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Volume 26 (1957 - 195･･･
- Issue 4 Pages 239-
- Issue 3 Pages 185-
- Issue 2 Pages 75-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 26, Issue 1
Displaying 1-31 of 31 articles from this issue
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Isamu BABA, Yasuo TAKAHASHI, Katsumi INADA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 1-2
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe occurrence of "Akagare" disease of rice plant was tested by pot experiments using paddy soil on which the disease habitually occurs. Use of densely sown seedlings, heavy application of nitrogen and deep submergence of irrigation water promoted the occurrence of the disease, while use of sparsely sown seedlings and upland seedlings, dense planting per hill and drainage in midsummer decreased its occurrence. The occurrence of the disease correlated highly with the increase in soluble-N content, soluble-N/protein-N ratio, ratio, the decrease in starch accumulation in leaf sheath and the enhancement of peroxidase activity in lower leaves. The respiratory rate also showed correlation, although not significant, with the occurrence of the disease. From these results the occurrence of the disease seems to be closely connected with the decrease in starch content and the increase in soluble-N content, both likely to be caused by increase of respiration, and with the increase in peroxidase activity.View full abstractDownload PDF (403K) -
Hisao YAMAGUCHI, Koji SHIRATORI, Akira KOIZUMI1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 3-7
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS(1) 31 samples of "Akagare" paddy fields and 17 of ordinary paddy fields were examined comparatively. Nitrogen and humns contents, effects of the drying treatment of soil, soil reduction, obsorptive coefficients of K2O or NH3-N of each soils ete. were measured. As the results, we found that the factors inducing the Akagare disease would be a poor natural supply of potassium, abundant humus contents in the ill-drained fields, want of ferric substances in the surface soil, excess of ammonium nitrogen, deficiency in oxygen, promoted reduction of Eh value, harmful substances such as organic acid (butyric acid), ferrous compounds, or hydrogen sulphide in the soil. 13 different types of Akagare paddy field were classified according to the factors ascribable. (2) For the purpose of studying the influences of reductive soil conditions on the plant growth, pot experiments were carried out. In the non-aerated plots, the surface of the soil in the pots were covered with olive oil at various stages of plant growth. In the plot II, the soil being covered with oil during the tillering stage, symptoms of "Akagare" disease were found on the upper parts of leaf-blade, and contents of total-N, Fe++ and SO3 in the plant were very much in comparison with, those in the cortrol plot plants, while K2O/N ratio was lower. In the plots IV or V, covered duriug from the ear-forming to the heading stage, the plants grew normally. (3) Influences of harmful substances such as H2S, butyric acid, or ferrous compounds on the vitality of roots and the nutrient absorption, were investigated by a solution culture experiment. Actual injuries of those harmful aubstances added to the solution were observed to be as follows: (a) Prohibition in elongation of roots and in tillering. (b) Decline in water absorption and in consumption of O2 of the roots. (c) Hindrance of absorption of nutrients such as K2O and NH3-N. Consumption in the roots occurred remarkably at the tilleriug and the ear-forming stages, respectively. Symptoms of "Akagare" disease were observed clearly at the tilleriug stage by applying H2S (60 p.p.m) and butyric acid (1/50 N) to the solution. Nutrieut absorption and vitality of the roots recovered 2 to 3 weeks after the removal of those harmful substances from the solution.View full abstractDownload PDF (699K) -
S. YATUYANAGI, K. TAKAHASI, T. MURAKAMI, H. SAKAI1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 8-10
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was carried out to investigate the mechanism of ripening in the rice plant under a low temperature (at 15°C) using as material several varieties of the plant of different resistance to irrigation with cold water. The experimental plants were defoliated artificially after degrees of their heading. The results obtained are as follows ; (1) As for the weight of individual grains ripened under the low temperature for 45 days, no relation was recognized between the ripening power under low temperatures and the degree of resistance to irrigation with cold water at the vegetative stage. (2) When the grains were subjected to a low temperature, the less the individual grainweight was, the more the ripening process under the low temperature was retarded. Moreover, it may be said that one of the reasons which induced ripening retardation more remarkably on Fukei-No.29 than on the other varieties, was a high ratio of the number of inferior spikelets to the whole spikelets. (3) Comparing with Fukei-No.29, Hakkoda showed a more rapid decrease of starch contents in the culm and a more rapid increase of it in the panicle under the low temperature as well as under the out-door temperature. (4) Under out-door temperatures, the total amounts of fertility in both Towada and Fukei-No.29 were found chiefly conditioned by the function of leaf -blades from 10 days after heading to harvest. In the varieties Hakkoda and Akita-No.1, however, there were found no such relations. (5) When the factors which influence the ripening power from 10 days after heading onwards under low temperatures are classified as (A) Contribution to the grain-production of the leaf-blade. (B) Contribution to the grain-production of the organs other than the leaf -blade, then, the effects of both A and B in Hakkoda and in Akita-No.1, respectively, would be considered remarkably larger than those in Fukei-No.29. On the other hand, in Towada variety although the effect of B was not found always fairly large, A proved itself of high role value through the whole life of the plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (502K) -
SEIICHI IZUMI, MASAMI HIMEDA, TOSHIAKI OIKAWA, TOSHIO NOMOTO1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 11-12
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were carried out to acertain the effect of size of clods in paddy soil on the growth of rice plants. The results obtained were as follows: 1. When there are a too large contet of small clods in the paddysoil, organic nitrogen changes into inorganic nitrogen rather rapidly, and at the same time the soil becomes reductive. 2. When there are contained much small clods in the paddy soil, especially vigorous growth of the plant takes place at first, but soon afterwards the root activity becomes apt to be retarded by the reductive condition of the soil. 3. The above mentioned characteristic of the soil tillage should always be taken in account by comparative consideration of power tilling and cattle plowing.View full abstractDownload PDF (433K) -
KAZUO NAGATO, Yoshio KOBAYASHI1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 13-14
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS(1) Rice plants, the variety Shin No. 2, were cultured in a glass house being kept from cold weathers in the fall; and, during the period from heading to 20 days after heading, some of the plants were put in a dark room for 3 days, and on the other hand some were placed in the open air for 7 days, both to check temporarily the nutrient translocation to the kernels; and then were examined the occurence of notched-belly in them. (2) The notched-belly kernels occured numerously when the nutrient translocation to the kernel was seriously checked for a few days during a period of 5-20 days after flowering. (Fig. 4.) When the nutririent translocation was checked, in certain varieties of rice plants, starch cells of the middle portion of the kernel nearly stopped their growth in dorso-ventral direction, but those of the other portion continued their growth after the recovering of nutrient translocation. In such a case, the dorsoventral diameter at that portion remained as it was at the stage of that time, and consequently kernel was formed into a notched-belly shape. (3) When the nutrient translocation was checked and the growth in dorso-ventral diameter at a limited portion of the kernel ceased at 5-7 days after flowering, the kernel became acutely notched. Usually, such a kernel was shorter in length and rather longer in dorso-ventral diameter than the normal kernel. (Fig. 5.) (Table. 1) When the restriction of nutrient translocation occured at about 15 days after flowering, the kernel was obtusely notched, and the length of the kernel was similar to that of the normal one while its dordo-ventral diameter was shorter.View full abstractDownload PDF (406K) -
Yoshinori FUJII, Noriyuki TANAKA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 15-16
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA regular growth correlation was observed between the leaves and the roots in rice seedlings. Considering this phenomenon to be resulted from the translocation of substances from leaves to roots, the authors investigated into the changes in starch contents in the leaf-sheaths according to the position of them. 1. Morphologically intimate relationships were found between the vascular bundle system of the leaf at each node on the culm and that of the root. 2. As to the volumes and sizes of starch grains in successive leaf-sheaths, usually the third leaf from the top showed the highest values, and the other leaves either upper or lower showed gradual decreases in those values. This tendency was found the same not only in a main stem and in a tiller but throughout all the phases of growth. 3. It may be assumed that the translocation of substances from leaf-sheath to node begins at the third leaf from the top. 4. Judging from these results, the development of new roots begins at lower nodes in rice plants and proceed periodically to upper nodes.View full abstractDownload PDF (395K) -
Seizo MATUSHIMA, Takashi OKABE, Genshichi WADA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 17-18
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe diurnal change of the rate of carbon assimilation showed much the same as that reported in the previous papers (XII, XIII, XV, XXV), and the diurnal change of the sugar content in leaf-blades showed a marked change as seen in Table 1. The translocation from leaves and culms to grains were proved to be more rapid by day than by night, and the diurnal change of that translocation had also been investigated, the result being shown in Table 1. It had been made clear, furthermore, that the rate of translocation is likely most active at the time when the gradient in sugar concentration from leaves to grains tends to be greatest, as seen in Fig. 1, suggesting that the gradient in sugar concentration is one of the most influential factors in determining the rate of translocation.View full abstractDownload PDF (412K) -
Kanoe SATO1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 19
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn paddy rice, the strength of parenchymatous tissues of the culm should be also concerned in lodging resistance besides some well-known characters such as culm length, culm diameter, development of mechanical tisses and so on. Generally, the parenchyma which contain much starch are mechanically strong. On the other hand, the culm is very susceptible to lodging at the time about three weeks after heading when the starch grains almost disappear in the parenchymatous cells. The varieties, which have much green leaves, much starch in the culm, and behavior of slower maturation, seem to be more resistant to lodging.View full abstractDownload PDF (297K) -
Aiya ISHIHARA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 20-23
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo varieties of winter wheats and one variety of spring wheats were used for materials in these experiments. The plants were grown in winter both in the field under the condition of natural low temperature, and in a greenhouse kept at relatively high temperature. In this way, the plants in various states of vernalization were obtained. Excised stem tips of those plants were cultured in vitro for more than two months under the condition of high temperature combined with continuous illumination by artificial light sources, which might be considered not to affect the progress of vernalization and to be rather favorable for the spike formation in the plantlets in the culture. From the results of these cultures, it was found that the excised stem tips of vernalized plants developed into plantlets on which spikes were formed, while those of unvernalized plants grew up to plantlets only remaining in a vegetative stage. So it was necessarily concluded that the vernalized condition in wheat plants is retained in their excised stem tips, the fact probably showing that some qualitative changes take place in the apical meristem in the course of vernalization.View full abstractDownload PDF (782K) -
Aizo NODA, Jintaro HAYASHI1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 24-26
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were performed to investigate the nature of coleorhiza of rice seeds, and the following results were obtained : 1) The epiblast of rice embryo was very noticeable compared with those in the other cereals. It adhered closely to the coleorhiza. In the resting stage of the embryo the boundary between the coleorhiza and the epiblast were not clear, but became distinct at the germination, as the coleorhiza swelled and expanded toward the apex of the seminal root. Vertical sections of the embryos of 15 varieties of rice are shown in Fig 3. The epidermis of coleorhiza and epiblast consited of long-shaped cells and some of them grew into hairs. 2) The growth of the seminal root from which the coleorhiza and the epiblast were off was inferior to that of untreated ones, showing only 64% of growth rate of the control at the 24 th hour after the teatment. The coleorhiza and the epiblast in embryo seem to enact some roles in connection with the growth of the seminal root at the germination. 3) The depression of freezing point of coleorhiza tissue was altered by the concentration of artificial culture solution. 4) The absorption power of unhusked rice grain was equivalent to that of 0.5∼0.6 M sucrose solution, while that of the husked grain to that of 0.7∼0.8 M sucrose solution. In artificial culture solution of higher concentrations, the seminal roots stopped their growth, while the coleorhiza continued its elongation. The values of absorption power mentiond above are represented by SATO's 'Mittlere Saugkraft-maxima.'View full abstractDownload PDF (571K) -
Ryozo YAMAMOTO1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 27-29
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous paper the author reported of the high efficacy of the method of deflecting wind direction artificially by means of setting windbreaks at suitable places for protecting field crops from wind damages on a hilly land. In the present report he deals with some results of the experiments on the micro-meteorological conditions and the plant growth on a field protected with such a method from severe winds on a slope. 1) The slope where he carried out the experiment was a southern slope of an isolated hill (58m above the sea-level) as shown in Fig 1. There stood an embankment having been built at the protrusion of the slope. It served to change the direction of prevailing westerlies consequently producing large calm areas at the leeward of it. 2) In the day time the above-mentioned calm areas (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in Fig. 1) were found higher than the windy fields (1, 7, 8 and 9 in Fig. 1) in their air temperatures near the ground and more remarkably so in the ground surface temperatures. 3) In the night, at the level land, the protected fields were usually lower than the windy fields in air temperature near the ground. However, at the slope, such a phenomenon could not found in the diurnal changes of air temperature near the ground and in the daily minimum air be temperature during the long period of observation. (See Fig. 2.) 4) The growth of pea plants and horse-bean plants raised on the protected and non-protected fields respectively on the slope and on the level ground were investigated comparatively. It was elucidated that both on the slope and on the level land the plant growth was always better at the protected fields than at the non-protected windy fields. The difference due to the protection was larger on the slope than on the level land. (See Fig. 3.)View full abstractDownload PDF (452K) -
Yoshikatsu WATANABE, Ryuji OKUYAMA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 30
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe white ring caused by the death of assimilatory parenchyma suffering from frost injury, were found on the upermost internodes of wheat plants in the spring, 1956. The relation between the developcnent of these white rings and the degree of frost injury was investigated. In perfect sterile spikes, 39 days after heading, the water absorbing capaciy of the cuttings were tested by means of absorption of dilute red ink. The more suffered the ring part, the less absorbed water. In the partially sterile spikes after ripenning, there was no correlation between the degree of injury of ring part and the average individual seed weight. This seems to show that, as the injury was slight, the spike was able to absorb necessary amounts of water for seed growth.View full abstractDownload PDF (282K) -
Shizuo TAKEGAMI1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 31-32
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe fact that the incipient infection by head blight of wheat spikelet takes place through anther corpses kept by glumes of a flower was proved by many other authers. The auther examined several wheat varieties for the phenomenon of coming out of the anthers from the flower in 1956, and found the varietal differences in this phenomerion as follows: (Group A) Varieties, most flowers of which caught anthers between the tips of the closing glumes, (for example, Norin No.4). (Group B) Varieties, most flowers of which kept anthers inside of the closing glumes, (for example, Ejimashinriki). (Group C) Varieties, most flowers of which pushed anthers out of the flowers and held little anther corpses inside (for example, Norin No. 29). (Group D) Varieties, some flowers of which had anthers caught by glumes and some ones had anthers kept inside of closing glumes, (for example, Norin No. 26). The mechanisms of retention of the anthers by floret were studied and the following results were obtained. (1) The retention of the anthers in the group A was caused by the filaments of anthers which were too short to extrude them out of the glumes. (2) The retention of the anthers in the group B was caused by the entrapping of the anthers behind the folded margin of the palea. (3) The escape of anthers from the glumes in the group C was ensured, since the length of filaments was long enough for the escape of anthers from the glumes and palea did not entrap the anthers by its folded margin. The anther corpses kept inside the floret by glumes such as in the group B were pushed up by the growing grains, and finally a part of the anther corpses appeared from the opening between the glumes. In this stage, these varieties tend to develop more blight infection than in the earlier stage, because blight attacks more easily through the exposed part of anther corpses.View full abstractDownload PDF (420K) -
Munemitsu KINEBUCHI, Takeo SAITO, Kiyomi TOYA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 33
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Hokuriku, Japan, continous sterility in the lower spikelets of barley is observated. The results of the author's experiments were as follows : I. Plants sown at Sep. 25 produced more sterile spikelets than those sown at Oct. 20. II. The number of sterile spikelets increased by the treatment with high temperature, shading, long day, drought or high humidity of soil, in the period from snow-melting to heading. III. Cutting the leaf-blades the roots at the stage of flag-leaf emergence prmoted the sterility. IV. Top dressing with nitrogen fertilizers at the period from 15 to 7 days before heading (the stage of flag-leaf emergence) retarded the sterile spikelet developmant. V. Imperfect development of the pistle and degeneration or non-germination of the pollen were observed in the lower spikelets. Based upon these facts, authors considered that the inhibition of carbon assimilation or of absorption of nutriments at the above-mentioned period promoted the ocurrence of sterile spikelets owing to the imperfect development of the lower spikelets and that the top dressing favored, on the contrary their normal development.View full abstractDownload PDF (263K) -
Yozo OKAZAWA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 34-36
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mechanism of tuber formation in potato plant may be of great scientific interest and practical value. In the previous paper, the author has reported that small tubers were formed spontaneously on the stem segments under the sterile condition, and that this tuber formation was supposed to be concerned with the concentration of sucrose in the nutrient medium. In the present investigation, studies on the influences of environmental conditions on the tuberization of stem segments of potatoes were undertaken in vitro from the view point of the auxin physiology. The experimental results obtained may be summarized as follows : (1) The variation of the cultural temperature and, of pH value of the nutrient medium have certain influences on the tuber formation of stem segments. Namely, when the stem segments of etiolated sprouts were cultured at 23°C and pH 6.0, new small tubers were formed most easily. It could hardly be deduced, however, that these tuber formations may take place only within the limits of the environmental conditions described above. (2) The apical pieces of the sprouts which were taken just after the germination of the potato tubers did not formed any new tubers in vitro, regardless the sugar concentration in the nutrient medium. With respect to the tuber formation on the stem segments of the etiolated sprouts, on the contrary, the tuber formations were inversely related to the distance from the apex at which the stem segments were obtained. (3) In the apical tips of the sprouts at the early stage of growth, high contents of auxin, especially in a free form, and low activities of IAA oxidase were found, which in turn let us assume that the highly enzymatical conversion of tryptophan to IAA might take place there. In the stem segments which were obtained from the etiolated sprout, less amounts of free auxin and high activities of IA-A oxidase were found and in this case the reverse seemed to hold for the auxin balance as compared to the former case. (4) It seems quite reasonable to assume from the facts stated above that the sprouts and tubers may be the controling factor for the tuber formation on the stem segments of potatoes due to the auxin balance in them.View full abstractDownload PDF (566K) -
Hiroshi HASEGAWA, Takeshi YAHIRO1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 37-39
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) Effects of high soil temperatures on the growth of sweet potato plant was investigated using soil thermostats at 32°C, 27°C and 23°C. The higher the soil temperature, the greater was the growth of vines. But, at 32°C, the growth of tuberous roots became poor, and some varieties tested did not produce any roots at all, and there was no difference between the results by 27°C and those by 23°C. So, the authors concluded that the optimum soil temperature for the growth of sweet potato plant ranges from 20°C to 30°C, and temperatures above 30°C are inappropriate for it. 2) The soil temperature was kept at 25°C in the daytime (a.m. 8.00 p.m. 6.00) and at 31°C in the night, and reversely at 31°C in the daytime, and at 25°C in the night. As a resuet of this test, high soil temperature in the night was proved to be a crucial factor for the growth. 3) The relation of the growing period to the high soil temperature (31°C) was examined, and it was found that the effects of the high soil temperature for 20 days after transplanting were not so remarkable for the growth of the tuberous roots of sweet potato, but the sametemperature after this period was crucially important. 4) It is known that the soil temperature at the late-planted fields is usually high above 30°C for about one month after the rainy season, and moreover, the high soil temperature prevails during the night for this period, and it is also confirmed that straw mulching is efficacious on late-planted sweet potato fields. Therefore, from the above points of view, it may be reasoned that the main cause of reduceds yields of sweet potatoes planted late is due to the high soil temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (457K) -
Juro FUKUI, Mutsuo OJIMA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 40-42
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe object of this study was to trace the changes of carbohydrates and nitregen in soybean plants grown under deficient or excessive soil moisture conditions during the early vegetative, flowering and ripening periods, respectively. During the other periods, the soil moisture for the experimental plants were maintained at the same level with those for the control plants. The results obtained are summarized as follows ; 1) The total sugar content in the leaves and the stems increased in the plants under deficient soil moisture conditions, while the starch content increased abnormally in the plants under excessive soil moisture conditions. The nitrogen content in each organ decreased in all the treated plants. 2) Absorption of nitrogen was inhibited both by deficient and by excessive soil moisture conditions, and the degree of inhibition was greater in the series treated during the flowering period than in that treated during earlier periods. Accumulation of carbohydrates in plants was reduced by deficient soil moisture conditions but remarkably higher amount of carbohydrates accumulated in the plants under excessive soil moisture conditions. The degrees of inhibitionor of accumulation were also higher in the series treated during the flowering period than in those treated at the other periods. 3) In the plants under deficient soil moisture conditions during each period and under excessive ones during the earlier period (plant about 20 days after the flowering time), the amounts of total sugar and starch in leaves and stems were smaller than those in the control plants. And, the amounts of those matters translocated from the leaves and the stems to the pods were also reduced in the treated series. On the contrary, in the plants grown under excessive soil moisture conditions during the flowering or ripening periods, the most part of carbohydrates in the pods appeared to have been translocated from the leaves and the stems. However, the accumulation of nitrogen in vegetative organs and the amount of nitrogen translocated to sexual organs reduced in every treated series. In the treated plants, in general, large parts of carbohydrates and nitrogen in the pods depended on assimilation and and absorption after the flowering period. 4) In the plants under deficient or excessive soil moisture conditions during the earlier periods, vegetative growth was retarded and consequently the number of flowers was very few ; but the percentages of flower- and pod-shedding were only little different compared with those in the control plants. In the plants treated with deficient or excessive soil moisture conditions during the flowering period, the number of flowers produced was almost the same as that in the control plants, but the shedding percentage of the former was much higher.View full abstractDownload PDF (486K) -
Naohide TAKAHASHI1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 43-44
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were conducted on fruiting behaviours of Azuki beans, and although final conclusions could not be made with regards to all the varieties, the following points were observed in the variety "Wase-maruba" which is commonly cultivated in Hokkaido. 1) Blossoming commences usually from the 1st node of the 5th and the 7th branches, and succeeds upwards until the last node is reached, whereas in the 3rd branch blossoming starts from the 2nd or 3rd node and in the 4th branch from the 2nd node. In every inflorescence the blossoming almost invariably commences from the basal flower, whereas the ones which appear in its lower sites are actually the growth of adventitious buds. 2) Blossoming period ranges for over a month, but mainly is for 3-4 weeks. 3) The blossoming curve for the 1st week from the initial blossoming is comparatively low, in the slope and is followed by a rapid rise with a peak continuing for 2 weeks upon which the curve gradually descends. 4) Fluctuations in the number of dropping flowers and pods during flowering are as follows : whereas the number is almost negligible until the 1st half of the blossoming peak, the number gradually increases and after the 2nd half on a sudden rise in numbers is seen. The pod dropping continues even after the termination of blossoming, but the majority drop within 1 week. from the beginning of flowering. 5) In regards to flower and pod dropping with reference to stem-node order, the rate is the lowest in the 6th, 7th and 8th middle nodes and is medium in te 5th, 4th and 3rd basal nodes and also in the 9th, 10th and 11th tip nodes. In the nodes upper than the 12th the rate rises rapidly. Thus it may be said that the pod-setting on main stem is influenced remarkably by the site on it. 6) In the majority of flowers it was observed that the embryo-sac formation as well as the fertilization were, almost completely functioned, and therefore the causality for above-mentioned flower-and pod-dropping should not be failures in those functions.View full abstractDownload PDF (372K) -
Yosihiro TANDA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 45-46
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS[I] Anatomical observations of the growth of embryo, seed, and pod. [Fig. I] The morphological changes of these organs during flowering to maturation were observed, and 9 principal stages of development were recognized, as shown in the microphotographs. (1) Stage of pro-embryo differentiation. -(from flowering to 5 days after flowering). (2) Stage of cotyledon differentiation and elongation. (5-10 days after flowering). [pl. 1] (3) Stage of first simple leaf differention and elongatiatron. (10-15 days after flowering). Accumulation of starch grains begins in the cotyledon, the volume of pod increases, the nabel diffferentiate and the seed elongates. [pls. 2 and 3] (4) Stage when the leaf stipule on the first simple leaf differentiates and elongates. (15-20 days after flowering). The volume of seed increases. [pl. 4] [pl. 5] (5) Stage when the leaf veins differentiate on first simple leaf. (20∼25 days after flowering). (6) Stage of first trifoliate leaf differentiation-"green ripe". (25-30 days after flowering). Red colour appears in the palisade parenchyma of seed coat, and the pod becomes into the maximum size [pl. 6] (7) Stage of radicle elongation "yellow ripe". (30-35 days after flowering) [pl. 7] Hypocotyl elongates, and the size of seed reaches its maximum. (8) Stage when the growth of embryo stops. (35∼40 days after flowering). The suspensor is detached from the seed. [pl. 8] (9) Stage of the dormant embryo-"Dead ripe". (40∼45 days after flowering). [II] Development of seeds in relation to their location in the pods. [Fig. II] The growth of the top seed in a pod is most rapid at the early stage of development, but 15 days after flowering the growth of the middle seeds (3rd-5th from the top) becomes most rapid and vigorous.View full abstractDownload PDF (591K) -
Tsutomu YAMASAKI, Kazumi MAEDA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 47-48
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were made on morphogenesis of the root nodule of Crotalaria juncea. After the rhizobial invasion had occurred, the characteristic initial infected cells were formed in the first cortical layer adjacent to the root hair cells (Fig. 1-4). Those cells seem to become the places of rhizobial multiplication thereafter. Since we could recognize neither the infection thread formation nor other visible changes in the host cell where rhizobial invasion occurred, it is suggested merely that root hairs become the avenues of entry of rhizobia. The hystological origin of the root nodule in this species is 1-3 layers of the cortex as in soybean, adzuki bean, yellow lupine and Mucuna capitata.View full abstractDownload PDF (429K) -
Shigeo HARADA, Terutaka KANOO, Shinsuke SAKAI1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 49-50
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe authors measured photosynthetic rate of tea plant with an apparatus modified from that of Dr. Matsushima. The results obtained were as follows. 1) The rate of carbon assimilation reached its maximum at about 8 of 10 A.M., and decreased after 3 or 4 P.M. with the decrease of light intensity. In midday, it remained nearly constant, but "midday depression" was often observed in summer and autumm. 2) The light saturation point seemed to be about 0.5 cal/min, cm2. 3) The rate of carbon assimilation somewhat decreased with the increase of temperature when light intensity was above 0.4 cal/min, cm2. 4) The amount of assimilation per day decreased remarkably in winter. Chlorophyll contents and some other factors seemed to have relations to the phenomenon.View full abstractDownload PDF (361K) -
Goro NISHIKAWA, Tozaburo MIKAMI, Shotaro KURODA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 51-52
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe principal results obtained were as follows. 1. There are varietal differences in the developing type of the plant, in the spine number on the bract and in the number of bract. 2. The flowers bloom out in order from the top of a main stem to its lower branches. 3. The flowers begin to bloom at 4 a. m., and at 6 a. m. the stigmas are already covered with pollens. 4. Generally, yellow flowered varieties contain larger amounts of oil than those in red flowered varieties. 5. The oil content in the seed correlated decidedly to the hull percentage of it (r =ca. 0.8) 6. Fertilization is remarkably restricted by rain fall. The fact may be related with protandry. 7. For the growth of the plant, autumn sowing is better than spring one, and direct planting is better than transplanting.View full abstractDownload PDF (433K) -
Tadaomi TOKITSU, Yozo MURAOKA, Masaru OKA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 53-54
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) Solution of red ink which had been absorbed by the cut surface of the tap root, stained most of the lower leaves, passing through the inner layer of the stem xylem. On the other hand, solution applied to adventitious roots passed through the outer layer of xylem and stained most of the upper leaves. 2) Similar results were obtained by supplying various parts of the root system with solution of ammonium sulphate or biurette. When these chemicals were supplied to the tap root, much nitrogenous substance was accumulated in the lower leaves, and the other way round, if applied to the adventitious roots. 3) The results of the experiments reveal that tap roots and adventitious roots play a different roles as suppliers of nutrients, namely, tap roots nourish mainly the lower leaves and adventitious roots feed the upper leaves.View full abstractDownload PDF (375K) -
Masayuki SUZUKI1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 55-57
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe seeds were sown on every 1st, 11th, and 21st of the months from Feb. 11 to Aug. 11. The fiber development in the internode between the cotyledon node and the first branching node of the stem was examined microscopically at harvest times. The results excluding those of the three plots, namely Feb.11, Aug.1-and Aug.11-seeding which were all injured by severe weathers, are represented in the tables and the figures in the text.View full abstractDownload PDF (538K) -
Etuo KAMATA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 58-60
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous paper, the author was led to conclude that the nodule formation in soybean plants was controlled by the level of the reducing sugar content in the host tissues by the results that a high nitrogen level in tissues or in soils on which the plants grew, had no effect on the penetration of Rhizobium japonicum into the roots and that the mere the roots contained nitrogen, the less they had sugars in their tissues. New experiments were carried out in order to prove the conclusion above mentioned by controlling artificially the sugar level of host tissues, the nitrogen content of which was very high, with foliar application of carbohydrates. Supplies of D-Glucose, D-Fructose, D-Xylose and Sucrose promoted the formation of nodules on the plants even when they were grown under rich nitrogen conditions (Table 1), or also when grown by sand culture deficient in nitrogen, the plants being actually rich in the element even in the latter case (Fig. 1). Of course, these sugars enough for giving such effects are usually contained in soybeans by nature.View full abstractDownload PDF (537K) -
Yusaku IKEHATA, Takeshiro NAKAYAMA, Shoichi ANDO1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 61-62
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were performed in 1955-1956 to find out the relation between the drought resistance and the growing type of Japanese mint varieties classified by the authors. The following characteristics were contribute to the drought resistance of mint varieties. (1) Growing type : The varieties of Main stem type showed the general tendency to develope the root vertically. (2) Tall plant height : An almost linear relation between the plant height and the depth of main root system was recognized. (3) Rapid growth immediately after the 1st harvest : It seemed advantageous to develope the root deep before dry season. (4) High content of hydrophilic colloids. These points will provide a practical index useful for selecting drought resistant variety of Japanese mint.View full abstractDownload PDF (452K) -
Kazuyuki KAWAI, Masayuki Okada, Katsusaburo IKEMUNE1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 63-64
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTobacco cultivation on slope fields accelerate the water run-off and soil erosion. It is remarkable especially when autum-potatoes are cultured after tobacco crops. It was elucidated by the author's study that sweet potato plants cultured after tobacco crop was very effective to control the water run-off and soil erosion. Sweet potato plants grown directly from seed tubers set on the field showed particularly remarkable effects to control soil erosion compared to the plants grown from transplanted slips, because the former grew earlier and covered up broader areas of the ground than the latter.View full abstractDownload PDF (432K) -
K. YOSHIHARA, S. KAWANABE, M. UENO1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 65-67
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe study was carried out from 1954 to 1956 in order to compare artificially induced 4n with 2n ladino clover from commercial seed in their yields and chemical compositions. The summarized results in 1956 were as follows; 1) Cutting treatments were two (C2), three (C3) and four times (C4) per season. There was remarkable difference in yield of C4 and C3 against C2 treatment. (Table I.) 2) Green yield of 4n plants was about 20% more than the yield of 2n. (Table I.) 3) 4n ladino clover was higher in moisture content about 2-4 % and was lower in protein content about 4-15 % on dry matter base than 2n. (Table 6.) 4) No significant difference was found in protein yield between 4n and 2n ladino clover. (Fig.5)View full abstractDownload PDF (461K) -
Hisaji SATO1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 68-70
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper deals with the results of studies on occurrence of abortive seeds and their position in pod of common vetch, Vicia sativa L. When classified with respect to the ovule number in pod, 85.5 percent of 380 pods examined were 7-and 8-ovuled pods as shown in Fig. 1. In this experiment, therefore, 7- and 8-ovuled pods were used as materials. The results obtained are sumrnarized as follows. 1) The occurrence of abortive seeds was least frequent at the medium position in a pod and increased toward both the basal and the apical ends, with a more marked tendency to abort toward the basal one as shown in Fig.2 and 3. 2) By examination of the dry weight of each 1081 abortive seeds which were taken out from 380 pods of 10 plants at the matured stage, in comparison with the average dry weight of the normally growing ovules collected on every 5th day after flowering, it was presumed that the majority of abortive seeds would occur within 10 days after flowering as shown in Table.1 and Fig.4. 3) The state of fertilization was observed, using 7-ovuled ovaries at 2nd day after flowering. 97.7 percent of the ovules observed were normally functional. A few non-fertilized ovules were found out, but they were of rather less importance in occurrence of abortive seeds, because the frequency of them was merely less than 3 percent as shown in Table 2. Thus, it was confirmed that the majority of abortive seeds occurred as a result of collapse of fertilized ovules. 4) When observed the embryonal development of undeveloped fertilized ovules, in comparison with normally developing ones, it was confirmed that in the majority of them their normal embryonal development were arrested before 10th day after flowering as shown in Fig.5. 5) It appears that the difference in occurrence of abortive seeds found out between at both basal and apical positions and at medium one may be caused by their competition on absorbing water and nutrients.View full abstractDownload PDF (481K) -
Seizo SEKIZUKA, Shinichi MUKAIYAMA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 71
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSII The investigation of Cassia mimosoides-an annual wild leguminous plant which grows throughout Japan-has been carried out regarding the agricultural characteristics from the standpoint of improving it as a forage crop. The following items were investigated. 1. Flowering and fertilization. 2. Relation between flowering time and maturity. 3. Height of plant. 4. Hard seed. 5. Difference of characteristics among the strains of different habitats. 6. Yield of green grass and seeds. 7. Palatability. The type of corola is not papilionaceous as the other leguminous plants. We investigated the rate of self-fertilization of this species and found that it is mainly self-fertilizaed. Three types of grass form-bowl-shaped, cup-shaped and turbinal shaped-were observed. We recognized that there are remarkable differences in the flowering time, maturing time, days needed for maturation and number of hard seeds among the different strains of the species which were collected throughout Japan. The flowering time of the strains collected from the warmer districts is later and requires more days to mature than the strains collected from the colder districts. The results show that Cassia mimosoides produces high yields of green grass and is palatable for livestock, especially for cows.View full abstractDownload PDF (312K) -
Hiromi CHIBA, Kuniwo KAGAWA1957 Volume 26 Issue 1 Pages 72-74
Published: September 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS(1) In sand cultures, relations between the concentration of nitrogen supply and the nutrient yield were examined. The absorption coefficient and the distribution of N in the plant were also studied. (2) Regarding the height of plant and the dry matter yield, the largest figures were observed in the N-100-mg plot. With N-contents in the plant below 1 % (by the N-20-mg plant), no lateral shoots developed. (3) In regard to the leaf-stem-ratio, the smallest figure was registered in the N-50-mg plot. This ratio was found to rise as the concentration of nitrogen increased. (4) Both in the leaf and in the stem, the protein content increased as the N-concentration was raised. The rate of increase and drop of T.P./C.P. value were observed more remarkably in the leaf than in the stem. (5) In the stem, the carbohydrate showed a trend inverse to that of the protein content. In the leaf, however, the carbohydrate content was small in the N-lacking plot. In the N-50-mg plot, it recorded the largest figure, but decreased as N became surplus. Saccharide showed the same inclination as that of the dry matter yield. (6) Both in the leaf and the stem, crude fiber became more as the N-concentration increased but the crude ash content decreased to the contrary. (7) The protein yield showed a remarkable increase in the N-200-mg plot. However, the increase became small after N-concentration increased more. Regarding the carbohydrate yield, the highest figure was observed in the N-100-mg plot. (8) The largest rate of distribution of N absorbed was found in the leaf, the root followed it and then the stem. However, under the N-lacking condition the rate of distribution was large in the root, but small in the stem. As N-concentration became larger, the rate in root decreased, but maintained the level of about 24 %. The rate in the stem decreased gradually. (9) As N-concentration became higher, the rate of N-absorption decreased. The efficiency of protein production and the index of dry matter produdtion likewise decreased. (10) From the foregoing, it is deduced that the rate of proper amount of dry matter production in the Jerusalem artichoke plant is N : P2O5 : K2O=1 : 0.5 : 1, and that of the nutrient production is 2 : 0.5 : 1.View full abstractDownload PDF (476K)
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