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Volume 57 (1988)
- Issue 4 Pages 599-
- Issue 3 Pages 411-
- Issue 2 Pages 263-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 57, Issue 2
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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Naomichi TANAKA, Munetoshi TANGE, Hyoue TSUGAWA1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 263-269
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe characteristics of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) before and just after transplanting are being studied from the morphological and physio-ecological view-points. In this paper, the differences in characteristics of rice seedlings grown under different soil moisture conditions were examined, as a first step in diagnosing the quality of the seedlings: 1. In all varieties, plant length, the number of living leaves, leaf area, stem thickness, top and root dry weights all increased with increasing soil moisture. The differences in these characteristics among the treatments expanded with the passage of time, and the seedlings in the paddy nursery plot showed spindly growth. On the other hand, the dry matter production of seedlings grown in the upland nursery plot was suppressed compared with the paddy nursery plot, but the upland nursery seedlings showed the features of so-called "pudgy seedlings" with upright leaves and relatively stout stems (Fig. 2). 2. Rooting ability, vertical standing ability, the amount of bleeding water and the degree of leaf die-off were hardly affected by soil moisture treatments. However, upland nursery seedlings were superior in all characteristics to paddy nursery seedlings with the growth advances. Also, upland nursery seedlings had greater starch accumulation and rooting ability, vertical standing ability or the area of leaves die-off. Furthermore, it is assumed that the upland nursery seedlings maintain higher root vitality during the late growing season since the amount of bleeding water is closely related to the root vitality (Fig. 3 and 4-A, -B, -C). 3. The amylase activity and starch accumulation measurements suggested that amylase activity tended to increae with increasing soil moisture and that a certain relationship exists between starch accumulation ability and amylase activity in rice seedlings (Fig. 4-D). The questions related to these points are left for future studies.View full abstractDownload PDF (733K) -
Tomomi NAKAMOTO, Yasuo NAGATO1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 270-275
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGrain size and shape are important traits in rice. However, it is not yet been fully understood how the grain size or shape is determined during plant development. In the present study, we analyzed the growth of rice grain in detail, using five cultivated strains (O. sativa) and one wide strain (O. rufipogon=perennis). The growth of rice grain was characterized by the initiation of rapid growth immediately after flowering and the abrupt cessation of the growth at maturing stage, suggesting a non-logistic growth. Also, relative growth rates in length and width and the allometric growth between length and width showed a non-logistic nature of growth. The final grain length correlated well with the maximal growth rate in length. But the final grain width was closely related to the growth period, not to the maximal growth rate. This shows that the grain size is controlled by different parameters, depending on the direction of the growth. In the cultivated strains, the minimal ratio of grain width to length, which was attained on the second to fourth day after flowering, correlated with the final ratio. Therefore, a final grain shape can be estimated by the minimal ratio. These results show that rice grain has a non-logistic and unique mode of growth not observed in the growth of glume or embryo.View full abstractDownload PDF (643K) -
Takeshi IKEDA1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 276-280
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis experiment started from the observation that a rice hill planted alone or sparsely has an ellipse-shaped cross-section. The rice plant cv. Koshihikari was planted in 1/2000 are pot and was dressed at three levels. Bending angles of culms at the different positions in a hill were measured in both cases of wind direction parallel to the major axis of a hill (PL) and at right angles to that axis (TR). Wind speed ranged from 3 to 13m/s. The results are summarized as follows: 1. In PL, the bending angles of each culm at different positions in a hill were different even at the same wind speed. The angle of the most windward culm was larger than that of the most leeward one. It was shown that the bending angles of culms tended to be larger with increasing nitrogen doses. 2. In TR, the bending angle of the main culm was larger than that of the main culm when wind was in the parallel direction. The main culms with different nitrogen doses showed not always typical tendency.View full abstractDownload PDF (588K) -
Masahiko ICHII, Keizo TAMAI1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 281-286
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify physiological and ecological characteristics of red-kerneled rice, a comparative study was made with 25 cultivars on their low temperature adaptability, which was estimated with germinability, chlorosis and characteristics of seedlings under low temperatures. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Germinability of the red-kerneled type at low temperatures was higher than that of the white-kerneled type in japonica. In indica, a difference between red-kerneled and white-kerneled type was not detected (Fig. 1). The red-kerneled and the white-kerneled type showed a similar degree of low temperature-induced chlorosis. However, indica was more susceptible to the chlorosis than japonica (Fig. 2). Low temperature growth-ability in seedling height, root length, root number and fresh weight was obtained from the results of seedlings grown at 15 and 25°C. In both ecospecies a significant difference between the red-kerneled and the white-kerneled types was observed in seedling height, root number and fresh weight. The red-kerneled type tends to be higher in root length than the white-kerneled, although the difference was not significant. Growth inhibition caused by low temperatures was exhibited more strongly in seedling height than in root length and root number (Table 1). Low temperature germinability was not closely related to low temperature-induced chlorosis (Fig. 3). Moreover, the germinability was significantly correlated with low temperature growth-ability in seedling height, but not with that of other seedling characteristics (Fig. 4). These results suggested that higher adaptability under low temperatures was not peculiar to red-kerneled rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (634K) -
Fumitake KUBOTA, Noriyuki TANAKA, Susumu ARIMA1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 287-297
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo Japonica-Indica hybrid cultivars, Suweon258 and Akenohoshi, and a Japonica cultivar, Reiho, grown in the paddy field, were investigated on their growth responses to solar radiation, transplanting time and planting density. The high yielding mechanism of Suweon258 was elucidated by comparing the growth features of the three cultivars. In Suweon258 the number of grains per head was large (122 on the average) and less changeable (CV=10%) under the different growth conditions. Therefore a large increase was observed in the number of grains per unit area under the growth conditions such as dense planting where the number of tillers per unit area was highly increased. Suweon258 had vigorous tillering and the number of tillers varied largely with growth stage. After the maximum tiller number stage, the number of tillers rapidly decreased, and finally reaching about 60% of the maximum. In addition, Suweon258 was characterized by the erect grass type. By the joint effect of these features the light condition in the plant population at the ripening stage was improved and a comparatively high percentage of ripened grains was obtained even under the dense planting conditions. In Suweon258 the duration from transplanting time to heading time was roughly fixed at 80 days, during which the accumulated air temperature was also almost constant, about 2, 000°C. As the heading time progressed in parallel with movement of the transplanting time, it was easy to bring the ripening stage to the time of most favorable climate by choosing the transplanting time. Suweon258 was recognized as a high yielding cultivar, producing more than 800kg/10a in hulled grains. Early season transplanting and dense planting, both were the essential factors needed to realize the high yielding potential of the cultivar.View full abstractDownload PDF (1156K) -
Akihito KUSUTANI1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 298-304
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this paper, the dry matter accumulation patterns of 13 rice varieties were compared in order to analyze the cause of the varietal differences in ripenig. The relationship between the percentage of fully ripened grains to fertilized grains(Y) and the accumulated average air temperature during the ripening period(X) is shown in the next formula: Y=1-a·exp (-b·X) The constant b was different among varieties. This constant b (ripenig index, RI) correlated significantly with the reserve carbohydrate in the stem and leaf sheath at two weeks after the full heading stage (C) and also with dry matter production from two weeks after the full heading stage to the maturing stage (ΔW). The correlation between RI and the number of grains per square meter (N) was not significant. A higher significant correlation was found between RI and (C+ΔW)/N. RI also showed a significant correlation with the increase in ear dry weight during the ripening period (ΔE)/(C+ΔW). From these facts, it was concluded that RI was a useful index to estimate the ripening ability of different varieties.View full abstractDownload PDF (886K) -
Tooru SATOU, Eiji MIYAUCHI, Hideki SUGIMOTO1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 305-310
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe dry matter production of three types of taro plant was examined and growth behaviours were analyzed. The types were classified into three groups based on the characteristics of tuber growth. The first group was named 'daughter tuber' because of the conspicuous growth of the daughter tuber, the second 'mother and daughter tuber' and the third 'mother tuber'. In the experiment, 'Ishikawawase', 'Onnawase' of the first group, 'Akame' of the second and 'Taiwan-imo' of the third group were used. 1. Behavious of the individual tuber growth differed so much among the groups. The growth increment of the daughter tuber and the secondary corm of 'Ishikawawase' as well as of 'Onnawase' was great while that of 'Akame' was conspicuous mainly in the daughter and mother tuber. The mother tuber of 'Taiwan-imo' continued to grow until the end of the season. 2. In the latter half of the season, the crop growth rate of 'Akame' and 'Taiwan-imo' was increased. An analysis of the crop growth rate and the tuber growth rate showed that the tuber increment contributed to the increase of the CGR. 3. It was postulated that an increase in the leaf area index of 'Akame' and 'Taiwan-imo' resulted in an increase in the tuber growth rate.View full abstractDownload PDF (649K) -
Makoto KANEKO, Katsumi KATAOKA, Satoru TAKEDA1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 311-315
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe surface of unhulled rice has a complicated structure. Therefore, simple observation of a matured hull from outside is not enough to clarify its structure. In order to obtain further information materials were collected over a long period of. development. The surface structure of these samples was then examined by scanning electron microscopy. In outer epidermis, elongation of macrohairs and differentiation of microhairs started 15 days before heading. The stoma-like cells were observed 1) in the lemma near the hooking portion with palea, 2) at the tips of both glumes and 3) in the awn. These cells were identified as stomata by their morphology and distribution. There were one or two linear rows of stomata in the lemma near the hooking portion, and in these rows few microhairs were observable. Examination of the inner epidermal layer showed many stomata around the veins co-existing with the microhairs. In the lateral veins (lemma) and central veins, the stomata and microhairs coexist in the same rows. Around the hooking portion, stomata and microhairs separately exist in different rows, and the former were located closer to the hooking portion. We have concluded that the stomata and hairs perform an important function in the water metabolism of the hull.View full abstractDownload PDF (755K) -
Shigeki NAKAMURA, Yoshinori NAKAZAWA1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 316-320
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn investigation was conducted to clarify the effect of root, leaf and pod on S/P ratio (the ratio of seed weight to pod weight). Four cultivars used for this experiment include two with high S/P ratio and two with low S/P ratio. Grafting was made with these cultivars using each as either as the stock or scion with the other (Experiment I). Furthermore, the grafted plant had two stems; one is a stem of the stock and the other a stem of the scion. And the leaves or the pods were picked off from these two stems of the grafted plant (Experiment II). The S/P ratios of the scion cultivars with high S/P ratio ranged from 3.39 to 3.67, and those of scion cultivars with low S/P ratio ranged from 2.20 to 2.52 (Table 2). This means that the S/P ratio is showing its characteristics of the scion cultiver in both cases, namely that of high S/P ratio and that of low ratio. On the other hand, when the S/P ratio of stock plant was low, the pod weight of scion plant was 185mg and when the ratio of stock plant was high, the pod of scion plant was 176mg. That is, some effects of root can be seen on the pod weight (Table 3). Regarding the two characteristics of cultivar used for scion, one is leaf and the other pod, it is the pod that affected the S/P ratio (Table 4). Yet, it was recognized that the pod which was grown up with the leaf of a cultivar having high S/P ratio was somewhat small in weight (Table 5). That is, the leaf has a slight effect on the pod weight. The pod affects the S/P ratio, while the leaf and the root affect the pod weight. The results thus obtained suggest that the pod should be chosen as the object of the selection for improving partitioning the ratio of assimilation products to seed, and that the selection should be carried out by measuring the S/P ratio of the pod, because factor of variability of the S/P ratio is in pod.View full abstractDownload PDF (641K) -
Yoshiro KONO, Akira YAMAUCHI, Toshihiro NONOYAMA, Jiro TATSUMI1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 321-331
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe responses of nodal rooting and partitioning of dry matter between shoot and roots were compared among nine species of summer cereals under waterlogging of short-term (seedling stage) and long-term (from seedling to heading) treatments. The crops used showed a general tendency to increase the number of roots from the main stem under both treatments. On the basis of rooting response to the long-term treatment, the crops were classified into three groups as follows; a crop which decreased the total root number (foxtail millet), crops which slightly decreased the total root number, but increased the root number per main stem (common millet, pearl millet), crops which increased the total root number (rice, finger millet, Job's tears, Japanese barnyard millet, sorghum, maize). The last group was further divided into two subgroups as follows ; crops with tillers (rice, finger millet, Job's tears, Japanese barnyard millet) and crops without tillers (sorghum, maize). The change of the nodal root number was generally associated with the relative changes of dry matter partitioning to roots under waterlogged conditions. The rooting responses to waterlogging of the summer cereals were discussed in relation to their waterlogging tolerances evaluated on the basis of the changes in dry matter production and transpiration coefficient under waterlogged conditions examined in the previous study8).View full abstractDownload PDF (914K) -
Hiromi KANO, Mika KOIZUMI, Naoki KATSURA, Katsumi INADA1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 332-339
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe absorption change at 703 nm induced by Hash actinic light in intact leaves of kidney bean plants was measured. The dependency of the absorption change upon the intensity of the detecting light and intensity and wavelength of actinic flash was examined in order to investigate photosystems and electron transport system in vivo. The light saturation of P700 oxidation and reduction by flash light was represented by hyperbolic curves, while that of P700 oxidation by detecting light was represented by an exponential curve. The action spectra of P700 oxidation and reduction at shorter wavelengths than 600 nm fluctuated in almost the same pattern, showing a minimum at 481 nm and a peak around 450 nm. Apparent differences between the two were observed above 630 nm. The action spectrum of P700 oxidation showed a peak at 621 nm, decreased at 683 nm and showed another peak at 700 nm, while the spectrum of P700 reduction decreased above a wavelength of 660 nm. Based on the analysis by the present method, the photoreactions observed in leaves with dense pigments were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (807K) -
Hajime SATO1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 340-345
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study was conducted to examine the differences among cultivars and the nature of inheritance in the leaf orientation movements of kidney bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The left leaflet of the first or second trifoliate leaf of each plant grown in a pot was exposed to the artificial light. The plant was exposed to the light at an angle of 30 degrees from the horizontal onto the pulvinule and leaf blade from the base of the leaflet. Changes of vertical (up- and down-ward) and twisting (rotative on midrib) angles of each leaflet were measured during the period of light exposure. Four cultivars examined were classified into two types: one oriented the leaflet surface more perpendicularly toward the incoming light, and the other oriented more parallel toward the light. In the former type a considerable change in the vertical angle was also observed, and such a cultivar was designated as "Vertical type"; while a great change in the twisting angle was seen in the latter, which was therefore designated as "Twisting type". These two movements were seemingly, although imperfectly, independent of each other. The leaflet orientation movements of the vertical type appeared to be controlled by two kinds of dominant genetic factors with extensive modifiers, which give the plant leaflet a large vertical and small twisting movements.View full abstractDownload PDF (611K) -
Kazuto IWAMA1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 346-354
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify the role of the roots on the dry matter production and the tuber yield of the potato plants (Solanum tuberosum), the dry weight and respiration rate of the roots up to 30 cm in depth were investigated at 4-6 times during the growing season with 1-2 main variety (s) at autumn cropping for 3 years and at spring cropping for 1 year. 1. The difference in root DW among years and cropping seasons became apparent at a relatively early stage before initial flowering, being much larger than the difference in LAI. 2. The difference in root activity among years and cropping seasons was much smaller than the difference in root DW. 3. During one month after initial flowering, the difference in photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the canopy could not fully explain the difference in CGR. On the other hand, the root DW showed a highly positive correlation with CGR (r=0.971) and tuber bulking rate (r=0.993). It was concluded that the difference in root growth among years and cropping seasons would be one of the major factors affecting dry matter production during the tuber bulking period and tuber yield.View full abstractDownload PDF (890K) -
Junko YAMAGISHI, Ryuichi ISHII, Atsuhiko KUMURA1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 355-359
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe time course of respiration in soybean plants was examined under different physiological conditions to elucidate the mechanism of the determination of respiration rate. Respiratory CO2 evolution per unit dry weight (RPW) decreased after the onset of the dark period and showed a temporary acceleration around midnight, called the midnight rise of respiration (MRR) in this paper, reaching a constant level at about 48 hours after the initiation of the dark. Throughout this time course, RPW was high in younger and nitrogen-supplied plants, and low in the aged or nitrogen-depleted plants. Furthermore, MRR disappeared in the aged or nitrogen-depleted plants. From the results obtained, it was hypothesized that the time course of RPW, especially the existence of MRR, was determined by the demand for the energy and metabolic products which could be derived from respiration.View full abstractDownload PDF (509K) -
Hiromi KANO, Mika KOIZUMI, Naoki KATSURA, Katsumi INADA1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 360-365
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe light saturations of photochemical reactions of rice chlorina mutant, CMV-44, which lacks chlorophyll b entirely, were examined as well as those of the barley chlorina f2 mutant. The efficiencies of the photoreactions of photosystem I and photosystem II were lower in a rice chlorina mutant than in a wild-type plant. Based on the findings in the present investigation, the plant leaves with higher chlorophyll b content, having a larger photosynthetic unit, are considered to exhibit relatively high photosynthetic activity in low light conditions as in the plant canopy, under the cover of protected cultivation and in the winter season.View full abstractDownload PDF (690K) -
Hiroyasu MICHIYAMA, Hitoshi SAKA1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 366-370
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined endogenous ethylene levels in leaf sheath and the panicle of growing rice plants. 1)Endogenous ethylene within the leaf sheaths could be sampled by mechanical squeezing. Ethylene levels reached a maximum in one hour after a lag time of thirty minutes after the harvesting. 2) Levels of endogenous ethylene in leaf sheaths showed diurnal variation with high levels in the day and low in the night. 3) The ethylene levels within leaf sheaths were similar among upper four leaves when measurement was made twenty three days before heading (The flag leaf was not emerged yet). But at the time of anthesis, ethylene level in the leaf sheath of the flag leaf on the main stem showed the highest value among the upper four leaves, decreasing in the order of leaf position from the top. The ethylene level in the panicle after heading was found to be higher than that in the flag leaf.View full abstractDownload PDF (540K) -
Shigenori MORITA, Tetsuya SUGA, Yasushi HARUKI, Koou YAMAZAKI1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 371-376
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIndices concerning morphological characters of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) roots were determined by means of root length estimated with a root length scanner (an applied instrument of the line intersection method). Prior to actual root measurements, nylon thread with different diameters (0.07, 0.10 and 0.33mm) was measured with the root scanner in order to check its performance. It was found that the measurements were exact when the diameters of nylon thread were not less than 0.lmm. Thus, the instrument was thought to be capable of detecting all of the primary roots and most of the 'thick' secondary roots in rice plants. Root measurements were conducted for some paddy rice cultivars with respect to primary root length (PRL) and FAA-insoluble structural dry matter weight ('DW') as well as root length estimated with the root scanner (ERL). To indicate root branching and root thickness (diameter), we proposed the 'coefficient of branching' and the 'coefficient of thickness' which were defined as ERL/PRL ratio and 'DW'/ERL ratio, respectively. In this study, the former ranged from 2.2 to 4.6 (m/m), and the latter ranged from 9.18 to 10.81 (mg/m). After analyzing differences between plant stages or cultivars, these 'coefficients' were thought to be useful indices for relative comparisons.View full abstractDownload PDF (680K) -
Shigekata YOSHIDA, Hiroshi HASEGAWA1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 377-379
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (400K) -
Katsu IMAI1988 Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 380-391
Published: June 05, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1420K)
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