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Volume 80 (2011)
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Volume 80, Issue 1
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Review
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Akihiko Kamoshita2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 1-12
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCurrent status of research on improvement of drought resistance in rice is reviewed. Contribution of the past breeding programs to yield increase has been confirmed in various rainfed crops such as corn, wheat, oat and upland rice. Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)(e.g., International Rice Research Institute) and governmental institutes of India, Thailand, and China are currently (2009) conducting breeding for improvement of drought resistance in rice. In the Mekong region, rice breeding based on the analysis of interactions among the target environments in multi-location trials is in progress, in order to improve broad adaptation in rainfed lowland rice. In the Philippines and Eastern India, higher yielding lines and cultivars have been developed by using direct selection of high-yielding lines under managed drought conditions at flowering time in the dry season. Various putative drought resistance traits, including drought avoidance by root system traits, have been evaluated, and several chromosome regions of clusters of their quantitative traits loci (QTL) have been listed. A deeper rooting cultivar with earlier maturity and higher yield was released in India by marker-assisted selection. Drought resistance genes were identified to be co-located in the putative QTL regions. Transgenic rice lines with over-expression of stress responsive transcriptional factors and/or drought resistance genes were evaluated in field experiments. Phenotyping is essential in drought improvement research even in molecular biological approaches, which leads to construction of high through-put phenotyping platforms and plant phenomics research.View full abstractDownload PDF (946K)
Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Masahiro Chiba, Osamu Matsumura, Tomio Terao, Yoshihiko Takahashi, Haj ...2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 13-20
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDeep-flood irrigation (DFI) is a method used to suppress the occurrence of chalky grains, which is becoming a serious problem due to global warming. The mechanism of reducing chalky grains by DFI was analyzed with regard to the source ability of stems and leaves that supply carbohydrate to the grains because shortage of carbohydrate flow into the endosperm is considered to be the main cause of chalky grains. DFI increased the amount of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) reserved in stems and leaf sheaths at the full heading stage. This result suggests that DFI increased the translocation of carbohydrate reserved in stem and leaves before heading. In addition, DFI increased the amount of nitrogen in leaf blades at the full heading stage as well as leaf area at the ripening stage, which suggests that DFI promotes photosynthesis in the ripening process. In conclusion, DFI increases both the amount of carbohydrate reserved before heading and photosynthetic ability after heading, consequently decreasing the occurrence of chalky grains.View full abstractDownload PDF (2254K) -
Masayasu Kato, Junko Tazawa, Masayuki Sawaji, Shinji Shimada2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 21-28
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of pyraclostrobin, a strobilurin fungicide, applied at different times and concentrations on the growth, yield, and diseases of soybean were examined. In 2006, treatment with pyraclostrobin [150 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha-1] at the end of flowering delayed maturation and increased 100-seed weight more than treatment with iminoctadine albesilate (400 g a.i. ha-1). This effect was not observed when pyraclostrobin was sprayed at the beginning of flowering. In 2007, seed weight and the proportion of large seeds were increased by the treatment with pyraclostrobin at either 133, 67, or 40 g a.i. ha-1; the fungicide was more effective at a higher concentration. At either time or concentration examined, pyraclostrobin reduced the occurrence of seeds with purple stain more effectively than iminoctadine albesilate or no fungicide spraying. There was no difference in diseased leaf area (bacterial pustules, rust, and brown spot) among the fungicide treatments. These results indicated that pyraclostrobin spraying reduced the occurrence of seeds with purple stain and increased seed size.View full abstractDownload PDF (1875K) -
Seiko Kumagai, Hideyuki Matusda, Haruka Yoshida, Akira Abe, Satoru Sag ...2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 29-34
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Japanese barnyard millet is a major millet and is recently being re-evaluated as a highly nutritious and healthy cereal in Japan. However, the optimal harvest time of Japanese barnyard millet has not been reported. We investigated the changes in panicle moisture content, 1000-grain weight, germination rate, crude protein content, amylose content, Α-amylase activity and visco property of grain flour from 20 to 45 days after heading in 5 local varieties, 2 local varieties, and 3 cultivars in 2003, 2004 and 2008, respectively. The moisture content of panicles tended to decrease with advanced heading time in all local varieties, except varieties encountered much rain in late harvest time (40 days in 2003). The 1000-grain weight, germination rate, crude protein content, amylose content, Α-amylase activity and visco property of grain flour did not significantly chage from 25 to 45 days after heading. Judging from these results the optimal harvest time of Japanese barnyard millet is 30 to 35days after heading.View full abstractDownload PDF (985K) -
Takahiro Hara, Yusuke Arakawa, Makoto Takeuchi, Hidekazu Sumi, Takahir ...2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 35-42
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSoil erosion due to rainfall is a serious problem in acid soil region in subtropical Japan. Introducing new crops which can be used in rotation with sugarcane and pineapple is expected to alleviate soil erosion. We developed a buckwheat cultivation method suitable for acid soil with pH 3.9∼4.2 in subtropical Japan. We examined the effects of composted manure and dolomite on the growth and grain yield of buckwheat. The composted manure was applied at a rate of 1∼3 g m-2 and dolomite at the rate of 200 and 500 g m-2. Application of composted manure significantly increased grain yield and shoot weight. Grain yield was 171∼235 g m-2 when composted manure was applied, whereas 75∼104 g m-2 when neither composted manure nor dolomite was applied. Shoot weight was 174∼291 g m-2 when composted manure was applied, but 95∼100 g m-2 when neither composted manure nor dolomite was applied. The amount of shoot obtained in the experiment by applying composted manure is considered enough to substantially decrease soil erosion caused by rainfall, if the shoot is used for mulch to cover soil surface. No significant effect of applying dolomite on grain yield and shoot weight was detected. Applying composted manure significantly elevated soil pH, which did not exceed pH 7 at which pineapple growth would be damaged.View full abstractDownload PDF (890K) -
Hiroyuki Matsuda, Yasushi Shibata, Shizuka Mori, Hiroshi Fujii2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 43-48
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relationship between 100-grain weight of soybean and temperature during the ripening period was analyzed by using crop data of soybean cultivar “Tachiyutaka” from 1989 to 2008 in Shonai district of Yamagata prefecture. The grain yield was correlated with the number of pods per unit area when the average number of pods was below 772 m-2, and 100-grain weight when the average number of pods was over 772 m-2. In addition, there was a significantly negative correlation between temperature during ripening period (from flowering stage to maturing stage) and 100-grain weight. The dry matter production of soybean plants from Aug.1 to Sept.1 decreased with decreasing daily temperature range from Aug.1 to Sept.1 resulting in a decline of dry matter production per pod and 100-grain weight. From these results, we concluded that the decline of 100-grain weight was caused by the high temperature during the ripening period in Shonai district of Yamagata Prefecture situated in the cold climate region.View full abstractDownload PDF (918K) -
Hisashi Tanno, Toru Takeuchi, Hitoshi Kiuchi, Hiroyuki Shibaike2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 49-58
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGlutinous rice (GR) was planted in 63-69 pots (2-3 plants/pot) on the leeward of non-glutinous rice (NGR), at a distance of 2, 26, 150 and 300 m in 2006 and 150, 300, 450 and 600 m in 2007. Sterility of GR treated with cool-water irrigation during ear formation (CWT) were 25 and 43% in 2006 and 2007, respectively, while that of non-treated GR (control, set only in 2007) 26%, and that of non-treated NGR 10-13%. Using xenia seeds of GR the variety of pollen donor was determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis. The out-crossing rate (OCR) was 1.136, 0.529, 0.068 and 0.024% in 2006, and 0.084, 0.023, 0.012 and 0.035% in 2007, and that in control plants 0.017, 0.014, 0.002 and 0%, in order of short distance. Thus, the OCR was higher in CWT with higher sterility than in the control irrespective of the distance in 2007. The longer the distance, the lower the OCR except for the plants in CWT in 2007. However, out-crossing was found even at 600 m, and this is explained as follows. The duration of heading and pollen scattering in GR and NGR overlapped sufficiently. The sterility was much higher in GR than in NGR. The field area of NGR was large (10.3 ha). The mean wind velocity from NGR to GR during the flowering was high (3.6-4.0 m/s).View full abstractDownload PDF (1591K) -
Tetsuya Iwabuchi, Yuji Hamachi, Masayuki Miyazaki, Osamu Uchikawa2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 59-64
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo ascertain the factors , involved in the low protein content of wheat grain,which is recently a serious issue in northern Kyushu, we investigated the relationship between the protein content of wheat grain and the yield, yield components and climatic conditions using the wheat cultivar ‘Chikugoizumi’ in northern Kyushu cultivatied by the same method from 1993 to 2008 in northern Kyushu. The protein content of grain decreased as the 1000-kernel weight and yield increased, indicating that the protein of grain content was negatively correlated with the yield and 1000-kernel weight. The 1000-kernel weight increased with a decrease in precipitation and an increase in duration of sunshine, and the yield increased with an increase in duration of sunshine during the ripening period of wheat. This indicated that the 1000-kernel weight was negatively correlated with precipitation, and that the yield and 1000-kernel weight were positively correlated with the duration of sunshine during the ripening period. These results suggest that the low protein content of wheat grain was a result of high yield or heavy 1000-kernel weight due to less precipitation and longer duration of sunshine during the ripening period.View full abstractDownload PDF (1730K) -
Masami Furuhata, Kazuhide Adachi, Satoshi Ohono2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 65-72
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the Hokuriku district of Japan, there are many regions with gley soil that have inadequate drainage, leading to waterlogged conditions and significant plant damage. We grew soybean in ridge-cultivation systems for 3 years in fields with good and poor drainage. Yield was lower in the latter than in the former. The main factor for this outcome may be that soil moisture in the plow layer was higher in the poorly drained field. Plants grown in such a field have less nitrogen uptake, a smaller post-flowering leaf area index, reduced post-flowering root activity, reduced increase in dry weight of the top and root, fewer pre-flowering branch nodes per plant, and less flower buds and ripening pods per plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (3062K)
Genetic Resources and Evaluation
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Yutaka Takagi, Susumu Arima2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 73-76
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn natural soybean populations, there is no gene resource with high oleic acid content. Induced mutations for this trait are needed to acquire a new gene in mutation breeding. By X-ray irradiation of the seeds, seven high oleic acid mutant lines of soybean var. Bay, M23, T2427, J38, KK21, M11, KK8 and N1095 having multiple alleles of ol at Ol gene locus were produced. The seed yield in M23, T2427, J38 and KK21 lines were compared with that of the original var. Bay in 2007 and 2008, and KK21 line was selected as a novel genetic resource having a high oleic acid content and high seed yield.View full abstractDownload PDF (659K)
Quality and Processing
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Effect of Protein Content on the Quantity and Size Distribution of Polymeric Protein in Common WheatMikiko Yanaka, Kanenori Takata, Tatsuya M. Ikeda, Naoyuki Ishikawa2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 77-83
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInfluences of protein content on the quantity and molecular size distribution of polymeric proteins were investigated by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography using four wheat cultivars with different dough properties. As protein content increased, extractable monomeric proteins, consisting of mainly gliadins, increased most. With increasing protein content, extractable polymeric proteins that were small polymers increased more than unextractable polymeric proteins that were large glutenin polymers. Significant cultivar differences were found in the ratios of unextractable polymeric protein to total protein (UPP(%)) and to total polymeric protein (UPP/TPP (%)) which are the criteria of dough strength and in the regression slope of SDS-sedimentation volume against protein content. These results indicated that the degree of increase in dough strength with increasing protein content varied with the cultivars. These cultivar differences can be caused by the difference in the degree of increase in extractable or unextractable polymeric proteins due to the increase in protein content. The cultivars ‘Fukusayaka’ and ‘Nishinokaori’ had a significantly lower percentage of total polymeric protein in total protein, UPP (%) and UPP/TPP (%) and showed a larger increase in extractable polymeric protein and relatively smaller increase in unextractable polymeric protein with increasing protein content compared with the cultivars ‘Minaminokaori’ and ‘Norin 61’. Since these cultivars had null allele at the Glu-A1 locus, the difference in the molecular size distribution of polymeric proteins that contributed to the increase in protein might be explained by the presence or absence of glutenin subunits at the Glu-A1 locus.View full abstractDownload PDF (1089K) -
Cui Jing, Yuji Matsue, Akihito Kusutani, De Liang Ding, Xin Zhang, Shi ...2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 84-89
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to examine the difference in taste preference for cooked rice between the Japanese and Chinese individuals, we performed a sensory test on japonica type Chinese rice cultivars. A significant positive correlation was observed in the overall eating-quality between the Japanese and Chinese panels. However, some Chinese rice cultivars that were given a low rank by the Japanese panel were evaluated highly palatable by the Chinese panel. This difference may be attributed to the difference between the Japanese and Chinese in the contribution of each criteria to the evaluation of the overall eating-quality. These results indicate that it is possible to breed highly palatable cultivars different from Japanese taste preference. A significant positive correlation was observed between the Japanese and Chinese panels in the appearance, taste and stickiness, but not in hardness. The Japanese panel mainly determined the overall eating-quality by stickiness and appearance, whereas the Chinese panel determined it by stickiness and hardness. In particular, the taste preference for hardness of the Japanese panel differed from that of the Chinese panel, the Japanese panel preferred soft rice while the Chinese panel preferred hard rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (1445K)
Modelling, Information and Environment
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Mikako Sato, Toshinari Igarashi, Michihiko Sakurai, Masatoshi Okumura, ...2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 90-95
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA simple method for predicting the grain protein content (GPC) of spring wheat from plant characters at heading in the field was developed by using the field data for growth diagnosis at Hokkaido Kamikawa Agric. Exp Station and at neighboring farmer’s fields for 3–4 years in Hokkaido, the northern part of Japan. GPC at maturity was strongly correlated with grain yield at plant nitrogen content (PNC) every 2 g m-2 from 8 to 14 g m-2 (r=0.871∼0.937, P\<0.01). The PCN was correlated with “plant height×color value of the second leaf” at heading time (r=0.872, P\<0.01). The grain yield was correlated with “plant height×color value of the second leaf×number of ears” at heading time (r=0.826, P\<0.01). These results indicate that a simple prediction of GPC is possible by using plant characters generally used for growth diagnosis at heading time. This prediction is useful to decide the amount of supplemental application of nitrogen at heading time.View full abstractDownload PDF (1024K) -
Naruo Miyazaki, Yukitsugu Takahashi, Tomohiko Yoshida2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 96-102
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe analyzed the quality of the groundwater for irrigation at the Mibu plateau which is the most active region for cultivation of upland crops in Tochigi Prefecture. Our results showed that although the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the groundwater did not exceed the environmental standard (10 mg L-1), the concentration was higher than that in other areas in Tochigi prefecture. The results obtained from the experiments using the δ15N value method and the land use history suggested that the chemical fertilizer greatly influenced the water quality of the groundwater. In a different experiment, the yield of bottle gourd and the leaching of nitrogen from the soil in the plots that had been treated with standard fertilizer were compared with those in the plots that had been treated with heavy fertilizer. The yield of bottle gourd in the heavy fertilizer-treated plots was 10% higher than that in the standard fertilizer-treated plots. From the viewpoint of cost performance, heavy fertilization had no economic advantage because the increase in income from the high yield was equivalent to the increase in cost for fertilizer. The percentage of leached fertilizer nitrogen was 19.6% in the standard fertilizer-treated plot and 39.6% in the heavy fertilizer-treated plot. Crop cultivation using heavy fertilizer is considered to be the cause of the pollution of groundwater with nitrogen.View full abstractDownload PDF (1111K)
Research and Technical Note
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Masami Furuhata, Kazuhide Adachi, Satoshi Ohono2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 103-109
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe grew soybean using ridge-cultivation in a poorly drained field in the Hokuriku region of Japan for 3 years after drainage-improvement treatment. The soil moisture content of the plow layer in the improved plot was equal to or less than that in a non-treated control plot. Ponding on the plow pan during the rainy season was improved for 1–2 years after the treatment, but not in the third year. Plants grown in the treated field had more pre-flowering branch nodes per plant, heavier dry weight of top, larger leaf area index, higher nitrogen uptake during the seed filling mid-stage of growth and higher root activity after flowering than the control plants. The yield was increased by drainage-improvement treatment in the year of low yield, but not in the three-year average.View full abstractDownload PDF (2385K)
Information
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[in Japanese]2011 Volume 80 Issue 1 Pages 110
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (501K)
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