Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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Volume 82, Issue 4
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
  • Evaluation of the Effects of Maturity Acceleration of Rice Straw and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Application of Aerobically Fermented Liquid Fertilizer in Rice Production
    Yasumaru Hirai, Keisuke Saruta, Kenzo Kawai, Hirohiko Shuto, Takeo Yam ...
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 4 Pages 325-336
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.325
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    There is growing concern to promote the use of aerobically fermented liquid fertilizer produced from human waste and sludge to reduce the cost, environmental load, and energy consumption in rice production. We tested the maturity accelerating effects on rice straw and effects as a nitrogen fertilizer by applying liquid fertilizer in 2009 and 2010. The maturity accelerating effects were not significant in terms of dry weight, total nitrogen content (T-N), and nitrogen uptake. When liquid fertilizer, which had an ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) ratio of approximately 70%, was incorporated into the plow layer of the soil as a basal fertilizer, the nitrogen fertilizer effect and panicle number were equivalent to those for chemical fertilizers. However, when liquid fertilizer with a low NH4-N ratio was applied, the dry weight, T-N, and nitrogen uptake were lowered resulting in reduced panicle number. When applied as a top-dressing on the soil surface, nitrogen uptake decreased because of NH4-N loss through volatilization. This decrease in nitrogen uptake may have reduced spikelet number. Nitrogen uptake slowed under the low NH4-N ratio, and nitrogen nutrition conditions deteriorated during the ripening period. This may have lowered 1000-grain weight under the high average temperature conditions in 2010 (26.7°C during the 20-d period after heading). The yield tended to be low because of these reductions in yield components. Nitrogen fertilizer effects were affected by NH4-N ratio, whose fluctuation is considered problematic.
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  • Effect of Slow Release Fertilizer on Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Grain Yield in Chinese High-Yielding Rice Cultivars
    Toshiaki Kokubo, Akira Miyazaki, Tetsushi Yoshida, Yoshinori Yamamoto, ...
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 4 Pages 337-344
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.337
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    Nitrogen (N) use efficiency for grain yield (the grain yield per absorbed N) in Chinese high-yielding rice cultivars grown with different types of slow release fertilizers (linear and sigmoid types) was analyzed. The amount of N absorbed and dry weight in Yangdao 4 (YD), Wuyugen 3 (WY) and Hinohikari (HH) were significantly increased by applying slow release fertilizers. With increasing amount of absorbed N, the N use efficiency for grain yield was lowered, but the N use efficiency for grain yield in YD and WY grown with sigmoid type slow release fertilizer tended to be higher than that with split application of ammonium chloride irrespective of the amount of N absorbed, due to higher percentage of grain filling. YD had a lower percentage of immature grains than HH, probably due to the high specific gravity of the heavy grains. In addition, the decrease in the amount of straw dry matter during the ripening stage was significantly larger in YD than in HH. These traits may result in the stably high percentage of grain filling.
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  • The Effect of Shading in Winter on the Carbohydrate Content of Tea Plants and Productivity of First Crop of Tea
    Toshikazu Suzuki, Takashi Ikka, Akio Morita
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 4 Pages 345-352
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.345
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    The effect of 85% shading of mature tea plants for three months in winter, or the first or latter half of this period, on the carbohydrate content of the plant and productivity of the first crop of tea were examined by periodically measuring the contents of soluble sugar and starch in each organ, shoot growth, yield and quality of new shoots. Without shading, sugar, produced by photosynthesis was fully supplied and starch was accumulated in the middle roots and thick roots until late February, and then in the branches until budding time. By shading for 3 months from early January to early April, starch accumulation in the middle roots, branches and thick roots were delayed due to insufficient supply of sugar from source leaves. The contents of soluble sugar and starch in each organ at budding time were reduced more severely by shading from early January to late February than from late February to early April. Shading during the latter period, also caused delay of growth and harvest time, decrease in the number of new shoots, and irregular size of new shoots. These results suggested that shading before budding from late February to early April was more suppressive than that in early January to late February, the coldest season, and that the lack of reserve carbohydrate lowered the yield and quality of the first crop of tea.
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  • Variation in Yield of Paddy Rice Cultivated for 17 Successive Years Using Chinese Milkvetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) as Green Manure and its Causal Factors
    Tatsuo Asai, Kiyoshi Hirano, Setsuko Maeda, Hiroyuki Tobina, Kouji Nis ...
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 4 Pages 353-359
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.353
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    The effects of green manure fertilization (Chinese milkvetch) and pesticide application on the grain yield of early maturing rice variety were examined for 17 successive years in the paddy field of Shizuoka University. Green manure without pesticide (only weeds were removed with a weeder and by hand ;GM) were applied from 1993 to 2009, green manure and pesticide (GMP) from 1999 to 2009, chemical fertilizer and pesticide (CFP) from 1993 to 2009. According to weather fluctuation and the damage by rice stem borer from 1993 to 2000, the average rice grain yield in the GM plot during this period was 409 g m-2, while that during the nine years after 2001 was 466 g m-2, which was the same as that in the GMP plot (468 g m-2). On the other hand, the average rice grain yield in the CFP plot was 517 g m-2 from 1993 to 2000 and 539 g m-2 after 2001. The biomass yield of Chinese milkvetch was decreased by the feeding by the exotic insect in the GMP and GM plot in 2006, 2007 and 2009. Thus, the average biomass yield in the GM plot during those three years was 414 g m-2, although that in the other years was 493 g m-2 which was 93% of that in the CFP plot. A close positive correlation was observed between the amount of Chinese milkvetch applied and the rice grain yield. Therefore, the effect of the application of Chinese milkvetch was retarding of early growth of rice.
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  • Effects of Cool Water Irrigation on Reduction of Grain Quality of Rice by High Air Temperatures during the Ripening Period
    Yoshiharu Wada, Fumie Oozeki, Tomoko Kobayashi, Haruki Kumekawa
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 4 Pages 360-368
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.360
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    In order to mitigate the reduction of grain quality of rice by a high temperature during the ripening period of rice, the effects of irrigation with cool water was investigated. Field experiments were conducted using rice cultivar Koshihikari. Grain yield and apparent grain quality were examined under different air and soil temperatures regimes. Air temperature was changed by transplanting on different dates and soil temperature by setting the experimental plots at different distances from a cool water inlet. More chalky kernels, such as white back and basal white kernels, were found under a higher air temperature condition during 20 days after anthesis. The occurrence of these chalky kernels was reduced by irrigation with cool water. A significant correlation was found between the occurrence of chalky kernels and the average soil temperature during 20 days before anthesis, suggesting that a low soil temperature improved root activity and decreased the number of chalky kernels. In pot experiments, irrigation with cool water (17°C) reduced the occurrence of milky white kernels under high air temperatures to 2% compared to the 14% in the control by preventing the reduction of root activity and delaying leaf senescence.
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Modelling, Information and Environment
  • Fundamental Studies on a Crop-Weather Relation Model for Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)
    Akio Sumi, Tomoko Koriyama
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 4 Pages 369-377
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: November 05, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.369
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    As the first step to develop a model to explain and predict the dynamic relationship between weather and sweet potato crop growth and yield, we investigated the relationship between solar radiation absorbed by the canopy and the dry matter production in a cultivar “Koganesengan” grown for 5 years from 2004 to 2008. In 2005 and 2008, the correlation of leaf area index (LAI) with albedo, transmissivity and absorptivity were examined by the continuous measurements of the transmitting and reflected radiation. LAI and the dry weight were also examined by periodic harvesting. There was a proportional relation between total dry weight and the solar radiation absorbed by the canopy with a proportional coefficient of 5.51 g kWh-1. LAI was obtained as the product of total dry weight, leaf weight ratio and specific leaf area. Leaf weight ratio decreased exponentially with an increase in effective accumulated temperature above 10°C (∑T10). Tuberous root weight is given by multiplying total dry weight with harvest index. Although an allometric relation was found between total dry weight and harvest index in all experiments, the allometric coefficients determining the quantitative relationship between them varied mainly with the soil temperature at a 5 cm depth. On the basis of these results, an algorithm to predict the changes in LAI, total dry weight and tuberous root weight was developed using plant weight at planting time, mean soil temperature during the 5-week period after planting, daily air temperature and daily amount of insolation. The predicted values agreed with the observed values of total dry weight and tuberous root weight in spite of the assumption that specific leaf area was constant (0.03 m2 g-1).
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Research and Technical Note
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