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Volume 41 (1972)
- Issue 4 Pages 367-
- Issue 3 Pages 291-
- Issue 2 Pages 111-
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Volume 41, Issue 4
Displaying 1-24 of 24 articles from this issue
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Yuji HANAI, Hiromi KOBAYASHI1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 367-371
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the varietal differences in photoperiodic responses of rush plants, tests were conducted from October 1964 to June of the next year. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The sods of clone of four rush varieties (Hirokei No. 373, Sazanami, Asanagi and Hirokei No. 369) were planted in pots on October 1, 1964 and grown outdoors. The plants were moved to each place under three different conditions (long day -natural temperature condition, natural day length -high temperature condition, and long day- high temperature condition) almost every month during the period from October 1964 to April of the next year, and the plants placed under the natural day length- natural temperature condition was tested. 2. Under the natural day length-natural temperature condition, four varieties flowered earlier in order of Hirokei No. 373, Sazanami, Asanagi and Hirokei No. 369, and it was observed that the earlier flowering varieties had a tendency to bear a larger number of inflorescences. As to the number of inflorescences, the same tendency was observed also in cases of plants grown under other conditions. 3. Under the long day-natural temperature condition, the flowering of four varieties was accelerted compared to that under the natural day length- natural temperature condition, in case where the treatments were begun from October or November. The degree of acceleration was higher in order of Hirokei No. 373 > Sazanami > Asanagi·Hirokei No. 369, that is to say, varietal differences in floral responses were observed in the acceleration by long day. 4. Under the long day- high temperature condition, the flowering of three varieties except Hirokei No. 369 was accelerated, even if the treatment might be started at whatever time. 5. Under the natural day length-high temperature condition, the flowering of Hirokei No. 373 was accelerated by the treatments in and after January. The flowering acceleration of Sazanami and Asanagi was observed by the treatments in and after February and March, respectively. From the facts stated above, it is inferred that the critical photoperiods of Hirokei No. 373, Sazanami, Asanagi and Hirokei No. 369 touch a level of about 10, 11, and 12 hours, respectively, i.e., varietal differences in critical photoperiodic responses were observed cleary in case of rush plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (582K) -
Yoshio MURATA, Yoshitsugu TOGARI1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 372-387
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Kanoe SATO1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 388-393
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA japonica var. Norin-17 and a indica var. IR-8 were grown in the growth chambers at 35-30, 30-25, 25-20, 20-15, 15-10°C day (12 hr)-night (12 hr) temperatures, respectively, under natural light intensity. Three times of sampling were taken at 10 days interval. The results obtained are as follows. 1) Plant height and leaf emergence rate were higher with the higher temperatures. The optimum temperature for tillering was a little lower than for plant height and dry matter production, the tillering ability (tiller number/leaf number of main stem) being highest at 25-20°C. 2) The dry matter production was greatest at 30-25° at the early growth period for both varieties, being followed by 25-20, 35-30, 20-15 and 15-10°C in order. At the later stages, the growth at 25-20° gradually increased, subsequently becoming highest in IR-8. 35-30° seemed to be too high for growth and the lower temperatures than 20- 15° significantly decreased growth. In the regime of this experiment, the optimum for growth were 25-30° day and 20-25° night temperatures. 3) T/R and LB/LS ratios decreased with the decrease of temperature, with the exception of 15-10° where T/R ratio was higher. 4) Leaf number and leaf area per plant changed parallel with the dry matter production. The density thickness of leaf increased with decrease of temperature. The dry matter percentage of leaf was low at the optimum temperature for growth. 5) RGR of rice plant was controlled firstly through RLGR and secondly through NAR, both being declined with the advancement of growth especially sharply when the temperature increased. 6) The growth of IR-8 was greater than Norin-17, probably due to its greater seed size and greater seedling at the start of experiment, since RLGR and NAR during the temperature treatments were not significantly higher in the former variety.View full abstractDownload PDF (611K) -
Kanoe SATO1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 394-401
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe dried materials obtained 3 times during the temperature treatments as described in the previous report (I) were analyzed for total-sugar, crude starch, soluble and protein nitrogen, and mineral elements. The results are summarized as follows. 1) Total nitrogen concentration declined with the development of growth, but that of soluble-N was almost constant. Both soluble-and protein-N concentrations and soluble-N to protein-N ratio increased as temperature decreased. The ratios were highest at leaf-sheath (including stem), lowest at leaf-blade. Norin- 17 showed the higher values in this ratio than IR-8 at leaf-sheath and roots. 2) Total sugar concentrations were highest at leaf-blade and lowest at roots, but crude starch concentrations were highest at leaf-sheath, both being increased with the decrease of temperature. IR-8 showed a higher total sugar/crude starch ratio than Norin-17, especially at leaf-blade. 3) TAC/N ratios of the shoot were higher in Norin-17 than in IR-8, becoming higher with the development of growth and with the decrease of temperature in both varieties. The leaf-blade at higher temperatures contained much water, indicating a higher photosynthesis. IR-8 leaf contained more water than Norin-17. 4) The concentrations of mineral elements were variously influenced by temperature. There was a tendency that the cations concentrations decreased with the decrease of temperature, while those of anions were a little affected. Total cations/total anions, K/N, Mn/Fe, Mg/Ca, all these ratios decreased with the decrease of temperature. No definite ionic antagonism was found between K and Mg or Ca. The concentrations of N, Ca + Mg were higher at leaf-blade than at leaf-sheath, while those of K and Si were higher at leaf-sheath. 5) At higher temperatures than the optimum, the check of nitrogen absorption was more severe than that of growth, while at lower temperatures, the check of cations absorption was more severe than that of growth. It is considered that the decrease of growth at higher or lower temperatures than the optimum are connected with the check of nitrogen absorption with a less TAC content at the former, and with the check of cations absorption with a high ratio of soluble-N/protein-N and an increased TAC content in the latter, respectively. 6) The better growth of IR-8 seems to be caused by the higher ability to utilize the assimilated materials for growth than that of Norin-17.View full abstractDownload PDF (752K) -
Akio MATSUZAKI, Seizo MATSUSHIMA, Toyoo TOMITA1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 402-408
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUnder the rice cultivation, in which nitrogen supply to rice plants is restricted during the middle growth stage (the stage is from 70 to 90 in leaf number index), the leaf color of the plants turns into pale green at stage of about 25-30 days before heading, and at the same time, carbohydrates are much accumulated in rice plant as a result of the restricted nitrogen supply. Consequently, as reported in the previous paper, the low temperature resistance which is most sensible at the reduction division stage is considerably increased by the nitrogen restriction treatment. It order to ascertain whether the nitrogen restriction treatment in the middle growth stage increases the resistance of rice plants to some diseases and that to wind damages or not, the authors carried out on inoculation test of three kinds of diseases and a wind damage test. An inoculation test was carried out by following ways on the 15th day before heading: Blast; fungi were sprayed and incubated for 24 hrs. under the conditions of 30°C and 100% relative humidity. Sheath blight; a section of infected sheath was inserted between the sheath and the culm of the 4th leaf from above on each stem, and the inoculated plants were incubated under the same conditions as in blast. Bacterial leaf blight; a needle injection method was applied for all the uppermost fully expanded leaves. A wind damage test was conducted under the condition of wind velocity 8 m/s. for 5 hrs. at or just after heading stage in a wind tunnel. Results obtained may be summarized as follows. 1. The resistances to diseases. Blast; the number of infected leaves on the 14th day and 50th day after inoculation was much less on the plants on which nitrogen supply was restricted at the middle growth stage than on the control plants. bacterial leaf blight; the percentage of infected leaves to inoculated ones and the total length of lesions per infected leaf were also much less on nitrogen restricted plants than the control plants. Sheathe blight; similarly, the infection degree and development of lesions were much smaller on nitrogen restricted plants than the control plants. 2. The resistance to wind damage. Nitrogen restricted plants showed high resistance to wind damages, which could be expressed by the percentage of ripened grains, and the weight and thickness of grains. 3. From the above mentioned results, it can be deduced that the resistance to diseases at or after reduction division stage and the resistance to wind damage at or just after heading are increased by the restriction of nitrogen supply at the middle growth stage, and that the one reason why nitrogen restricted plants are highly resistant to some diseases and wind damages, can probably been ascribed to the accumulation of carbohydrates in plants as a result of nitrogen restriction.View full abstractDownload PDF (728K) -
Nobuo CHONAN1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 409-413
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOn the wheat plants grown under different soil moisture contents, 45-50%, 25-30% and 15-20% of the maximum water-holding capacity, the structural changes of the mesophyll or the 5th leaf blades were observed. The results obtained were as follows : 1) The length and width of the leaf blades, the mesophyll thickness and the interveinal distance decreased with decreasing soil moisture content. 2) Surface/volume ratio of the LP-type cells (longitudinally elongated arm-palisade cells) increased with decreasing soil moisture content, as a result of increase in number of protuberances and decrease in diameter of protuberances. 3) A close negative correlation was observed between surface/volume ratio of the LP-type cells and diameter of protuberances. 4) An increase in number of mesophyll cells per unit leaf area was found at the low soil moisture contents, such as 25-30% and 15-20%.View full abstractDownload PDF (500K) -
Nobuo CHONAN1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 414-419
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMesophyll structures of the flag leaves in temperate and tropical grasses were anatomically observed. The species used in this observation were grouped systematically in three subfamilies, the Festucoideae (13 species), Panicoideae (9 species) and Eragrostoideae (4 species). The P-type cells (palisade cells) and LP-type cells (longitudinally elongated arm-palisade cells) were found in many species of the temperate and tropical grasses, whereas the TP-type cells (transversally elongated arm-palisade cells) were not found in the tropical grasses. The temperate grasses have larger mesophyll cells in size than the tropical grasses. Size of the mesophyll cells was positively correlated with thickness of the mesophyll. Arrangement of mesophyll cells, appearing in transections, was divided into the following types; a) irregular arrangement, b) palisade-like arrangement at the abaxial layer of mesophyll, c) palisade-like arrangement at both abaxial and adaxial layers of mesophyll and d) radial arrangement. The former three, types were found in the temperate grasses, and the last type was found in the tropical grasses.View full abstractDownload PDF (1115K) -
Yoshio HOZYO, Shinjiro KATO, Hironobu KOBAYASHI1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 420-425
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was conducted to clarify the photosynthetic activity of the pods of rape plants and the effect of the pods on the ripening of rape-seeds. In making the present study, the productive characters of the plants and the net photosynthetic rates of the pods were investigated. Furthermore, the processes of accumulation of 14C-photosynthates were also traced by means of a 14C-tracer method. The study results are summarized as follows: (1) At the early ripening stage, the surface areas of pods showed on about eight-fold areas, as compared with those of the leaf blades. Marked increases in the pod surface areas were observed during the period ranging from the early ripening stage to the late ripening stage, while the leaf blade areas showed decreases during the same period. (2) The dry weights of the pods or seeds were becoming heavier according as they have grown and the higher distribution ratios of dry matters were observed in the pods, as compared with those in other organs. The pods and leaf blades showed almost the same net photosynthetic activity at the early ripening stage, but at the late ripening stage, the pods came to show higher rate than that of leaf blades. (3) Chlorophyll-a and -b contents in the pods were low, as compared with those in leaf blades. Chlorophyll contents in the pods were equivalent to about one-fifth of those in the leaf blades. (4) From the results obtained through the 14C-tracer experiments in photosynthates, higher specific radioactivities were observed in the tissues of pods and peduncles, while lower ones were observed in the stems and roots. 14C-photosynthates in the seeds observed one hour after the 14CO2 gas exposure accounted for about sixty percent of those of the seeds observed seven days after the 14CO2 exposure. On the seventh day after 14CO2 feeding, a markedly rich accumulation of 14C-photosynthates was found only in the case of seeds, and the decreases in 14C-photosynthates were observed in the cases of other tissues. Therefore, it may safely be said that 14C-photosynthates in the pods may translocate mainly to the seeds. (5) Viewed from the histochemical point, the assimilating parenchyma and vascular bundles were developed in pods as well as the leaf blades. The starch granules were found far more abundantly in the palisade parenchyma of leaf blades than in the assimilating parenchyma of the pods. (6) From the above mentioned results, it might be concluded that the pods of rape plants have the photosynthetic function and contribute very actively to the accumulation of photosynthates in the rape-seeds.View full abstractDownload PDF (746K) -
Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI, Kanoe SATO1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 426-430
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGerminated rice seeds (Oryza sativa L. var. Sasanishiki, a Japonica rice) were planted on the agar medium contained various levels of ABA (abscisic acid; 0, 0.1, 0.5, 2.0, 4.0 ppm) and GA3 (gibberellic acid; 0, 1, 10, 100, 1000 ppm) in the test tubes, being incubated at 30°C in a dark chamber for two weeks. Single application of ABA induced a marked elongation of the mesocotyls, producing more growth synergistically when ABA was applied with GA3, e.g. the mesocotyl reached about 45 mm length with 2 ppm ABA and 1000 ppm GA3 mixture. On the contrary, the elongation of the shoot above coleoptilar node was much retarded by ABA and stimulated by GA3. A similar tendency was found when growth was compared in terms of dry matter production. The dry weight of mesocotyl increased and that of shoot decreased by ABA treatment, with a concomitant decrease in the consumption of endosperm. Under dark condition with pure water, every 200-500 plants were sampled and the length of the mesocotyl and shoot was measured at 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 12 days after seed immersion. At the 4th and 5th day after immersion, the plants with longer shoot had the longer mesocotyl, but at the 6th day the almost all shoot reached about 23 mm in length regardless of the variation of mesocotyl length, when the mesocotyls seemed to have reached the final length. After the 7th day, the shoot grew rapidly in most plants the mesocotyl length of which was less than 4 mm, but in some plants with elongated mesocotyls more than 5 mm the following shoot growth was much retarded. At the 12th day, the seedlings were grouped into two; the plants with tall shoot and short mesocotyl, and the plants with short shoot and long mesocotyl. The percentage of the former was about 90% and the latter about 10%, respectively. The growth pattern of the latter plants was very similar to that of the plants treated with ABA. From these results, it may be suggested that endogenous ABA plays a role in the elongation of rice mesocotyl.View full abstractDownload PDF (548K) -
Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI, Kiyoshi WATADA1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 431-436
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was undertaken to clarify the physiological basis of the interaction between light and gibberellic acid (GA3) on the elongation of the second internode of rice seedlings. After two days immersion of rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.) in water, germinated seeds were placed on the agar medium in tubes, five seeds to a tube under green safe light. Then they were incubated in the dark growth chamber at 30°C. Various concentrations of GA3 were given to the medium at several seedling stages, and the seedlings were irradiated with light of various intensities, time of irradiation, and light of different wave length at several seedling stages. At 14 days after immersion, the length of organs were measured. Results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The elongation of the second internode in darkness was repressed by irradiation of light and stimulated by GA3 application. The maximum effects of light and GA3 were obtained when they were given on the 2∼5 day before the apparent elongation started. 2. The light inhibition on the second internode growth became greater with an increase of the irradiation time, and the elongation was almost completely inhibited when irradiated for several hours. 3. Light inhibition due to the longer irradiation time was reversed by the higher level of GA3 pretreatment, resulting that the internode elongated about 10-60 mm length even under continuos light by the pretreatment of 1000-2000 ppm of GA3. 4. From these results, it may be suggested that the internode elongation is under the control of photosensitive reactions, the action of which is interfered with exogenous GA3 and act in the most effectiveness before the apparent internode growth starts.View full abstractDownload PDF (696K) -
Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI, Kanoe SATO, Kiyoshi WADA1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 437-442
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies were conducted on the changes in cell division, cell elongation, and vascular system formation of the second internode of dark-grown rice seedlings due to light and gibberellic acid (GA3) treatments. After two days immersion in water in darkness at 30°C, germinated rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.) were placed on the agar medium, each five seeds to a tube under green safe light. The total 90 tubes were transferred into a dark growth chamber where the seedlings were grown at 30°C till sampling. One third of them were applied with 10 ppm of GA3 at the planting, and the other third were interrupted with light (white fluorescent lamp, 500 1x) for 4 hours on the second day after planting. The rest tubes were kept in darkness without GA3 application. 1. In darkness, the number of parenchyma cells of the second internode in the longitudinal direction increased rapidly from the 5th day after immersion, and it almost reached the final numbers on the 7th day when the prominent elongation of the internode started, being followed by the enlargement of the cells formed. 2. The meristematic activity of the internode was severely affected by light and GA3 given on the 4th and 2nd day after immersion, respectively. The cell division in the longitudinal direction was retarded by light irradiation, while that in the transverse direction and vascular bundle formation were stimulated by light. In contrast, the added GA3 accelerated the former and repressed the latter. 3. These results may suggest that light and GA3 counteract each other on the balance of meristematic activity in longitudinal and transverse directions, and on the vascular bundle formation in the internodes.View full abstractDownload PDF (846K) -
Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI, Kiyoshi WADA1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 443-448
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBy using the rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.), the physiological roles of leaves, roots, endosperms and hulls in the second internode elongation were studied. The following results were obtained. 1. The endosperm consumption was suggested to be hardly affected with light irradiation or gibberellic acid (GA3) application. 2. The elongation of the second internode was strongly diminished when the leaves were removed on the 2∼5th day before the apparent elongation occurred, but it was little affected by the removal of roots and hulls. 3. The inhibition by leaf removal was partially reversed by the GA3 pretreatment. 4. The greater inhibition of the second internode was induced by the light irradiation to the shoot tip. 5. The substances diffused from dark-grown shoots to agar block were shown to have a stimulative effect on the internode growth of dark-grown plant, and those from light-irradiated shoots a inhibitory effect. 6. These results may suggest an important role of the leaves as a producer of the internode growth regulators, the activities of which are much affected by light conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (718K) -
Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI, Kanoe SATO, Kiyoshi WADA1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 449-453
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo see the changes in the internode growth with ageing, the rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) at different stages of growth were applied with the various concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) at 0, 0.1, 10, and 1000 ppm by foliar spray. 1. During vegetative growth stage, the (n+2)-th internode was initially induced to elongate with the high level of GA3 (1000 ppm) application to the plant of the (n)-th leaf stage, but after the young panicle formation the (n)-th interned initially elongated. 2. The low level of GA3 (10 ppm) application to the plant of the (n)-th leaf stage elongated the (n)-th internode after the young panicle was initiated, but failed to stimulate the internode growth during vegetative growth stage. 3. when high concentration of GA3 was applied to the plant before the 8.6th leaf stage, the 10th internode elongated very much being caused by high rate of cell division and cell elongation in the longitudinal direction of the internode. After the 8.6th leaf stage, however, GA3 failed to stimulate the elongation of the 10th internode. These results may suggest that GA3 acts as a trigger for the metabolic activity involved in the cell division and cell elongation or the internode which is ordinarily enhanced with panicle initiation, and the critical response of the internode to GA3 depends on the specific status of the meristem of the internode at the time of GA3 application.View full abstractDownload PDF (605K) -
Tetsuo NAKAJIMA, Shigeo NONOYAMA1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 454-458
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSprouting from the root-tuber of growing plant have been known in some varieties of sweet potato. Using the four cultivars, Chugoku-25, Hayato, Kokei-14 and Norin-1, which had difference in the sprouting habit, experiments were carried out to get knowledge of the regulating factor/s on the development and the sprouting of the adventitious bud in sweet potato. (1) No varietal difference was observed microscopically on the developmental pattern of adventitious bud until the 60th day after planting. (2) In later day, some of the adventitious buds in the two varieties, Chugoku-25 and Hayato had grown in their length and had sprouted. On the other hand, most of the adventitious buds of the other two varieties, Kokei-14 and Norin-1 never elongated until havest time. (3) The varietal difference on the sprouting habit, therefore, may be based on the difference among the varieties on the elongation of adventitious bud, but not on the developmental pattern of them. (4) By means of grafting which was undertaken among the four varieties, it was revealed that the elongation of adventitious bud was influenced by the characteristics of a variety used as a scion. And it was supposed that the substance/s transfered from scion to stock (from shoot to root-tuber) inhibited the growth of sprout. (5) On the other hand, the influence on the elongation of adventitious bud could be observed also in the characteristics of a variety used as a stock. Therefore, it is concluded that the sprouting of the adventitious bud in root-tuber may be regulated by the substance/s transfered from shoot and also by the endogenous factor/s in root-tuber.View full abstractDownload PDF (569K) -
Eizo MAEDA1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 459-471
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUnhulled seeds and the accessory parts of rice (Oryza sativa var. Aichi asahi) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The surface topography is described and illustrated in awn, glume, rachilla, empty glume, rudimentary glume and pedicel. Cross sections of glume (hull) were also observed. The detailed structure of glume development in abaxial surface shows the epidermal cells give rise to the trichomes or the minute protuberances fitting tightly between the longitudinal rows of the enlarged epidermal cells (tubercles). The tubercles are about 65 μm in width and have two bulges. This alternate arrangement of the outgrowths and tubercles shows variation in differentiation of epidermal cells. The basal portion of trichome is 30-60 μm in diameter, and the protuberances are 7 μm in width. A hole is at the central portion of the outgrowths. The adaxial surface of glume possesses a number of minute protuberances and rows of stomata. Stomata are 10 μm in length. The minute protuberance in both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of glume consists of two cells. Trichomes arising from the epidermis of the awn, empty glume, rudimentary glume and pedicel are few to many. The above mentioned results confirm the earlier observations by de Haan and Juliano et al.View full abstractDownload PDF (3417K) -
Kazuo NAGATO, Morie EBATA, Masashi ISHIKAWA1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 472-479
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. As a percentage of dry weight, the total nitrogen content of brown rice decreased notably after flowering on account of a rapid accumulation of carbohydrate in grain and showed minimum value at 20 days after flowering, then increased slightly until maturity. (fig. 1, 2, 3) Albumin and globulin contents decreased slowly toward maturity and prolamin content did not show a notable change during maturation. Glutelin content showed a similar change to that of total nitrogen content. 2. The amounts of albumin and globulin per grain increased during the former period and showed a slight decrease during the latter period of maturation. The amount of prolamin increased during the former period and did not change during the latter period. The amount of glutelin per grain showed a rapid increase during 28 days after flowering and increased slowly until maturity after that. The change of glutelin represented that of total nitrogen. (fig. 5) 3. The middle portion of brown rice was fractionated into bran, outer part and inner part as shown in fig. 6 and the weight of them were 9, 43 and 49% of the whole middle portion, respectively. Glutelin content was highest in the outer part and lowest in the inner part. Albumin, globulin and prolamin contents were highest in bran and lowest in the inner part. The total nitrogen content was highest in bran. (table 3) 4. The nitrogen contents in leaf-sheath and culm of rice plant during ripening period had a positive effect upon the nitrogen contents of brown and milled rice. The top-dressing of nitrogen at heading stage and the shading treatment during ripening raised the nitrogen content of rice plant. Consequently, the nitrogen contents of brown and milled rice were increased notably by these treatment. (fig. 7, table 6) 5. The small grains had higher protein content than the larger grains of same variety and the former had lower degree of milling than the latter. This relationship was also observed between the upland-cultured rice grains and the lowland-cultured rice grains. Probably, the high-protein grains are harder than the low-protein grains. (table 7)View full abstractDownload PDF (812K) -
Norihiro SHIMIZU, Kunikazu UEKI1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 480-487
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper forms the second part of a series of investigations on the control of the breaking of dormancy in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa Crusgalli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi) seed. This investigation evaluated the change of the dormancy-breaking effect of several inhibitors against oxidation-reduction system through the process of the breaking of dormancy. 1) In deep dormancy stage, 8-oxyquinoline, KCN, DIECA, HgCl2, Na2S and salicylaldoxime-all showed a stimulative effect on the breaking of dormancy in considerable degree. But thiourea, NaN3 and BAL had no effect. 2) In deep dormancy stage, the inhibition of oxygen uptake by salicyladoxime, DIECA or HgCl2 was no more than 30 percent under the treatment inducing the dormancy-breaking effect. In addition, thiourea did not inhibit the oxygen uptake under the same treatment. 3) In shallow dormancy stage, the dormancy-breaking effect of KCN and HgCl2 increased remarkably. However, 8-oxyquinoline, DIECA and salicylaldoxime showed less effect than KCN and HgCl2. 4) The effect of 8-oxyquinoline in shallow stage was inferior to the level in deep stage by all means of treated period or concentration. 5) On the contrary, NaN3 had a noted effect only in shallow stage. These results indicate that the endogenous mechanism of dormancy in barnyardgrass is changing gradually, corresponding with the environmental conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (818K) -
Norihiro SHIMIZU, Kunikazu UEKI1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 488-495
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper forms the third part of a series of investigations on the control of the breaking of dormancy in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa Crusgalli var. oryzicola Ohwi) seed. This investigation evaluated the dormancy-breaking effect of various compounds concerning with endogenous oxidation-reduction system and the change of its effect through the dormancy-breaking process. 1) In deep dormancy stage, hydroquinone and benzoquinone showed a stimulative effect on the breaking of dormancy in considerable degree. Moreover, as the dormancy became shallow, the effect of these compounds was higher than in deep stage. 2) In shallower dormancy stage, guaiacol, resorcinol and L-ascorbic acid had effect as remarkable as hydroquinone. However, no effect was shown by pyrogallol and catechol in any dormancy stage. 3) In shallow stage, o-cresol showed a marked effect on the breaking of dormancy, but m- and p-cresol had no effect. 4) There is no relationship between the dormancy-breaking effect and the inhibition of oxygen up-take, comparing with guaiacol, resorcinol, catechol and pyrogallol treatments. The results obtained suggest that the inhibition of tyrosinase (polyphenol oxidase) is the critical factor in the dormancy-breaking action of hydroquinone, resorcinol, quaiacol and L-ascorbic acid, which are known not to be substrates of tyrosinase and to be inhibitors of the enzyme.View full abstractDownload PDF (827K) -
Shinjiro KATO, Yoshio HOZYO1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 496-501
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study is to make clear the effects of sink activities on the translocation of 14C-photosynthates by using the sample grafts. Four reciprocal grafts were obtained by grafting between the stocks and scions of wild type (Ipomoea trifida (H.B.K.) (Don.) ·T-15) and improved variety (Ipomoea batatas Poiret var. Okinawa No. 100). The fifth leaf of the respective grafts was exposed to 14CO2 for 1 hour, and the plants were harvested in the lapse of 24 hours after treatments. The study results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) In case where Okinawa No. 100 was used as stocks, it was observed that the dry weights of whole plants and tuberous roots were greater, and the apparent photosynthetic rate was higher than I. trifida·T-15 was used as stocks. (2) The highest specific radioactivities were observed in cases of leaves, petioles and stems at the position exposed to 14CO2. These values gradually decreased according as it became away from them. Generally speaking, the highest values next to those at the position exposed to 14CO2 were observed in the undeveloped foliar parts. (3) It was observed that the specific and total radioactivities of stems found in the position lower the leaf blades exposed to 14CO2 were greater in case where Okinawa No. 100 was used as stocks than I. Trifida·T-15 was used as stocks, whatever type of scions might be used. (4) When the same type scions was grafted on the stocks, the total radioactivities of the tuberous roots and roots of Okinawa No. 100-stock grafts were greater than those of I. trifida·T-15-stock grafts. (5) From the above mentioned facts, close relationships were observed between the "translocation process of 14C-photosynthates or the apparent photosynthetic rate of leaf blades" and the "growth of tuberous roots". In this sense, it may safely be said that the sink activity has effect on the translocation of photosynthates and photosynthetic activity.View full abstractDownload PDF (659K) -
Eun Hi HONG, Mutsuo OJIMA1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 502-508
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe investigation was made to clarify the characteristics of dry matter production of high yielding soybean varieties as a way to increase protein yield per unit land area under late-planting culture. Soybeans were planted on late in June. High grain yields were obtained in the varieties which showed high dry matter production after the unfolding time of terminal leaves. The dry matter production after the terminal leaves unfolding time was closely related to the leaf area duration (LAD), and in the varieties which showed higher LAI than 3 that was also highly correlated to the NAR. Under the late-planting culture the growing period is shorten due to the high temperature and the short day length, consequently, the grain yield is kept at lower level, therefor, it is necessary to extend the period of vegetative growth and ripening by introduction of an indeterminate growth habit gene to the varieties. Some of Korean varieties showed high adaptability to the late-planting culture. The leaf area duration per unit grain weight was smaller in the varieties having high photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area than in the low photosynthetic varieties, so it can be considered that the high photo-synthetic varieties have high possibility to increase the yields by increase the LAD. The ratio of photosynthetate distributed to the seeds was higher than that to the pod shells in the high yielding varieties.View full abstractDownload PDF (756K) -
Masao HOSHINO, Hisakazu OIZUMI, Tadakatsu OKUBO1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 509-513
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of temperature, especially low temperature on the translocation of 14C-assimilates was examined. 1) At the favorable temperature for growth (15°-25°C), the 14C-assimilates of ladino clover moved at the speed of about 30 cm/hr. At 10°C, speed was reduced and the speed of 14C-assimilates was about 20 cm/hr. 2) The basipetal translocation of the 14C-assimilates was faster and more dominent than the acropetal when 14C was fed leaf No. 4 from growing points. The gradient of 14C-assimilates to the basal part of plant (i.e. basipetal) was more clear and sharp than those of acropetal. 3) Total amount of translocated 14C-assimilates was greater in the high temperature than the low temperature in the range of 10°-25°C. 4) When plants grown at 20°C were transfered to low temperature, speed of translocation was reduced, particularly below 10°C. At 0°-2°C, and 5°C translocation was almost completely ceased. But plants grown at low temperature, 5°C, showed the adaptation to the condition of low temperature, and the inhibition of the low temperature on the translocation was reduced. At any rate, the low temperature reduced the speed of translocation of 14C-assimilates. It seemed that this will be one of the reason for delayed growth at low temperature, especially in the case when the plants were exposed to the low temperature suddenly.View full abstractDownload PDF (533K) -
Morie EBATA1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 514-520
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA photometric method for evaluating the quality of hulled non-glutinous rice grains has been reported by the author. In this experiment, an application of this method to hulled glutinous rice was examined. Glutinous rice, especially the grade standard samples from various prefectures throughout the country were also tested photometrically. Injured grains which are characterized by abnormal color in pericarp or chalky tissues in endosperm showed low light transmittancy in accordance with the degree of injury. Glutinous rice samples of high grade showed high values of the relative light transmittance and low percentages of injured or inferior grains. Therefore, close relationships among the grade of rice, content of injured or inferior grains and the relative light transmittance values were seen as revealed on the non-glutinous rice in the previous report. A significant correlation was also obtained between light transmittance values of the glutinous rice samples and those of the normal or healthy grains selected from the same samples. From these results it was confirmed that this photometric method could be reasonably applied to evaluating the quality of hulled glutinous rice. As for the standard rice samples from various prefectures, these coefficients of variance in the transmittance values were bigger for each of the grades as compared with nonglutinous standard rice. This suggests that national consistency in quality standard of glutinous rice is unsatisfactory. Mixing nonglutinous grains with glutinous samples increased the transmittance value of the samples considerably. Therefore, a previous inspection of mingled nonglutinous grains which can be done easily with the naked eye may be necessary for a correct evaluation of glutinous rice by photometric method.View full abstractDownload PDF (796K) -
Toru TASHIRO, Yasuhiro KONO1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 521-530
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the heterogeneity of endosperm tissue, which is seemed to be mainly caused by 3n, the pattern of cell division and the behavior of endosperm nuclei accompanying with early development of rice endosperm tissue were investigated. Mitosis was generally observed in the endosperm, but particularly it was not succeeded by cytogenesis in free nuclear stage. The abnormal figures frequently observed in the processes of cell division indicated heteropycnosis of chromonema (plate 7), chromosome clump (plate 8-10), laggard chromosome (plate 11, 12), retard of phragmoplast formation (plate 14, 15), multinucleate cell (plate 21-25), multipolar division (plate 16-19), amitosis (plate 26), and karyogamy or migration of nucleus (plate 20). The frequency of abnormal division for total number of mitotic cells was about 10%. While the frequency of multinucleate cell for total number of observed cells was about 0.3%. The cell size and the variation in diameter increased with development of endosperm tissue. The increment in nuclear size and the variation in diameter showed the same tendency as the cells did. But the nuclei decreased their length in the minor axis and finally indicated ellipsoid shape. The variation in nuclear volume increased with the development of endosperm tissue. This variation markedly increased with 6 days of age after flowering. The frequency of multinucleate cell also increased with the development of endosperm tissue and this increment were remarkable after the inception of starch grains. From these results it was confirmed that the nature of the endosperm tissue in rice plants is heterogenous.View full abstractDownload PDF (2626K) -
Toshihiko YAMAGUCHI, Tetsuo NAKAJIMA1972 Volume 41 Issue 4 Pages 531-532
Published: December 28, 1972
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (361K)
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