Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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Volume 84, Issue 2
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
  • Effects of Heavy Application of Compost on Nitrogen Uptake and Dry Matter Production of Forage Rice Variety Momiroman
    Gaku Arisawa, Seiji Nobuoka, Fujio Tamai, Masataka Fukuyama
    2015 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 129-139
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.84.129
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    We cultivated a forage rice Momiroman and an ordinary paddy rice Nipponbare with poultry manure compost or chemical fertilizer. Three types of plots were prepared: standard-quantity compost (N: 2.1%, 1.8 tDM/10 a), large-quantity compost (3.6 tDM/10 a), and chemical fertilizer. We investigated the effects of compost application on high yielding ability of Momiroman: nitrogen uptake and dry matter production at the ripening period. The results showed that nitrogen uptake and dry weight were greater in Momiroman than in Nipponbare in both chemical fertilizer and compost plots. The results also showed that the ear weight increases with the increase in assimilation during the ripening period. The leaf area was large and leaf nitrogen concentration was high in Momiroman in the large-compost plot, even during the ripening period. Momiroman had longer plant length than Nipponbare, and its leaves were widely distributed from the lower to upper part of the stem: this structure reduced the loss of relative light intensity regardless of the leaf area increase and maintained good radiation interception. Consequently, although Momiroman has a smaller leaf area than Nipponbare, the dry matter production per leaf area and dry matter production are larger in Momiroman than in Nipponbare at the ripening period. From these results, we conclude that application of poultry manure compost in a large quantity increases the assimilation at the ripening period; thus compost in a large-quantity compost can increase the yield and protein of Momiroman.
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  • Nitrogen Content of Wheat Plants at Anthesis Affects Grain Protein Content and its Increase in Response to Nitrogen Topdressing at Anthesis
    Yumi Shimazaki, Maiko Akasaka, Yoshiaki Watanabe, Yasuo Ohshita, Hirom ...
    2015 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 140-149
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.84.140
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    Nitrogen topdressing at anthesis increases protein content of grain in bread wheat. Nitrogen content of plant at anthesis may also influence this increase in protein content of grain. We conducted experiments to demonstrate the effect of nitrogen content of plant at anthesis on protein content of grain and its increase in response to nitrogen topdressing at anthesis. First, we compared plants grown in a drained paddy-field and an upland field. Plants grown in the upland field accumulated larger amounts of nitrogen in their aboveground parts at anthesis than those in the drained paddy field. The larger amounts of nitrogen accumulated were translocated to the spikes, and the grain protein content was higher in the upland plants than in the paddy plants. However, the increase in grain protein content by nitrogen topdressing at anthesis was smaller in the plants grown in the upland field than in the paddy field. We then examined grain protein content, and the effect of nitrogen topdressing at anthesis on the increase in grain protein content, in the upland field treated with different levels of nitrogen basal dressing and topdressing at jointing-stage. The grain protein content was higher, but the increase in grain protein content in response to nitrogen topdressing at anthesis was smaller, in plants that had accumulated a larger amount of nitrogen through high-dose fertilization before anthesis. These results suggested that the nitrogen content of plants at anthesis would affect the grain protein content and its increase in response to nitrogen topdressing at anthesis, which would depend on the amount of remobilized nitrogen from culms and leaves to ears during the grain filling period.
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  • Effects of Flooding on Photosynthesis in Eddo
    Kazuhiro Ikezawa, Michio Onjo, Riichiro Yoshida, Masashi Yamamoto, Sum ...
    2015 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 150-154
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.84.150
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    The yield of ‘Daikichi’, eddo cultivar (Colocasia esculenta Schott (L). var. antiquorum Hubbard & Rehder) cultivar generally grown in upland fields is increased by pot culture under flooded conditions. Here, we studied the effect of flooding on the photosynthesis in eddo under upland field conditions and flooded conditions in which flooding treatment started when two to three leaves emerged. In comparison with upland field conditions, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, amount of chlorophyll and photosynthetic rate were increased with the plant growth under flooded conditions. The increase in transpiration under flooded conditions prevented the rise of daytime leaf temperature thus preventing the decrease in photosynthetic rate that occurs under high temperature conditions.
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  • Nitrogen Topdressing Timing After Full Heading Time for Appropriate Grain Protein Content of the Wheat Cultivar for Chinese Noodles ‘ChikushiW2gou’
    Tomomichi Ishimaru, Masato Araki, Takuya Araki, Tomizo Yamamoto
    2015 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 155-161
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.84.155
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    We examined the nitrogen topdressing timing 15N labeled ammonium sulfate for increasing grain protein content above 12% in the wheat cultivar for Chinese noodles ‘ChikushiW2gou’. The topdressing at the full heading and 7 days later stably increased grain protein content above 12% regardless of the year. Also the number of days from full heading to topdressing correlated negatively with the ratio of nitrogen content of ripe grain derived from topdressing to topdressing nitrogen amount (nitrogen availability) and total nitrogen contents in ripe grain (nitrogen contribution ratio). Topdressing at full heading or 7 days later resulted in almost 60% of the nitrogen availability and 30% of nitrogen contribution ratio. The nitrogen availability in topdressing at 14 days after full heading time was affected by the rain after the topdressing. Topdressing at 21 or 28 days after heading hardly contributed to protein accumulation, resulting in a protein content of ripe grain of less than 12%. In this study, we concluded that the appropriate time of nitrogen topdressing for increasing grain protein content above 12% in “ChikushiW2gou” is from full heading to 7 days later, where the availability of topdressed nitrogen is more than 60% and the contribution ratio of topdressed nitrogen to grain protein is above 30%.
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  • Effects of the Fertilizer Saving Systems on Crop Yield and Soil Chemical Properties in Paddy Rotation System Using Non-tillage Direct Seeder
    Kazuhiro Watanabe, Morio Matsuzaki, Kazuyuki Matsuo, Yoshiaki Watanabe
    2015 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 162-175
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.84.162
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    We designed several fertilizer saving systems for the paddy rotation system using a non-tillage direct seeder. In these fertilizing systems, a sufficient amount of phosphatic fertilizer (fused phosphate) is applied before sowing wheat, and potash fertilizer is applied as top-dressing for wheat and barley. Soybean and rice are cultivated without phosphatic and potash fertilizer, and the total amount of phosphatic and potash fertilizer through the rotation system is expected to be substantially reduced. We examined the effects of these fertilizer saving systems on the productivity of wheat, soybean, barley and rice, and on the chemical properties of the soil for four years. Even when the application rate of phosphatic and potash fertilizer was reduced to 55–80% and 30–55% of that used in the conventional plot, respectively, the yields of all four crops were comparable to those obtained by the conventional system. The available phosphate level in the soil was also comparable to that in the control. Exchangeable potassium in the soil in the fertilizer saving systems, however, was lower than that in the conventional system, suggesting that the potash saving rate needs to be reduced. In addition, pH and CEC were lowered by the continuation of the paddy-upland rotation, although these were not direct effects of the reduction of fertilizer. Further studies are needed to establish an effective and sustainable fertilizing system including management of alkaline materials and organic matter.
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Quality and Processing
  • Sensory Test for the Palatability of Japanese Rice Cultivars by Chinese and Japanese Panels
    Zhang Xin, Zhongqiu Cui, Jing Cui, Yuji Matsue, Takefumi Ogata, Akihit ...
    2015 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 176-181
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.84.176
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    The sensory test for palatability was performed on Japanese rice cultivars by Chinese and Japanese panels. Significant positive correlations were observed in the overall eating-quality, appearance, taste, stickiness and hardness between the Chinese and Japanese panels. However, some Japanese rice cultivars that were given a low rank by the Japanese panel were evaluated highly palatable by the Chinese panel. The difference in the evaluation of the palatability of rice between the Chinese panel and the Japanese panel was not a characteristic of a specific Chinese rice cultivar group used, but on the difference in their taste preference. The Japanese panel mainly determined the overall eating-quality by appearance and stickiness, whereas the Chinese panel determined it by taste and appearance. In particular, the taste preference for hardness of the Japanese panel differed from that of the Chinese panel, the Japanese panel preferred soft rice while the Chinese panel preferred hard rice.
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  • Differences in the Agricultural Characteristics and the Sake Brewing Aptitude of the Brewing Suitable Rice between Hokkaido and Hyogo Prefecture, Japan
    Kazuo Tanaka, Yuji Hirayama, Hisashi Tanno
    2015 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 182-191
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.84.182
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    By comparing the agricultural characteristics and the sake brewing aptitude of the brewing suitable rice in Hokkaido with those in Hyogo prefecture, we revealed the sake brewing aptitude which is necessary to improve the rice in Hokkaido suitable for brewing. We used the data of basic research made to determine the “encouraged varieties” and the data used for national uniformed analysis of sake brewing aptitude of brewing suitable rice. The advantage of brewing suitable rice in Hokkaido compared with that in Hyogo was the higher brown rice yield due to the large spikelet numbers m-2, the lower lodging rate due to shorter culm length, the high brown rice quality due to lower white-belly rate and the lower cracked grain rate. On the other hand, the disadvantage was the lighter thousand grain weight, the lower 20 minute water absorption rate, the lower steamed rice water absorption rate and the higher crude protein content of grains. The reason for the higher crude protein content of brewing suitable rice in Hokkaido as compared with Hyogo, was considered the larger amount of nitrogen fertilizer in Hokkaido than in Hyogo. In order to improve the brewing aptitude of rice in Hokkaido, it is necessary to increase the thousand grain weight, the 20 minutes water absorption rate and the steamed rice water absorption rate, and to reduce the crude protein content.
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Modelling, Information and Environment
  • Estimating the Amount of Fixed Nitrogen from Water Use Efficiency in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)
    Shinpei Sugata, Tomohiro Kawasaki, Akio Sumi
    2015 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 192-200
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.84.192
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    To estimate the amount of fixed nitrogen (N), we compared the N absorption of cowpea with root nodules grown under 0 gN per pot conditions (0N cowpea) with that of corn grown under 0 gN (0N corn). We also compared the water use efficiency (WUE) of 0N cowpea with that of cowpea without nodules produced by growing with 5 gN per pot fertilization (5N cowpea). We noted that although the increase in total dry weight had stopped at the early growth period in 0N corn, it continued to increase in 0N cowpea that received a fixed N supply via the root nodules. Furthermore, we noted that growth was greatly inhibited in the 5N cowpea but WUE was kept high throughout the growth period. Although the WUE of 5N cowpea tended to remain nearly constant during the experimental period, that of 0N cowpea decreased with the increase in the amount of fixed nitrogen. From these results, we consider that the amount of fixed N can be estimated by comparing the WUE of cowpea without root nodules (no N fixation) with that of cowpea with root nodules (N fixation).
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  • The Relationship between the Amount of Evapotranspiration and Dry Mass in Mixed Planting, Especially in Relation to Nitrogen Fixation
    Shinpei Sugata, Akio Sumi, Mizuki Iwashita
    2015 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 201-208
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.84.201
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    Nitrogen (N) fixing plants have a lower water-use efficiency (WUE) than non-fixing plants. Although both types produce the same amount of mass upon drying, nitrogen-fixing plants were found to have consumed more water than non-fixing plants. We investigated whether this phenomenon could be detected in mixed planting. We measured WUE values of non-nitrogen-fixing maize and sunflower under single-species conditions and total dry weight (W) under mixed-species conditions. Then we calculated the sum transpiration amount (∑T, =W/WUE) and sum soil evaporation amount (∑E0). The sum of evaporation (∑ET) from a mixed pot containining non-nitrogen-fixing maize and sunflower species was consistent with the total of ∑T and ∑E0. On the other hand, the measured ∑ET from the mixed pot containing maize and nodulating cowpea was larger than the calculated ∑ET; this latter value was calculated by the procedure described above, using the WUE of maize and that of non-nodulating cowpea grown in a 5 gNO3-N pot-1. The difference between the values was closely related to nitrogen fixation. These results suggest that, if the WUE for non-nodulating plants can be estimated, a method for predicting the quantity of symbiotically-fixed nitrogen through measurements of ∑ET and W can be applied to mixed planting.
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Research and Technical Note
  • Estimation of the Starting Time of Stem Elongation Based on Internode Length Pattern and Number of Expanded Leaves in Sweet Sorghum
    Akihiro Fujii, Satoshi Nakamura, Keita Nabeya, Yusuke Goto
    2015 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 209-212
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.84.209
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    In sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench), the starting time of stem elongation is the time when the stem can be recognized from external appearance and is also the time when the basal internodes, which are closely related to the stem volume, are formed. However, it is difficult to define the starting time of stem elongation because the internode is enclosed by leaf sheaths. The starting time of stem elongation can be estimated by measurements during the rapid elongation period of basal internode which became about 10 cm in length at harvest and the number of expanded leaves. In this study, we developed a new method for estimating the starting time of stem elongation based on the internode length pattern shown by arranging the internode length from the base to the top and the number of expanded leaves. Comparison of the two estimation methods suggested that the new method allows us to presume the starting time of stem elongation like the previous method, but is more useful than the previous method which requires confirmation of the data on all individuals.
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