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Volume 71, Issue 4
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Masahiko TAMAKI, Tomio ITANI, Hisao NAKANO2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 439-445
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe correlation of the growth and yield of rice with the duration of organic farming (compost mixed with straw) was examined in comparison with conventional farming in Yamaguchi city. In organic farming, the plant length of rice was shorter and shoot number per hill was smaller than in conventional farming, but both of these values increased as the duration of organic farming increased. The maximum tiller number was smaller and the panicle number was also smaller in organic farming. However, both the panicle number and panicle length increased as the duration of organic farming increased. The grain-straw ratio and silicic acid content were higher in organic farming than in conventional farming, and increased as the duration of organic farming increased. These results suggest that the growth and yield of rice increased with continuous organic farming, and that the yield increased through the increases of panicle number per hill and grain number per panicle.View full abstractDownload PDF (877K) -
Masataka SAKATA, Masashi KAMESHIMA, Yukio NAKAMURA, Kazuhiro KOMI, Yos ...2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 446-454
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn 1998, premature heading occurred in the farmer's field of the extremely early rice cultivar 'Tosapika' bred in Kochi Prefecture. According to the survey of interview with the farmers at the middle part of Kochi Prefecture, the occurrence of the premature heading was observed in early May, although the frequency varied among fields. In these fields, 100-160 g air-dried seeds were sown per box and grown under the vinyl house without heating during hardening period, and 22-34-day-old seedlings were transplanted with a rice transplanter from March 31 to April 16. The temperature before and after transplanting might be one of the factors related to premature heading, because the temperature during the seedling-raising period and after transplanting was unusually high. The prematurely headed plants were morphologically characterized by smaller number (about 4) of the leaves on the main culm, shorter lengths of culm and panicle, as compared with the normally headed ones. Brown rice yield varied from 206 to 541 gm-2 among the fields, depending on the occurrence frequency of premature heading in the field. In some of the plants prematurely headed in 2001, panicle internode did not elongate sufficiently and the panicles with bract leaves at the neck nodes appeared from the leaf sheaths. In some plants, young panicles ceased their growth even though the flag leaves expanded normally. In the field with premature heading, the effective cumulative temperature (ECT, base temp. 10°C) from seeding to premature heading were 459-543°C days, and that from seeding to transplanting of seedlings (3.4-4.4 leaf age) was 253-351°C days. On the other hand, the ECT from seeding to heading in the normally headed plants were over 800°C days irrespective of cropping years, seedling types and transplanting times. Thus the heading period of normal panicles was longer than that of the prematurely heading panicles.View full abstractDownload PDF (1369K) -
Michinori SATO, Toshio TSUCHIYA2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 455-462
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSpring wheat was sown in early winter, and the suitable amount and application timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to obtain both high yield and high protein content in the grains were examined. N fertilizer of 0-16 g N m-2 in total was applied in a lump just after snow melting, or in divided doses once just after snow melting (4-13 g N m-2) and once at flag-leaf emergence stage (3-6 g N m-2). In the plants supplied with 10g N m-2 in total, which is optimum for spring seeding, the plants seeded in early winter showed nearly the same N absorption as those seeded in spring, but higher biomass and higher harvest index resulting in higher yield than those seeded in spring. The increase of N supply for the plants seeded in early winter increased N absorption, biomass, harvest index, yield and protein content. In the plants supplied with N fertilizer in divided doses, the yield was lower but the protein content was higher than in those supplied with the same amount of N in a lump. However, we considered that the application of 7-10 g N m-2 just after snow melting and 3-6 g N m-2 at the flag-leaf emergence stage is better to increase the yield protecting the lodging and increasing the protein content that are desirable for bread and soy-sauce making.View full abstractDownload PDF (1040K) -
Yuji MATSUE, Hirokazu SATO, Yosuke UCHIMURA, Takefumi OGATA2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 463-468
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined the effects of environmental temperature (ET) during the ripening period on the amylose content and the whiteness values (an indicator of dull endosperm), in seven low-amylose rice cultivars. ET showed a significant negative correlation with the amylose content in all cultivars examined. ET-dependent variation in amylose content was larger in low-amylose rice cultivars than in Koshihikari and Nipponbare. It was difficult to find any correlation between the variation in the amylose content and the variation in ET or 1, 000-grain weight. We considered that the large variation in amylose content was attributable to the expression of the du gene, which was responsible for lowering the amylose content, and was markedly affected by the ET, except for Snow pearl. On the other hand, ET showed a significant positive correlation with the whiteness value. Low-amylose rice cultivars tested could be divided into two groups; One had a dull endosperm independent of ET ; and the other produced a dull endosperm depending on ET. The amylose content showed a significant negative correlation with whiteness value. The amylose content and the whiteness values varied with the cultivar more widely than with ET, suggesting that the amylose content and whiteness value of low-amylose rice cultivers are more affected by the genetic background than by ET.View full abstractDownload PDF (875K) -
Takahide BABA, Hiroomi KAI, Osamu YAMAGUCHI, Masahiko FURUSHO2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 469-474
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHull cracked grain (HC) is one of grain damages in malting barley. We evaluated the easiness of occurrence of HC by early seeding and shading tratment during the stern shooting stage using 26 Japanese malting barley cultivars. These cultivars were seeded around November 10 and 50% shaded with cheesecloth for about 30 days before heading (from the middle of March to the middle of April). The same experiment was repeated for three years. The frequency of the occurrence of HC was increased by combined treatment of early seeding and plant shading from 5.9% to 31.4%, on the average. There was a significant genotype × year interaction in the percentage of occurrence of HC, and the occurrence of HC varied with the year. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the frequency of HC occurrence for several years to evaluate the tolerance to HC. The occurrence of HC was suggested to be affected by sunshine hours during the stem shooting stage. Among 26 cultivars, Kinuyutaka and Kyushu Nijo 16 produced HC at low frequencies in all three years, and they are favorable parents for breeding the HC-tolerant varieties.View full abstractDownload PDF (836K) -
Tadashi TAKAHASHI, Kanae SHIMAUCHI, Atsushi NOMIYAMA, Yuko NAKAGAWA, K ...2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 475-480
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA wheat cultivar, "Haruyutaka", bred in Hokkaido, was planted and examined at nine cultivation conditions of the four seasons, 1995/1996 to 1998/1999, in Yamaguchi, Japan, for the purpose of introducing a new genotype into this area. Another wheat cultivar, "Daichinominori", bred in Kyushu, a part of western Japan in the same area as Yamaguchi, was compared with Haruyutaka. The Haruyutaka cultivar had lower grain yields than Daichinominori did for almost all conditions because it always had a lower harvest index and a smaller 1, 000 grain weight. Haruyutaka's culm had a higher content of water soluble carbohydrate at anthesis than at the milk-ripe stage. This suggested that Haruyutaka had accumulated no reserve material in culm during the former grain-filling period. Showing a larger total dry weight, Haruyutaka increased its grain weight, harvest index, and grain yield as it increased its sink capacity. Daichinominori increased its harvest index as it increased its source ability during the grain-filling period. Haruyutaka seemed to achieve a higher grain yield, a higher harvest index, and a heavier 1, 000 grain yield as a result of photosynthesis activity that was not high, but of a quick remobilization of reserve material in culm to grain under the environment of western Japan.View full abstractDownload PDF (881K) -
Tadashi TAKAHASHI, Kanae SHIMAUCHI, Yuko NAKAGAWA, Kaori SHIBATA, Take ...2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 481-487
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA wheat cultivar Haruyutaka bred in Hokkaido showed a very low crop growth rate (CGR) after anthesis when it grew in Yamaguchi. The plant figures, leaf area index, the surface area of ear and the penetration rate of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) into the canopy of this cultivar were compared with those of Daichinominori, a wheat cultivar bred in Kyushu, in 1991-2001. The photosynthetic rate in the leaf blade at each nodal position of the two cultivars was also compared. Haruyutaka showed a low CGR and low net assimilation rate during the grain filling period (from anthesis until maturity). One of the reasons was thought to be the larger surface areas of the organs in the upper layer of canopy, such as ear, flag and second leaves, than those in Daichinominori reducing the penetration rate of PAR into the canopy. Moreover, Haruyutaka had a larger total surface area index than Daichinominori and showed over-luxuriant growth. Thus, the photosynthetic rate of the leaf blade, especially that during the later grain filling period, was very low in Haruyutaka.View full abstractDownload PDF (1008K) -
Tadashi TAKAHASHI2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 488-492
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA wheat cultivar "Haruyutaka" bred in Hokkaido has a small harvest index, grain weight and yield when it grows in Yamaguchi, Japan. Ethephon, a growth regulator, applied to the surface of wheat canopy is expected to shorten the wheat culm and translocate the resulting surplus assimilate to the grain resulting in the increase of harvest index, grain weight and yield. In this study, we planted two wheat cultivars, Haruyutaka and Daichinominori (bred in Kyushu), at two sowing densities, 400 and 100 seeds m-2 in Yamaguchi, and sprayed 100 ppm ethephon on the canopy once every three days from flag leaf stage to anthesis with the intention of improving the harvest index Ethephon shortened the culms of both cultivars, but gave no effect on harvest index, grain weight or yield. Culm length was reduced not by shortening the culm elongation period but by reducing the culm elongation rate. The shortening of the culm by ethephon treatment resulted in the accumulation of surplus assimilate in the culm, and increased the percentage of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) in the culm. However, the WSC was not used for grain growth, because it remained in the culm until maturity.View full abstractDownload PDF (708K) -
Takahisa TETSUKA, Akinori UCHINO2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 493-499
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe plant-type variation in 56 Japanese native cultivars of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) was investigated. Eleven quantitative characteristics, such as main stem length, the lengths of the 1st order branches at the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th nodes, the number of nodes, the numbers of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd order branches, total number of branches, the number of flower dusters and the node position of the lowest flower, positively correlated with each other, and these characteristics positively correlated with the growth duration. The ratio of branch length to main stem length positively correlated with the angle between the main stem and the 1st order branch. In the principal component analysis based on 15 quantitative characteristics, the first component mainly related with plant size and the scores correlated with the growth duration. The second component related with the plant shape became more variable as the score of the first component increased. There was a significant variation in the plant types of native cultivars collected in western Japan. Thus, it is suggested that the native cultivars from western Japan have various plant types.View full abstractDownload PDF (970K) -
Jun HOSOI, Katsu IMAI2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 500-505
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn edible canna, the morphological and anatomical features and the physical characteristics of the adventitious roots which generated in pairs simultaneously near the nodes of rhizomes, were examined. The roots at various distances and directions from the stock base were examined in different growth stages. The 'horizontal roots' running shallow underground and the 'vertical roots' growing deep in soil were clearly distinguishable. The roots generated from the basal and apical side of the nodes of rhizome developed to 'vertical roots' and 'horizontal roots', respectively. The 'vertical roots' especially those near rhizome, had superior tissue structure and physical characteristics compared with the 'horizontal roots'. The area of cross section of central cylinder and the number of vascular bundles largely contributed to the tensile strength of root. The area of cross section of cortex also contributed to the bending rigidity of root. The breaking force related to tensile strength and the second moment related to bending rigidity of the roots in edible canna were larger than those in other herbaceous plants, and these characteristics would be closely related to the high ability to support plants with a large aboveground mass.View full abstractDownload PDF (991K) -
Tadanobu MAEDA, Hideaki HIRAI2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 506-512
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFrom 1991 to 2000, a rice cultivar Koshihikari was grown in the field, with either farmyard manure or chemical fertilizer continuously applied using a minimum of agricultural chemicals. After six years of continuous application of the manure, grain yield was the highest (63.7 kg/a) in the field supplemented with a small amount of chemical fertilizer. Continuous application of the farmyard manure increased the pH, available phosphorus content and gas phase of the soil, and also the uptake of phosphorus and potassium by plants although it slightly decreased the nitrogen absorption. Extension of the period of continuous application of the farmyard manure beyond five years did not change the soil properties or nutrient absorption by plants, but decreased the grain yield. Continuous application of 200 kg/a manure is inadequate for raising the soil fertility, but it may be possible to increase the yield by applying nitrogen at appropriate stages, because the continuous application of farmyard manure improved the soil conditions and increased the uptake of phosphorus and potassium by plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (1046K) -
Mika OHZEKI, Takashi ABE, Kumiko SHINDOH, Ryo OHSAWA2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 513-517
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo obtain a basic knowledge of the cadmium resistance of the Fagopyrum crops (common buckwheat [Fagopyrum esculentum] and Tartary buckwheat [Fagopyrum tataricum]), the effect of the germination rate and seminal root growth were examined by using the seed-pack growth pouch that filled the cadmium chloride solution. Paddy rice, upland rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), rape (Brassica napus), and leaf mustard (Brassica juncea) were used as comparison crops. There was no effect of 100 ppm or less cadmium on the germination rate except with paddy rice, but except for leaf mustard, the main root elongation was inhibited. The order in which cadmium resistance was regarded : paddy rice, upland rice, sorghum, common buckwheat, Tartary buckwheat, rapeseed, and leaf mustard. In 15 varieties of common buckwheat and 3 varieties of Tartary buckwheat, there was the continuous varietal differences of cadmium resistance. These results show that it may be possible to select cadmium resistance lines. It is also expected that buckwheat crops will become new materials for phytoremediation.View full abstractDownload PDF (792K) -
Akiko SATO, Hirotsugu OHI, Tomoo OHE, Haruka KANAZAWA, Takuya KOSEKI, ...2002 Volume 71 Issue 4 Pages 518-522
Published: December 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this study we planted Mogami safflower in a planter and compared its growth with the growth of American safflower (CW88-0L) ; some differences were found as follows : (1) The growth rate of Mogami safflower was faster than that of CW88-0L. The period between flowering and germination was 75 days in Mogami safflower and 88 days in CW88-0L. (2) The color of petals in Mogami safflower was yellow at the beginning, then changed to orange, and finally showed pure orange. On the other hand, the color of petals in CW88-0L was yellow during flowering. (3) Both thorns appeared on leaf and calyx 65 days after sowing, and in Mogami safflower they were sharper than in CW88-0L. (4) In regard to the weight and size of seeds, Mogami safflower was heavy and big compared with those of CW83-0L. (5) The taste of young leaf in Mogami is slightly bitter and tastier than in CW88-0L.View full abstractDownload PDF (870K)
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