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Volume 75 (2006)
- Issue 4 Pages 443-
- Issue 3 Pages 241-
- Issue 2 Pages 119-
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Volume 75, Issue 4
Displaying 1-23 of 23 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Eiji Goto, Michiko Nomura, Osamu Inatsu2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 443-450
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to understand the effect of the time of nitrogen topdressing (panicle formation stage — 40 days after heading time) on the recovery rate of applied nitrogen and its distribution in rice plant, we examined the absorption rate of nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium sulphate) labeled with nitrogen (15N) in Hokkaido Kamikawa Agric.Exp.Stn. (Brown lowland soil). Nitrogen topdressed from panicle formation stage to 7 days after panicle formation stage was allocated to polished rice at a low rate, and did not affect the protein content of polished rice, although it increased the yield. Nitrogen application at the flag leaf stage increased the recovery rate and protein content of polished rice. A similar tendency was observed irrespective of the amount of basal dressing of nitrogen. Both the recovery rate of nitrogen and protein content of polished rice were highest when the time of topdressing from heading time to 10 days after heading time.Therefore, it is important to apply nitrogen topdressing within 7 days after the panicle formation stage to produce low protein content rice, and later nitrogen topdressing should be avoided.View full abstractDownload PDF (954K) -
Eiji Goto, Michiko Nomura, Osamu Inatsu2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 451-458
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo examine the effect of the method of nitrogen fertilizer application (incorporation into plow layer, surface layer application and side dressing) on the recovery rate of applied nitrogen and its distribution in rice plant, we investigated the absorption of 15N-labeled (ammonium sulphate) in Hokkaido Kamikawa Agric.Exp.Stn. (Humic Brown Lowland soil). The average recovery rate of nitrogen incorporated into the plow layer (4, 8, 12, 16 g N m-2) ranged from 32 to 41%. The distribution of applied nitrogen in the plants fertilized with 8 g m-2 incorporated into the plow layer was 36.5% to leaves and stems, 63.5% to ears and 45.4% to polished rice. The surface layer application method (combined with incorporation into plow layer) of nitrogen reduced the recovery rate and protein content of polished rice and yield. The side dressing combined with incorporation into the plow layer increased the recovery rate of nitrogen and grain yield compared with incorporation of all of the fertilizer into the plow layer. However, side-dressed nitrogen was mainly absorbed by the plants before the flag leaf stage, and was less distributed to ear and grains resulting in a low protein content of polished rice. The recovery rate of nitrogen incorporated into the plow layer ranged from 2 to 4% in the next year, and from 1 to 2% in the third year. The amount of applied fertilizer nitrogen remaining in the soil after the third year of harvest was about 20% on the average. We concluded that the combination of side dressing and incorporation into the plow layer could be a valuable method for the production of low protein-content rice in high yields.View full abstractDownload PDF (1087K) -
Hiroshi Fujii, Kunio Oda, Yasushi Shibata, Shizuka Mori, Akinori Imaga ...2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 459-464
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice plants in an extensive area were damaged by salty winds caused by typhoon No.15, 2004 in the Shonai area of yamagata Prefecture. The yield index of rice was the lowest in 35 years. The characteristic of the typhoon was investigated in relation to rice yield. The main factors affecting the yield of rice were as follows. 1) Maximum south-west wind speed higher than 15 m s-1 and duration of strong winds(stronger than 10 m s-1)longer than 5 hours, 2) There was a lot of spindrift caused by mountain waves in the coastline, 3) Sodium, adhered to the rice panicles, was not washed out because of little rain, and 4) The critical rice stage which was sensitive to salt damage coincided with the typhoon. In general, rice yield was lower in the coastal area than in the inland area. The rice yield in the north part of Shonai area was lower than that in the south part of Shonai area probably because the velocity of the wind was higher in the north part and salt particles reached the inland.View full abstractDownload PDF (1900K) -
Akira Fukushima, Osamu Kusuda, Masami Furuhata, Hiroshi Nakano2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 465-471
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe growth and yield of new winter wheat Saikai 185 were compared with those of winter wheat Iwainodaichi and spring wheat Chikugoizumi for three years to evaluate the yielding ability of Saikai 185 in early sowing and to clarify the characteristics adaptable for early sowing. The double ridge formation and early stem elongation of Saikai 185 were almost equal to those of Iwainodaichi and later than those of Chikugoizumi. In contrast, the heading and maturity of Saikai 185 were almost equal to those of Chikugoizumi and Iwainodaichi. Saikai 185 exhibited characteristics similar to winter wheat Iwainodaichi, such as a large shoot number at the maximum tillering stage, many spikelets per spike, relatively short upper internodes, and a large LAI at the flowering stage. However, the total dry weight at the maximum tillering and flowering stages of Saikai 185 was equivalent to that of Chikugoizumi and Iwainodaichi. The grain yield of Saikai 185 was also similar to that of Iwainodaichi and Chikugoizumi. Flecken appeared on the leaf blade during ripening stage in Saikai 185, but it was not considered to inhibit dry matter production. These results suggest that the yielding ability of Saikai 185 is almost equal to that of Iwainodaichi and Chikugoizumi cultivated by early sowing when there are no frost injuries, although the developmental pattern differs among the three varieties.View full abstractDownload PDF (833K) -
Taiki Yoshihira, Toshihiko Karasawa, Keiji Nakatsuka2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 472-479
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe efficiency of nitrogen fertilization (the increase of grain yield (G) per unit nitrogen fertilizer (FN) applied at the regrowing stage, ΔG/ΔFN) of high yielding winter triticale cultivar 'Presto' was analyzed in comparison with that of Japanese wheat cultivar 'Hokushin' and Polish rye cultivar 'Warko' in the field from 1997 to 2000. In each of the 4 years G and ΔG/ΔFN of triticale were higher than those of wheat and rye. The differences in ΔG/ΔFN among the three crops were due to the differences in mean leaf area index (MLAI) during the grain filling period. The differences in MLAI between triticale and wheat were attributed to the differences in the leaf blade dry-weight per unit nitrogen uptake (ΔLW/ΔN) at the milk-ripe stage. On the other hand, the differences in MLAI between triticale and rye were due to the differences in the nitrogen allocation to the leaf blade at the milk-ripe stage, which resulted from the differences in the nitrogen concentration of the leaf blade per unit nitrogen uptake (ΔLNC/ΔN). The results indicated that high yields of new winter triticale cultivars were due to a combination of the high efficiency of nitrogen uptake for leaf expansion, which is the characteristic of rye, and the high nitrogen allocation to the leaf blade during the grain filling period, which is the characteristic of wheat.View full abstractDownload PDF (920K) -
Satoshi Shimamura, Motoki Takahashi, Tsutomu Nohara, Takuji Nakamura, ...2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 480-486
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe yield of supernodulating soybean cultivar 'Sakukei 4' is stably higher under non-tillage than under tillage conditions. This seems to be due to high sensitivity to soil drought stress of this cultivar, because development of the root system is restricted by supernodulation. To analyze the factor of the sensitivity to drought stress, we compacted the soil to mimic the non-tillage condition and examined the physiological and ecological characteristics of Sakukei 4 and its parental cultivar 'Enrei' in the field with different soil hardness. The development of the root system in Sakukei 4 was inferior to that in Enrei under both soil compacted and non-compacted conditions, which indicated that Sakukei 4 is likely more sensitive to soil drought stress. In Sakukei 4, however, the bleeding rate and stomatal conductance were higher under soil compaction than under non-compaction, indicating that drought stress was mitigated by soil compaction treatment. The shoot dry weight of Sakukei 4 was heavier in soil compaction than in non-compaction from the early growth stage to maturity. The yield of Sakukei 4 in soil compaction was 360-380 g m-2, which was 50 g m-2 higher than that in non-compaction in both years. A significant difference between the soil compaction treatment was observed at the 1% level. On the other hand, the compaction treatment had no effect on the growth and yield of Enrei. We conclude that Sakukei 4 has an inferior root system and is more sensitive to soil drought stress than Enrei; however, the water uptake by the root system was improved by soil compaction, which enhanced the volume water content of the soil and mitigated drought stress. Therefore, shoot growth and yield were improved by soil compaction in Sakukei 4.View full abstractDownload PDF (859K)
Quality and Processing
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Satoshi Nakatsu, Hiroshi Matsunaga, Atsushi Sawaguchi2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 487-491
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGrain quality (volume weight, α-amylase activity, protein content and ash content) was investigated on 128 winter wheat samples, Hokushin variety, collected in central Tokachi region from 2002 to 2004. There was no significant relationship between the grain quality and grain yield, or among the grain quality components. Volume weight showed a relatively high correlation with grain weight (r=0.67**—0.91**) and the percentage of whole grain (r=0.65**—0.90**) in each year. The mean grain weight was higher the lower the temperature in the ripening period; 2003 > 2002 > 2004. The mean volume weight in 2003 was also higher than that in 2002 and 2004. The activity of α-amylase was low in all three years examined because of the limited precipitation just before the maturing stage. The mean protein content in 2002 and 2004 was 10.2 and 10.3%, respectively, which were appropriate values, but was 9.4% in 2003, which was unfavorably low. The protein content of the grain showed a relatively high correlation with nitrogen and potassium contents of wheat straw (r=0.55**—0.80**). The mean ash content in 2003 and 2004 was 1.44 and 1.53%, respectively. Phosphorus and potassium accounted for about 40% of the ash content. The ash content of grain was highly correlated with the phosphorus content (r=0.92**—0.96**).View full abstractDownload PDF (774K)
Genetic Resources and Evaluation
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—Effects of the Yield Contents and the Yield Capacity on Ripening—Fumitaka Shiotsu, Jian Liu, Masanori Toyota, Akihito Kusutani2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 492-501
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe percentage of ripened grains (R) and specific gravity of winnowed rough rice (S) were compared among 25 rice varieties to analyze the varietal differences of ripening ability. The relationship between the R (Y axis) and the accumulated average air temperature during the ripening period T (X axis) was shown by the following formula :
Y=00—a · exp (—b · X)
The constant b and the intercept of X axis were different among varieties. The constant b×105 (ripening index, RI) showed a significant positive correlation with R, and the intercept of X axis (starting temperature of ripening, ∑Ts) showed a significant negative correlation with S. Yield content was shown as the sum of reserve carbohydrate (C) and dry matter produced after heading (ΔW) ,and yield capacity as the product of the number of rough rice (N) and volume of winnowed rough rice (V). Then, the correlation of (C+ΔW) /NV with RI and ∑Ts was examined. (C+ΔW) /NV showed a significant positive correlation with RI. The variety with a large C value has a tendency to have a low ∑Ts. These results imply that the cultivar with a high yield content / yield capacity ratio has a higher percentage of ripened grains because its ripening index is high. Also the cultivar with massive reserve carbohydrate was considered to start ripening earlier increasing the specific gravity of winnowed rough rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (1292K) -
Kazuhiko Ishizaki2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 502-506
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOpaque grain caused by high temperatures at the ripening stage is a major constraint for the commercial production of rice. I evaluated the selection methods for the breeding of high temperature-tolerant rice cultivars and selected standard cultivars. Twenty-six nonglutinous paddy rice cultivars were grown under four high-temperature stress conditions; a test field with warm water irrigation at 35°C, a bottom-ventilated PVC greenhouse, a pot cultivation in a pool with 35°C water circulation and a phytotron. Any of the high-temperature treatments given at the rice-ripening stage decreased the percentage of high-quality grains and increased the quality differences among cultivars compared with the non-stressed condition. The order of the cultivars in high-temperature tolerance was consistent in all four treatments with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.58—0.73. We, therefore, judged that it is possible to apply those methods to breeding process. We also proposed to use the following cultivars as the standard: Fusaotome for tolerant, Tentakaku, Hanahikari and Koshijiwase for moderately tolerant, Hitomebore, Haenuki and Hounenwase for intermidiate, Ajikodama, Kagahikari and Ougiwase for moderately sensitive, and Todorokiwase and Koshinohana for sensitive cultivers.View full abstractDownload PDF (734K) -
Kazuhiko Ishizaki, Satoshi Kaneda, Takaaki Matsui2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 507-510
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSYielding ability of multiline composed of the blast resistant isogenic lines (Pia, Pii, Pita-2 and Piz) and original line (+) was evaluated in a paddy field with severe blast epidemic (a pathogenic race 137). When 25 % of the original line was replaced by each isogenic line, the grain yield and percentage of yield decrease were greatly affected by the presence of Pita-2 and Piz. The yield was greatly influenced by the mixing ratio of the resistant lines. The multiline composed of the four true resistant isogenic lines was the best to maintain a high yielding ability, and had a grain yield of 411.7 g m-2 with a 10.6 % yield decrease compared with the resistant line alone. On the other hand, the grain yield of the original line was 259.1 g m-2 with a 43.7 % yield decrease. Thus, the advantage of the multiline was estimated to be a 152.6 g m-2 yield increase and 33.1 % improvement of yield decrease.View full abstractDownload PDF (553K) -
Namiko Ikeda, Hideki Horie, Toshihiro Mukai, Tetsuhisa Goto2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 511-517
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVarious chemical constituents in tea shoots (leaves + young stems) contribute to the taste of tea. For example, tannin gives tea its bitterness and astringency, caffeine contributes to bitterness, and amino acids give tea a sweet and brothy taste. From 1992 to 1995, total nitrogen, total free amino acids, tannin, caffeine, six major amino acids, and ascorbic acid in first flushs of 36 tea cultivars were analyzed. Differences between cultivars or between years were significant at the 1% level for all chemical contents analyzed. Data were subjected to analysis of the variance. Total variance was divided into genotypic variance (συ2), yearly variance (σy2) and error variance (σé2). Genotypic effects were large for caffeine, tannin and arginine contents, and yearly effects were large for glutamic acid content. In 1994, the first flushes were rich in total nitrogen, total free amino acids, arginine and theanine and were poor in tannin compared to those in other years. The differences in the contents of chemical various substance were considered to be the result of pruning after the first plucking season in 1993.View full abstractDownload PDF (789K)
Crop Morphology
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Kazumi Maeda2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 518-525
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe viability of the seed-in-shell of groundnut is longer in small-seeded cultivars, and the role of the shell in the viability of the seed of groundnut was examined. Exocarp, mesocarp with vascular bundles, and endocarp were observed in the shell of immature pod. The thickness of exocarp plus mesocarp in very small-seeded cv. Chico was about 60% of that in large-seeded cv. Nakateyutaka, but no marked difference was observed between the two cultivars in the number of cell layers. In mature pods, the mesocarp occupied most of the shell, and a markedly developed sclerenchyma was observed in the innermost layer and around the vascular bundle in mesocarp. The large lysigenous aerenchyma-like space that developed between vascular bundle rows was suggested to play a role in moisture and gas exchange. In the medium—large-seeded cultivar group (22 cvs.), the pod weight, seed weight/pod, volume of seeds/pod, volume of ovarial cavity, pod surface-area, shell weight, volume of shell, and volume of inner space of ovarial cavity of dried mature pod were about twice as large as those in the small-seeded cultivar group (18 cvs.). However, the difference between the two cultivar groups was small in shell thickness, and negligible in shell density. Further studies on the effects of difference in structure and physical characteristics of shell on moisture and gas exchange of the seed are necessary.View full abstractDownload PDF (1168K)
Modelling Information and Environment
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Kou Nakazono, Kimio Inoue, Yasuyuki Wakiyama, Genji Ohara2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 526-534
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe water content and dry-matter weight of kernel were measured in two cultivars ‘Norin61’ and ‘Shirogane-komugi’ grown at different temperatures to develop a method of estimating the maturation stage in wheat from meteorological data. A logistic equation fitted to the dry matter increase showed that high temperatures during maturation reduced the final grain weight mainly through early cessation of kernel growth. The water content of kernel at physiological maturity was about 41% and was not affected by temperature, water deficit or cultivar. This indicated that the previously suggested value of around 40% could be useful as a trait of physiological maturity in wheat under various environment conditions. A positive linear relationship was observed between maturation temperature and developmental rate (DVR). In addition, the decrease of water content of kernel was associated with the increase of dry-matter in kernel and was correlated with the developmental index (DVI). Using these equations, we could estimate the date of physiological maturity and the water content of kernel under field conditions with root mean square error of 2.1 days and 3.1%, respectively. Furthermore, we compared the reported data on the morphological stages of embryo and endosperm with our results, and the results suggested that the seed dormancy starts when the water content of kernel decreased to approximately 50%.View full abstractDownload PDF (1244K)
Research and Technical Note
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Haruhiko Yamamoto, Kiyoshi Iwaya2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 535-541
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFive typhoons (No.15•16•18•21•23) approached and landed from booting to harvesting time in Kyushu and Yamaguchi districts in 2004. The grain yield and quality of paddy rice were deteriorated by the strong wind accompanying these typhoons. This was considered to have been caused by the decrease of photosynthetic capacity, lodging, defect of ripening and viviparity. The crop situation index was 70 in the Minami-Chikugo, Fukuoka Prefecture, 74 in the northern part of Kumamoto Prefecture, and 76 in the western part of Yamaguchi Prefecture and Saga Prefecture. In the Yamaguchi, Fukuoka and Kumamoto Prefectures, the quality of rice deteriorated markedly, and there was only 13-15% grade rice. There was little rainfall after the passage of the typhoon in the Suo Sea coastal region of Yamaguchi Prefecture. Consequently, the adhering salt entered the rice plants, and damaged the plants resulting in reduced yield and inferior rice quality.View full abstractDownload PDF (1160K) -
Yukitsugu Takahashi, Tomohiko Yoshida2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 542-549
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe concern for new technology for low cost and labor-saving culture developed by the authors were generally low. The main reasons are: poor understanding of the research organization about the present technology and the acceptance of the new technology of farmhouse, misunderstanding and anxiety for the new technology in the farmhouse, and lacking the effort to the transfer information from the extension center. Many farmers aged 50-60 years, who had confidence in their own technology were not so willing to accept the new technology, though they were concerned with the new technology. On the other hand, the farmers over 70 years old or part-time farmers were interested in the new labor-saving technology to maintain their rice culture. It is necessary to examine how to select the target farmers for spreading the new technology. Farmers usually obtain technology information person-to-person, and the word of mouth transfer of inforrmation of new technology from the extension center is necessary to give farmers accurate information properly. Teaching of the new technology at the demonstration plot and spreading it by word-of-mouth communication is recommended.View full abstractDownload PDF (1336K) -
Reinosuke Ida2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 550-553
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSValue of CCN was measured by a non-destructive quantitative analyzer (CCN-05A; Satake Corp., Japan) during the ripening period (from the beginning stage of ear-drooping to maturing stage) to estimate leaf nitrogen content by near-infrared transmission method in the rice cultivar Koshihikari. This value was compared with the SPAD value estimated by a non-destructive method (SPAD-502; Konica Minolta Sensing Inc., Japan), and the nitrogen content determined by the Kjeldahl method. A high correlation coefficient (0.942***) was found between the SPAD (x) and CCN (y) values with a linear regression equation: y = 0.105x-0.460. Thus, the SPAD value of leaves can be estimated from the CCN values with good precision (estimated error from the regression equation: se=0.19%). In addition, a high correlation coefficient (0.837***) was obtained between the CCN values (x) and the nitrogen content (y) in the flag leaf determined at the dough stage (28 days after heading) with a quadratic regression equation, y = 16.12-2.70x+1.51 x2 (se=1.96). From this analysis, we concluded that the CCN value was a good index of the nitrogen content of flag leaves in cv. Koshihikari during the ripening period.View full abstractDownload PDF (565K) -
Toshio Fujii, Tomohiko Yoshida2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 554-556
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn amacha line of Hydrangea with powdery mildew resistance was selected from the cross between Blue Sky and Amagiamach. It has fairly good agronomic traits, diploidy chromosomes and phyllodulcin. It can be used as a future cross parent.View full abstractDownload PDF (468K)
Information
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[in Japanese]2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 557
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: July 06, 2009
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Symposium
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2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 558-575
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: July 06, 2009
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Mini Symposium
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2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 576-578
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: July 06, 2009
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Mini Review
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[in Japanese]2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 579-582
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: July 06, 2009
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 583-585
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: July 06, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese]2006 Volume 75 Issue 4 Pages 586-589
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: July 06, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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