was markedly higher than that of low-moisture seeds at high soil moisture levels or high soil surface strength. However, it was often lower in fields that had been flooded for a long period after sowing. Even under such conditions, however, a combination of moisture-adjustment and fungicide treatment of seeds improved the emergence rates. Since emergence-decreasing factors vary with the sowing season and year, and are difficult to predict that, however, the combined use of moisture-adjusted seeds and seed treatment with fungicides may be effective in raising emergence and establishment rates in the fields.View full abstractDownload PDF (2805K) -
Kazuhiko Oya, Yoshiharu Wada, Tomohiko Yoshida2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 484-490
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFrom the results of trials for 11–16 years in the Tochigi Agricultural experiment field, we examined the factors causing variation in appearance quality and yield of barley and wheat. Yield of barley “Amaginijo” and “Mikamo-Golden” showed a positive correlation with thousand-kernel weight and rate of whole grain. There was a positive correlation between yield and ear number in “Shyunrai” though not significant in barley. A positive correlation between yield and culm length was observed in 3 barley cultivars. In barley “Mikamo-Golden“, the later the maturing stage, the better the appearance quality, but in wheat “Norin 61”, the fewer the days from heading to maturing stage the better the appearance quality. In barley “Amaginijo” and wheat “Norin 61”, the higher the lowest temperature in February, the lower the stem number, and the lower the lowest temperature during the 60 days before the jointing stage the heavier the dry weight. Thus, the correlation of growth and development with yield, and appearance quality showed a difference between barley and wheat and varied with the cultivar.View full abstractDownload PDF (1853K)
Quality and Processing
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Toshikazu Kuranouchi, Yoshiyuki Nakamura, Akiko Takada, Seiji Tamiya, ...2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 491-498
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSteamed and dried sweet potato slices so-called “hoshi-imo” is an important agricultural product in Ibaraki and other prefectures in Japan. Using two cultivars ”Tamayutaka” and ”Izumi-13”, which have been cultivated for hoshi-imo production, we investigated the agronomic characters, root yield, rate of ”Shirota” which is a white-opaque defect, dry matter content and starch content from 2000 to 2008. Then we analyzed the influences of film mulching and weather condition on these agronomic characters. Soil temperature was raised 0.3–0.7°C during the cultivation period, but the Shirota defect was not significantly influenced by film mulching. Root yield and starch content were increased by film mulching. These results indicate the benefit of mulching on root production for hoshi-imo. A negative correlation was observed between the precipitation in the latter half of the growing period and the rate of Shirota defect. A low soil moisture was suggested to increase the occurrence of Shirota defect.View full abstractDownload PDF (1098K)
Crop Morphology
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Ichie Koda, Toshiaki Matsuda, Youji Nitta2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 499-505
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn wheat grains, the assimilate is transferred from the dorsal vascular bundle into endosperm tissue in turn via nucellar projection, endosperm cavity, and modified aleurone cells (transfer cells in endosperm tissue). Structural changes in grain tissues at the early ripening stage were assessed using light microscopy to elucidate the relations of assimilate transfer to development. Wheat plants of “NORIN61” variety were cultivated in a research field at the College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University. After preparation through double fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, grains were embedded in Spurr resin. Semi-thin sections were cut and stained with toluidine blue O. Differentiation of endosperm tissue (sink) was completed by 8 days after flowering. Structures for assimilate transfer from the nucellar projection to the endosperm cavity and modified aleurone cells developed during that stage. At 9 days after flowering, transfer cells were developed at the nucellar projection, indicating structural changes for efficient assimilate transfer from the dorsal vascular bundle to the endosperm cavity. Large amyloplasts that had accumulated remarkably in the endosperm indicated an increased rate or amount of assimilate transfer from the dorsal vascular bundle, which changes its cell arrangement to exert its function maximally, thereby adapting to the period of active assimilate transfer.View full abstractDownload PDF (6222K)
Modelling, Information and Environment
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Kou Nakazono, Genji Ohara2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 506-512
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMonitoring wheat grain maturity and harvesting immediately after maturity are important to avoid damage in grain quality by rainfall. Grain drying and wetting rate were measured to develop a model for estimating the water content of kernel in wheat (cv. ‘Norin61’) using meteorological data. Drying rate (change in % per hour) was most heavily influenced by vapor pressure deficit. The initial water content of kernel also had a significant effect on the drying rate and it was incorporated into the equation as a coefficient of resistance. Water absorption of kernels measured by soaking ears in water was equivalent to that measured by exposing to natural rain. Based on these data an equation was derived for estimating water content of kernels under rainfall which was determined by initial water content and time of the rain duration. Using these equations, we could estimate the drying and rewetting process of kernel after physiological maturity under field conditions. Before physiological maturity, i.e., from flowering to physiological maturity, the water content of kernels could be estimated using the temperature-dependent model that we previously reported. Differences between calculated and measured values reached the minimum (RMSE=3.68%) when the model for before physiological maturity was switched gradually over three days prior to and after physiological maturity. Water contents of kernels used in this study were in good agreement with the spike water contents obtained by the commonly used method for estimation of harvest time. These results suggest that this model is useful for monitoring the progress of maturity of wheat and for making decisions on harvest.View full abstractDownload PDF (1341K) -
Takashi Momii2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 513-517
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of four fertilizer elements (nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potassium, and lime) and compost on rice yield were retrospectively analyzed 77-year archive records since 1926. A causal link between the fertilizer elements and the rice yield was not obvious in multi-regression analysis, probably because some other factors contributed to the yield. In this study, causality analysis was done to clarify the correlation of the yield with fertilizer elements, and some other factors by using graphical modeling (GM) for the effect of the four elements. The causality graph (chain independence graph) obtained by the causality analysis suggested that: (1) application of fertilizer elements resulted in decreased soil fertility with the lapse of time, (2) nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium increased the rice yield directly, and (3) lime increased the yield, not directly but by strengthening the fertilizing effect of other elements.View full abstractDownload PDF (993K)
Research and Technical Note
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Kazuyuki Kobayashi, Toshio Joh, Yoshihiko Takahashi, Toshinori Fukuyam ...2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 518-527
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe black-kerneled glutinous rice cultivar ‘Shiho’ was recently released in Niigata Prefecture, but the relationships among yield, polyphenol content and characteristics for rice cake processing have not been discussed precisely. We carried out the cultivation experiment under different conditions at several locations in Niigata Prefecture in 2006 and 2007, and examined various agronomic characters and grain properties of ‘Shiho’. Higher yield of ‘Shiho’ was attained by increasing the number of panicles per unit area by heavy manuring and the higher temperature during the ripening period. The higher temperature during the ripening period also resulted in the superior characteristics for rice cake processing, however lower content of polyphenol. Thus, it is difficult to find an appropriate cultivation method for satisfying simultaneously both yield and grain characteristics of ‘Shiho’ in higher order. It should be announced previously to rice farmers and the rice cake processed food company that ‘Shiho’ with higher polyphenol content could result in lower yield and inferior characteristics for rice cake processing. It may be important to develop of products characterized by keeping softness for a long period. ‘Shiho’ cultivated in different areas in Niigata prefecture showed marked differences in agronomic traits, ingredient of kernel and characteristics for rice cake processing, and damage by various diseases and pests. The cultivation methods need to be improved for various climatic conditions and farming systems in the mountainous region.View full abstractDownload PDF (1771K) -
Toshinori Sotome, Masayoshi Fujita, Noboru Gunji, Yudai Ogawa, Atsuo S ...2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 528-535
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies were conducted to stabilize the high yield and quality of malting barley in Nasu where grain crude protein content is high. The incidence of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) was as high as 63.0% (70.5% when, resistant cultivars were excluded) in Nasu district. Then the use of BaYMV-resistant cultivars such as ‘Sukai Golden’is necessary for stable production and high quality. Analysis of the cultivation history revealed that grain crude protein content had a significant positive correlation with sowing time, and harvest time, and a significant negative correlation with the application phosphate fertilizer. The yield was increased by applying levels of alkali fertilizer, and treading barley plants just before the jointing stage. However, such operations are performed by only a half of the farmers, resulting in a large variation in protein content and yield, and also in a high protein content of grain that is not suitable for malting barley. For improvement of protein content and stabilization of high yield sowing at a suitable time and improving soil by application of phosphate and alkali fertilizers are necessary.View full abstractDownload PDF (1216K)
Mini Symposium
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2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 536-537
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (871K) -
2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 537-538
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (886K) -
2010 Volume 79 Issue 4 Pages 538-539
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: November 08, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (819K)
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