Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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Volume 81, Issue 2
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
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Review
  • The Current State of the Environmental Impact Assessment of Abiotic Stress-Tolerant Genetically Modified Plants in the U.S., Canada, Australia, EU and Japan
    Yasuyuki Yoshimura, Kazuhito Matsuo
    2012 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 137-147
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.81.137
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Abiotic stress–tolerant genetically modified (GM) plants are expected to be next-generation plants that will bring stable yields to cope with future population growth and climate changes due to global warming. However, tolerance to abiotic stress may affect the fitness and possibilities to invade natural environments more than herbicide-tolerance and insect resistance, which have already been approved; therefore, it has been pointed out that the modified plants may have a larger niche than the host plants. Although methods of environmental impact assessments for abiotic stress–tolerant GM plants have been discussed in international meetings, a clear answer has not been reached. These new GM crops have been experimentally grown in fields in the U.S., Canada, Australia, EU and Japan. Our study on the legal framework used when these countries assessed the safety of the plants, together with information about the agricultural background, showed that the countries used the current assessment system without any changes, or expanded the interpretation of the current assessment system or added new methods to the system for the environmental impact assessments of abiotic stress-tolerant GM plants. A new method of assessment involving population dynamic models has been proposed. It may be possible to construct a uniform world standard method based on this proposal by using true abiotic stress−tolerant GM plants.
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  • Direct Seeding of Rice Crop in Flooded Paddy Fields Using Iron-coated Seeds
    Minoru Yamauchi
    2012 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 148-159
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.81.148
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    Labor costs in rice production can be reduced by changing planting methods from transplanting to direct seeding. However, the adoption of direct seeding in fields is limited, since seedlings tend to float in standing water. We report on a new approach to solve this problem through the use of iron-coated seeds. Soaked or pregerminated rice seeds are covered with reduced iron powder mixed with calcined gypsum using a water spray. The iron powder on the seed surface is oxidized, producing rust which works as a binder constituting a firm coating layer. The iron-coated seeds can be prepared manually or through mechanization in large quantities and safely stored for one to two years. They are sown directly onto the soil surface in the same way as water seeding common in US or wet seeding in tropical Asia. The iron-coated seeds are less vulnerable to sparrow attack and are more resistant to seed-borne diseases and insect damage. This technology is adopted in the farmers’ fields in some private sectors. The main issues which must be overcome to further adoption of this method are the protection of seeds from the heat generated by the iron oxidation, the acceleration of initial seedling growth, the improvement of water control, and the increase in grain yield.
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
  • The Actual State of Soybean Plant Damage of Yamagata Prefecture Caused by Typhoon No.15 and No.16 in 2004
    Yasushi Shibata, Hiroyuki Matsuda, Shizuka Mori, Hiroshi Fujii
    2012 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 160-166
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.81.160
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    We analyzed the state of gale damage of soybean in the Shonai district of Yamagata prefecture caused by typhoon No.15 and No.16 in 2004. The rate of soybean yield decrease in the Shonai district was lower than that of rice yield decrease. In general, the soybean yield was lower in the coastal area than in the inland area, and in the northern part than in the southern part of Shonai district, probably because the wind was stronger and more salt particles reached inland in the northern part. The leaves of soybean plants began to dehydrate immediately after exposure to salty winds of typhoon NO.15, resulting in shrinkage and browning, and then defoliation at an early stage. There was a significantly negative correlation between the distance from coastline and the degree of shrinkage and browning in the northern part of Shonai district. Spraying of seawater to the field significantly reduced the total weight at the maturing stage, number of ripening pods, number of ripening grains, yield and 100-grain weight of soybean. From these results, we concluded that gale damage caused by the two typhoons reduced the yield of soybean in the whole Shonai district, and that salty wind damage due to typhoon No.15 reduced the yield of soybean especially in the northern part of Shonai district.
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  • Agronomic Studies on Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Cultivation in Japan
    —Effects of Day and Night Temperature After Flowering Time on Seed Thickening—
    Katsunori Isobe, Kazuhiro Uziie, Shinsuke Hitomi, Uichi Furuya, Ryuich ...
    2012 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 167-172
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.81.167
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    The effects of day and night temperatures after flowering on the seed growth of quinoa were examined using two varieties, Amarilla de Marangani (valley type) and NL-6 (sea-level type), cultivated in growth cabinets. From sowing to flowering time, both varieties were grown at a day temperature of 25°C and night temperature of 10°C under a 13-hour day length condition. After flowering, the plants were divided into 6 plots, and kept under an 11-hour day length condition with a day temperature of 30°C, 25°C or 20°C with a night temperature of 17°C (30/17, 25/17, 20/17°C), or night temperature of 10°C, 15°C or 20°C with a day temperature of 25°C (25/10, 25/15, 25/20°C). The increase of night temperature from 10 to 20°C did not change the seed thickness. However, the decrease of day temperature from 30 to 20°C promoted seed growth, and the 1000 seed weight was the largest at 20°C although the seed thickness was not changed. The change in day temperature to 20°C increased both 1000 seed weight and seed number in Amarilla de Marangani, and the seed weight was the heaviest at a day temperature of 20°C. On the other hand, in NL-6, the seed number decreased with the decrease in day temperature, and seed weight was the heaviest at a day temperature of 30°C. Thus, there were differences in the effects of day temperature on seed growth and formation between the valley type and sea-level type quinoa.
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Quality and Processing
  • Effect of Nitrogen Topdressing at the Heading Stage on Yellow Alkaline Noodle Quality of a Hard Wheat Cultivar ‘Yukichikara’
    Masato Taira, Naoto Nihei, Akari Endo, Yoshinori Taniguchi, Hidekazu M ...
    2012 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 173-182
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.81.173
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    The effect of nitrogen topdressing at the heading stage on yellow alkaline noodle (YAN) quality was investigated using a hard wheat cultivar ‘Yukichikara’. With increasing amount of nitrogen topdressing, the protein content, SDS-sedimentation test volume and wet gluten content increased, and farinograph mixing properties of dough were strengthened. Although the gluten index was decreased, the texture score by the sensory test of YANs, after immersion in hot water for 7 minutes after boiling, was significantly increased by increased nitrogen topdressing. These results indicate that nitrogen topdressing at the heading stage decreases the gluten index, but strengthens the dough properties keeping the texture of boiled YANs unchanged. Compared with the YAN made from imported hard wheat with a flour protein content of 11.8%, the YANs made from ‘Yukichikara’ flour with a protein content of 9.8 or 10.8% gave significantly higher scores of apparent color and the total quality. Thus, we conclude that the adequate flour protein content of ‘Yukichikara’ is approximately 10.0−11.0%, and flour protein content can be changed by changing the amount of nitrogen topdressing at the heading stage.
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Genetic Resources and Evaluation
  • Development of a Method to Evaluate the Field Resistance of Soybean to Phytophthora sojae
    Yoko Yamashita, Akiko Tazawa, Makoto Minami
    2012 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 183-189
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.81.183
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    Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean is a water-borne disease caused by Phytophthora sojae. Two types of resistance have been identified; race-specific complete resistance and non-race-specific partial or field resistance. We developed a method to evaluate the field resistance to P. sojae of Hokkaido soybean cultivars, utilizing paddy fields in summer. The percentage of dead plants was highly correlated with the disease severity index (r=0.992** in 2006, 0.981** in 2007, n=35-37) and it was considered to be an appropriate indicator of field-resistance evaluation. The order of dead plant percentage among 16 genotypes susceptible to all known races of P. sojae in Hokkaido was nearly the same in 2006 and 2007. The genotypes were classified into three groups based on their resistance level and six cultivars were selected as checks. The dead-plant percentage in any two years from 2006 to 2009 was correlated with each other (r=0.542** to 0.839**, n=26-57); however, the field-resistance evaluation from 2006 to 2009 varied with the year in 17.1 to 34.6% of the genotypes. Analyses of genotypes with complete resistance specific to races A and D and those used for race-identification showed that race-specific resistance had little effect on the field resistance evaluation. The method developed in this study, together with information on field resistance of major Hokkaido cultivars, is a useful tool for breeding soybean with field-resistance to P. sojae.
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Crop Physiolory and Cell Biology
  • Factors Responsible for Regional Variation of Cold Tolerance in Rice in Northern Japan
    Eiji Kanda, Toshiyuki Kimura, Aya Oikawa, Shigenori Ookawa, Jiro Sasak ...
    2012 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 190-193
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.81.190
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    The effects of climate conditions during vegetative growth on cold tolerance of rice at the booting stage were examined. Rice cultivar ‘Hitomebore’ was grown in Hokkaido-Tohoku region at six locations in 2008 and seven locations in 2009, where the soil and applied fertilizer were identical. A cold tolerance test was conducted during the reproductive growth after panicle formation under deep cold water conditions. The sterility significantly varied with the location in both years. It was closely and negatively correlated with air and water temperatures before the panicle formation stage. These results indicate that the air and water temperatures before panicle formation can explain the variation of cold tolerance and that a lower temperature during the vegetative growth stage decreases the cold tolerance.
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  • Initial Growth of Some Crops Grown in Amino Acid as Nitrogen Source under Aseptic Condition
    Naoto Nihei, Sayaka Masuda, Keitaro Tanoi, Hiroki Rai, Tomoko M. Nakan ...
    2012 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 194-200
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.81.194
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    The influence of the organic nitrogen on the growth of five plant species cultured in solution was examined. One amino acid selected from 20 amino acids that constitute protein was added to the culture solution as a sole nitrogen source. The growth of rice and chingensai (green pak choi, Brassica rapa var. chinesis) greatly varied with the kind of amino acid. The growth difference was smaller in wheat and cucumber than in rice or chingensai. However, the growth of soybean was not affected by the kind of amino acid. Asparagine and glutamine had a greater effect on growth than inorganic nitrogen. On the other hand, cysteine, methionine, and valine reduced the growth and nitrogen content of shoot.Then, five kinds of amino acids were selected to study the influence on the growth of rice seedlings. Glutamine increased the weight and nitrogen content of the shoot with the increase of concentration. Serine and valine was suppressed the growth of rice even at a low concentration. Since glutamine is an amino acid synthesized in the plant fertilized with inorganic nitrogen, it was suggested that glutamine was efficiently used as a source of nitrogen even at a high concentration. On the other hand, serine and valine are synthesized at the late stage of amino acid production. Therefore, it seems that they were not metabolized or accumulated in the roots, and inhibited rice growth.
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  • Evaluation Method for Threshability of Rice Varieties by Grasping the Panicle with Hand
    Kazuo Okubo, Takehiro Watanabe, Naoko Miyatake, Shuhei Maeda, Tomohiro ...
    2012 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 201-206
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.81.201
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    We investigated the number of panicles per plant and number of plants necessary to evaluate the threshability of Japanese rice cultivars by grasping the panicles, using seven varieties, three with hard, two with middle, one with easy, and one with very easy threshability. Each of the four evaluators tested 50 plants and grasped 1, 3 or 5 panicles each time. The rate of shedding per panicle was not influenced by hand size or the number of grains grasped each time. Therefore, we selected the rate of shedding as an index for evaluation of threshability. The correlation among each rate of shedding investigated by four evaluators was the highest when the evaluator grasped three panicles than one or five panicles. The number of test plants necessary to calculate the rate of shedding to allow for a margin of sampling error of 10% points at a 5% significance level, varied with the threshability. It was 41-46, 24-32 and 14-18 plants in the varieties with hard, middle and very easy threshability, respectively. Use of at least 45 plants was recommended to evaluate threshability of unknown varieties by the grasping test.
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  • Grain Quality of Koshihikari and Hitomebore Cultivated at High Temperature in Farmers' Fields in Fukushima Prefecture
    Shigeto Fujimura, Tomohiro Fujita
    2012 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 207-211
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.81.207
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    Differences in ripening capability at high temperatures were examined for Koshihikari and Hitomebore in farmers' fields in Fukushima prefecture. Mean daily average temperatures during 20 days, mean daily lowest temperatures during 20 days and cumulative temperatures above 30 °C for daily highest temperature during 10 days around heading were calculated and the effects of temperature on rice grain qualities were analyzed. The average incidence of milky white kernel, white-back & white-belly kernel and white-based kernel for the two cultivars was 8.2%, 4.6% and 1.2%, respectively. The incidences of white-back & white-belly kernels and white-based kernel were significantly higher in Koshihikari than in Hitomebore. The incidence of white-back & white-belly kernel was significantly and positively correlated with mean daily average temperatures in Koshihikari and the correlation was highest with the average temperature during 8 to 27 days after heading. The average temperatures during this period were similar in Koshihikari and Hitomebore, which indicated that ripening capability at high temperatures was higher in Hitomebore than in Koshihikari.
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  • Damage to Barley Caused by the Boiling Sand and Wet Injury in Paddy Field in Ibaraki-prefecture After the Great East Japan Earthquake
    Atsushi Oyanagi, Kentaro Kawaguchi, Toshifumi Murakami
    2012 Volume 81 Issue 2 Pages 212-218
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: March 26, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.81.212
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    The Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011 caused damage to barley in a paddy field in Inashiki-city, Ibaraki-prefecture. There were 96 spots of boiling sand in the field. The area of boiling sand was 252 m2 in total and it corresponded to 12.6% of the 20 a field. The boiling sand showed a pH ranging from 3.7 to 5.4 and EC from 0.12 to 0.52 mS/cm. The difference in levels became 267 mm in this field. Pool appeared and barley was damaged by wet injury in a hollow place. Barley can grow on the boiling sand with pH adjustment in the pot experiments. It is considered that leveling and pH adjustment allow conduce for succeeding cropping in such fields.
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