Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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Volume 78, Issue 4
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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  • Trends of Waterlogging Tolerance Studies in the Poaceae
    Yoshiro Mano, Atsushi Oyanagi
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 4 Pages 441-448
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.441
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Studies conducted on varietal differences in waterlogging tolerance and its hereditary nature are reviewed. Specific focus is directed to waterlogging tolerance-related traits, including root aerenchyma formation in upland crops of Poaceae such as wheat, barley and maize. New breeding approaches to the development of waterlogging-tolerant crops are also discussed. Though the species differences toward waterlogging tolerance are clear in the Poaceae, varietal differences are not clear and cultivars having waterlogging tolerance have not been developed. Genetic resources useful for the breeding of waterlogging tolerance have been recently identified in the wild relatives of several domestic species; and waterlogging tolerant cultivars may be generated by transferring genes controlling root aerenchyma formation and/or shallow rooting to domestic crops via a marker-assisted-breeding approach.
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  • Effects of Harvest Time on Milling Properties, Dough Characteristics and Bread-making Qualities of the Bread Wheat Cultivar ‘Minaminokaori’
    Tetsuya Iwabuchi, Kohei Tanaka, Yuji Matsue, Hitoshi Matsunaka
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 4 Pages 449-454
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.449
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    The effects of harvest time on milling properties, dough characteristics and bread-making qualities of the bread wheat cultivar ‘Minaminokaori’ were investigated in Northern Kyusyu throughout three growing seasons : 2002/2003, 2004/2005, and 2005/2006. Plants harvested between 2 days before and 1 day after maturity were designated as early harvest, and those harvested 3−7 and 8−12 days after maturity as standard and late harvest, respectively. The moisture content of kernels was higher in early harvest (26.1−37.0%) than in standard harvest (11.4−19.6%) in all three seasons. The gluten index was lower, and therefore inferior, in early harvest compared with that in standard harvest. Dough development times and farinogram valorimeter values (dough characteristics) were lower in early harvest than in standard harvest, while the volume-to-weight ratio of loaves (bread-making qualities) in early harvest was similar to that in standard harvest. The bulk density and falling number (milling property) were low in late harvest in the 2005/2006 season, when excess rain of above 100 mm fell before harvest. Bulk density was low in late harvest in spite of little precipitation after maturity in 2002/2003. These results suggest that standard harvest (3−7 days after maturity) with a kernel moisture content under 20% is the optimal to harvest the bread wheat cultivar ‘Minaminokaori’, because the milling properties, gluten quality, and dough characteristics are exceptionally favorable during that period.
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  • Improvement of Grain Quality and Yield by Deep-Flood Irrigation
    Masahiro Chiba, Osamu Matsumura, Tomio Terao, Yoshihiko Takahashi, Haj ...
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 4 Pages 455-464
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.455
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    Minimizing the deterioration of grain quality caused by the high temperature stress in the ripening stage is an important agronomical issue in rice cultivation. Field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of deep-flood irrigation on the growth and quality of rice under high and normal ripening temperatures. The experiment was carried out from 2004 to 2007 using three rice cultivars (Hatsuboshi, Sasanishiki and Koshihikari). Two water management regimes were prepared : DFI (deep-flood irrigation; water level was kept in 18 cm from active tillering to maximum tiller stage) and CWI (conventional water irrigation). DFI decreased inferior tillers, resulting in a higher percentage of tillers that produce mature grains. Although DFI decreased the number of panicles, it increased the number of grains per panicle and thousand grain weight of brown rice; hence, the yield equal to that in the CWI plot. In addition, DFI markedly the decreased the occurrence of milky white grains. This effect was observed both in high and normal temperature conditions, suggesting that DFI is an effective method to overcome the deterioration effect of a high ripening temperature. The higher sensitivity of the cultivar to a high temperature, the higher the DFI effect. However, DFI should be started after production of enough tillers. Otherwise, the yield will be decreased due to a shortage of tillers. Three hundred and thirty tillers/m2 before the start of DFI may be needed to have the same level of yield as that by the conventional cultivation in addition to reducing deteriorated grains.
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  • Relationship between Root Activity and Ripening of Rice Plants Grown in South West-Warm Region in Japan
    Tomohide Shimotashiro, Nozomi Goiduka, Osamu Sasaki, Satoshi Matsumoto
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 4 Pages 465-470
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.465
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    The objectives of this study are to investigate the bleeding rate of rice plants grow in a warmer region in south-west part of Japan during the growth period, and the relation between root activity and ripening were investigated. The bleeding rate of the rice plants (var. Hinohikari) grown under four different fertilizer application levels, were measured during the growth period in 3 years. The bleeding rate increased during the plant growth and reached a maximum value at 7 days before heading and decreased until the milk ripe stage. These results indicated that root activity of rice plants began to decrease before heading. The bleeding rate varied with the year and fertilizer application level, particularly with the year. The bleeding rate at the ripening stage did not significantly correlate to the yield of winnowed paddy, and increase in the dry matter and spike dry weight. However, the bleeding rate at 14 days after heading was significantly correlated with the percentage of ripened grain and the thousand grain weight. Thus, the bleeding rate could be used as an effective index in study on the effect of the activity of whole root system on ripening. The high root activity at milk ripe stage resulted in good ripening.
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  • Growth Analysis of Rice Plants Cultivated without Puddling and Levelling
    Chikako Mihara
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 4 Pages 471-475
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.471
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    The growth and yield of rice plants cultivated without puddling and levelling (NP) were compared with those of rice plants grown under a conventional tillage (CT) condition. There were differences in the tillering number, plant height, and leaf color between rice plants grown in NP and CT conditions. The rate of exudation from rice plants in NP was higher than that in CT conditions at the late growth stage. However, the yield of rice plants in NP was lower than that in CT, and the studies on cultural practices, such as plant spacing and the application rate and timing of fertilizer are necessary to acquire a high yield with a high quality under the NP condition.
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  • Effects of the Amount of Insolation and Humidity during the Ripening Period on the Grain Quality of Brown Rice in Warm Regions of Japan
    Ken-ichi Wakamatsu, Osamu Sasaki, Akio Tanaka
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 4 Pages 476-482
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.476
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    The effects of the amount of insolation and humidity during the ripening period on the occurrence of white-back kernels in paddy rice, were investigation in a paddy field with shading treatment and in a climatron under a high-temperature condition while varying the solar radiation and humidity. The incidence of white-back kernels was high under the high-temperature condition, although there were fewer white-back kernels and a tendency of more milky white kernels in the shading treatment group. In the climatron, there were more white-back kernels at a high humidity was high or large amount of insolation. The panicle surface temperature under the same high-temperature condition was higher when humidity was higher or the amount of insolation was higher, revealing a similar tendency to that of the incidence rate of white-back kernels. These results indicate that the incidence rate of white-back kernels varied with the amount of insolation and humidity, even under the same high-temperature condition. These results suggest that white-back kernels were significantly influenced by the surface temperature of the panicle, which was closely related to the amount of insolation and humidity, and also by the air temperature. The incidence of white-back kernels was affected significantly by the high-temperature condition during the ripening period. In contrast, the incidence of milky white kernels was influenced more by the amount of insolation rather than by the high-temperature condition; their occurrence was promoted by the increase in the number of rough rice grains.
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  • Correlation of Spikelet Number per Panicle on the Order of Tillers with the Diameter of Shoot Apical Domes at Panicle Initiation in Rice
    Kazuhiro Kobayasi, Mitsuaki Miyane
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 4 Pages 483-491
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.483
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    A pot experiment was conducted to examine the relationship between the basal diameter of the apical dome (AD) at panicle initiation (PI) and the numbers of spikelets, primary rachis-branches (PBs), and secondary rachis-branches (SBs) on the main stems (MS), primary tillers, and secondary tillers, using two rice cultivars (panicle-number type, ‘IR72’; and panicle-weight type, ‘IR65564-44-2-2’). Plants were grown in pots (1 plant / pot) under irrigated conditions. We recorded the order of all tillers and the node at which the tillers emerged, and measured the basal diameter of AD at PI, the numbers of differentiated PBs, spikelets, and so on. In IR72, the basal diameter of AD at PI was largest on MS, whereas in IR65564-44-2-2, not only that on the MS, but also that on primary tiller from the 5 th node of the MS were larger than the others. In both IR72 and IR65564-44-2-2, the number of differentiated PBs was in the following order : MS>primary tiller>secondary tiller. As a result, there were positive correlations between the basal diameter of AD at PI and the number of differentiated PBs in both cultivars. We concluded that the basal diameter of AD at PI is related to the number of differentiated PBs, and therefore, the number of spikelets per panicle is in the following order : MS>primary tiller >secondary tiller.
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  • Microscopic Surface Characteristics of the Soybean Seed Coat with Side Wrinkles
    Kazunori Otobe, Satoshi Ohno
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 4 Pages 492-496
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.492
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    Microstructure of seed-coat surface on the soybean cv. Enrei was investigated to reveal the structural properties of the side-wrinkled seed (SWS). The microstructure with small depressions, which is frequently observed on the surface of waterpermeable seed coats, was profi led by using a surface-scanning laser microscope. The profi le provides a root mean square length from standardized surface (RMS) calculated via geometrical analysis, which is an orthodox indicator of the roughness on the focused surface. RMS on the center area of the abaxial-side seed coat in the normal (wrinkleless) seed was 1 . 4-1 . 6 Μm, whereas that in SWS was signifi cantly reduced to 0 . 9-1 . 1 Μm. This suggested that the SWS surface was partly smoother than the normal seed surface. The short-time imbibition tests on the normal seeds and observation of wrinkle induction, demonstrated that, on the abaxial side, low-RMS seed coats tended to wrinkle less than the high-RMS seeds, while on the dorsal side all imbibed seeds wrinkled. Although a similar difference in the seed-coat RMS was observed in the normal seeds, simple moistening-drying process of the seeds provided no evident SWS formation. These results suggest that not only the changes in surface microstructure of seed coat but also some seed-fi lling process may affect SWS formation.
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  • Response of a Large Grain Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivar Akita 63 to Nitrogen Fertilization
    Maya Matsunami, Wen-Hui Zhang, Makie Kokubun
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 4 Pages 497-502
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.497
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    A new rice cultivar Akita 63 which has a relatively heavy 1000-grain weight (30 g) is expected to possess a high yield potential. To develop a suitable nitrogen (N) fertilization method for maximizing the yield potential of Akita 63, we investigated the effects of three patterns of N fertilization; early topdressing (ET) [basal dressing, topdressing at the tillering stage, topdressing at ear formation stage, topdressing at the ripening stage = 6, 2, 2, 0 kg N / 10 a], late topdressing (LT) [4, 0, 4, 2 kg N / 10 a] and even fertilization (EF) [4, 2, 2, 2 kg N / 10 a]. ET markedly stimulated tillering, but produced a large number of non-productive tillers. The photosynthetic rate during the ripening stage was lower in the ET plot due to the lower leaf N content than in the other treatments. In LT, the development of tiller was slower, resulting in the smallest panicle number and yield among the three treatments. In EF, panicle number, spikelet number per unit area, N uptake and photosynthetic rate were the greatest, leading to the highest yield among the three nitrogen treatments. These results suggest that the even fertilization over the growth period is necessary to realize the high yielding potential of Akita 63.
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  • Making of Risk Map of Salty Wind Damage on Paddy Rice in Shonai Area of Yamagata Prefecture Based on Typhoon No15. 2004
    Yasushi Shibata, Kunio Oda, Shizuka Mori, Hiroshi Fujii
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 4 Pages 503-508
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.503
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    [in Japanese]
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  • Comparison of Growth and Rhizome Yield Characters among Turmeric Species Cultivated in Kanto Area
    Toshikazu Morishita, Hiroyasu Yamaguchi, Konosuke Degi, Akemi Shimizu, ...
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 4 Pages 509-514
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.509
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    Growth and rhizome yield of various turmeric strains (11 strains of Curcuma longa, 6 strains of Curcuma aromatica, 3 atrains of Curcuma zedoaria) were evaluated in the Kanto area for two years (2004 and 2005). C. longa was classified into two groups, one with a large plant size and high rhizome yield group consisting of 8 strains mainly from Japan and Taiwan (group I) and the other with a small plant size and low rhizome yield group consisting of 3 strains from southeast Asia (group II). C. aromatica has a slightly smaller plant size and rhizome yield than the strains in group I. C. zedoaria strains were also classified into two groups based on plant size. There was a signifi cant correlation in rhizome yield between the two years, and the order of strains in the yield was almost the same in both years. On the other hand, most of the strains showed a higher rhizome yield in 2004 than in 2005, probably because temperature and solar radiation in 2005 were lower than those in 2004 in the seedling stage.
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