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Volume 63, Issue 4
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Shigehiro NAITO, Toshio OGAWA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 569-575
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo evaluate the eating quality of a new variety of rice bred in the project named "New Characteristic Rice", a new scoring system was developed, which was comprised of the following seven terms profiling eating quality of rice : "whiteness", "gloss", "sharpness of outline on a grain of cooked rice", "hardness", "stickiness", "smoothness", "flavor". These variables fully describe the attributes of rice. The scoring form was designed to get information about the magnitude of sensational stimuli, so this method differs from the prevailing Japanese governmental official method (JGOM). The question of overall evaluation in JGOM is also replaced by suitability for 11 existing rice dishes. As a result, this scoring system gave reasonable profiling for all "new characteristic rice" and replicated of the practice of sensory experiment showed sufficient reproducibility. The proposed profiling method may be useful for usual rice quality study.View full abstractDownload PDF (705K) -
Masamichi OHE, Yusuke GOTO, Kiyochika HOSHIKAWA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 576-581
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe carried out two types of experiments to clarify the emergence of tillers of rice plants under deep water conditions. One (Exp. 1) was to keep the water level constant during the treatment, and the other (Exp. 2) was to raise the water depth in some grades. In Exp. 1, when the water level was deep enough to submerge the leaf sheath of the fully expanded leaf of main stem at about 5.0 plant age in leaf number, the emergence of 3 rd node tiller (T 3), which was growing inside the completely submerged leaf sheath, was inhibited. Though the emergence of T 3 was inhibited, the emergence of T 4 and T 5, which were growing inside the completely submerged leaf sheath at the start of treatment, was not inhibited. There was not always a relation between the inhibition of tiller emergence and the complete submergence of the leaf sheath. In Exp. 2, the emergence of T 4, T 5 and T 6 node tiller was inhibited when the water level was deep enough to submerge the leaf sheath of the fully expanded leaf of the main stem from the platn age of about 5.2 to 10.5 in succession. From the relation between the plant age at the time of the deep water treatment and the growth response of the tiller, we concluded that the growth response of the tiller under deep water varied with the growth stage of the tiller bud ; the most sensitive growth stage of the tiller bud to the deep water was just before emergence of the tiller which had four differentiated leaves. However, at the early growth stage just as the tiller bud differentiated 2-3 leaves and at the late growth stage just as the tiller began to emerge from the leaf sheath, the tiller growth was scarcely inhibited.View full abstractDownload PDF (700K) -
Yixin SHEN, Koji ITO, Yasuyuki ISHII, Shigeyuki TANAKA, Noriyuki TANAK ...1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 582-588
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of applications of plant growth regulators and additional fertilizer on dry matter production of green panic (Panicum maximum Jacq. var. trichoglume Eyles), cv. Petrie were investigated for the first growth during 26 days after application and the aftermath without any applications during 42 days. The application of GA3 (90 mL/m2 of 200 ppm solution) and of PP-333 (90 mL/m2 of 860 ppm solution) suppressed dry matter production of green panic by inhibiting tiller production in the former and tiller elongation in the latter. Dry matter production under aftermath in GA3-plot was enhanced due to the growth of many tillers from the tiller buds, the growth of which had been suppressed by GA3 application. The inhibition of tiller elongation by PP-333 application increased the number of tillers with apex in stubble at cutting. These tillers produced many daughter tillers after cutting, contributing to the enhancement of dry matter production under aftermath. The application of additional fertilizer (10 g/m2 each of N, P2O5 and K2O) enhanced dry matter production under direct effect by stimulating tiller growth. However, the stubble had no advantageous characteristics for tiller production, so dry matter production was not enhanced under aftermath. The above results gained in green panic may be applicable to the control of seasonal changes in dry matter production of forage grasses.View full abstractDownload PDF (847K) -
Akio MATSUZAKI, Zongbin YOU, Hiroyasu MACHIDA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 589-593
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this experiment was to identify the cause of the differences in the heading date and the time of panicle differentiation among individual tillers in a plant. Three varieties, Norin 1, Nipponbare and Norin 8, were grown in a/2000 Wagner's pots containing paddy field soil. Eleventh to fourteenth leaf blades of individual tillers of three varieties which correspond to leaf number index (LNI) from 70 to 90 were cut off when they reached their full length. The heading date of each tiller was considered to be the date on which a tip of panicle appeared more than 5 mm from the leaf sheath of its flag leaf. The young panicle length of individual tillers was also investigated at LNI 90. Heading of primary tillers was delayed by leaf cutting treatment, whereas no significant changes were observed in the flag leaf position on each stem. Delayed heading was observed on tillers which leaves were cut but scarcely recognized on intact ones even in a same plant. Moreover, the heading date of the early variety was delayed remarkably compared with the late one. In the case of secondary tillers, their heading date was delayed compared with their maternal primary tillers. The influence of these leaf cutting treatments on the heading date was limited to the tillers that had received the cutting treatment. As the stems that had developed longer young panicles headed earlier in the case of both primary and secondary tillers, the authors assumed that the days to heading of tillers may have reflected the time of panicle initiation.View full abstractDownload PDF (655K) -
Junko YAMAGISHI, Kunio ETOH, Tsuneo YAJIMA, Haruo SUZUKI, Shinobu INAN ...1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 594-600
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEight rice varieties were grown in pots and the varietal difference in the effects of applied gibberellic acid (GA3) on the number of spikelets per panicle were examined. GA3 (5 ppm) was sprayed onto rice plants once a week from the vegetative growth stage to heading. The number of spikelets per panicle was highly related to the number of spikelets per primary rachis branch and the first internode diameter in control plants, and this relation was the same in GA3-applied plants. The effects of GA3 on the number of spikelets per panicle differed among the varieties. In the varieties that showed an increase in the number of spikelets per panicle in response to GA3, the first internode diameter was also increased and the number of primary rachis branches or the number of spikelets per primary rachis branch was increased. Therefore, in these varieties, the factors which caused varietal differences in the number of spikelets per panicle in control plants may be promoted by GA3. The differences in sensitivity to GA3 among the varieties suggest that the roles of endogenous GAs in determining the number of spikelets are also different among varieties.View full abstractDownload PDF (796K) -
Yoshinori YAMAMOTO, Junichi NOUNO, Youji NITTA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 601-609
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTillering of the 2nd to 11th main stem nodes in potted directed-seeded rice plants was artificially controlled by the removal of tillers on specific nodes. Treatments consisted of limiting tillering on one main stem node only, on two or four consecutive main stem nodes at lower (L), middle (M) or upper (U) positions with the same 20 panicles and the constituents of each order tiller per plant. Under these conditions, grain productivity of each order tiller at different nodal positions on the main stem was investigated accurately. 1) Main stem flag leaf number, leaf emergence rate and panicle weight etc. increased as the number of tillering nodes decreased and tillers shifted higher on the main stem. 2) In the plots of the same number of tillering node (s), the mean panicle weight of the primary tiller was greater in the order U > M > L, and those of secondary and tertiary (quaternary) tillers were greater in the order M > U > L and M > L > U for one or two tillering node (s) plots, respectively, and U = M > L and M = U > L for four tillering nodes plot, respectively. Consequently, the mean panicle weight of whole tillers was greater in order M > L > U, M > U > L and U > M > L for one, two or four tillering node (s) plots, respectively. These results showed that lower nodal tillers on the main stem, which emerged earlier and having more number of leaves, do not necessarily produce a higher grain yield than middle or upper nodal ones. 3) The panicle weight of each nodal primary tiller was closely correlated with number of spikelets and it showed highly significant positive correlation with the leaf blade elongation rate from the leaf sheath (cm/day), which might directly mean the physiological activity of the tiller stem.View full abstractDownload PDF (968K) -
Kiyochika HOSHIKAWA, Satoshi NAKAMURA, Yusuke GOTO, Masao TANAKA, Yuic ...1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 610-615
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRelationships between days after sowing to heading (DAS-H) and dry matter yield of main stem, between DAS-H and dry matter yield-related traits involving total leaf number, number of elongated internodes, main stem length and diameter among 14 sweet sorghum cultivars in the northern area of Japan were investigated in 1991. Changes in heading date and yield-related traits of eight cultivars were investigated from 1991 to 1993. In 1991, significantly positive linear forrelations among cultivars were observed between DAS-H and dry matter production of main stem, and between DAS-H and yield-related traits. Some cultivars had large flexibility in heading date for 3 years. For example, cv. Wray had 88 days after sowing to heading (DAS-H 88) in 1991 and DAS-H 125 in 1993. Using the cumulative average temperature from seeding to heading, the difference was 585 degree days. The relative orders of heading date among varieties were unstable. Some varieties including Rio, Wray and Keller showed medium maturity in 1992, but matured early in 1991 and matured late in 1993. Highly positive correlations were observed between DAS-H and yield, and between DAS-H and yield-related traits each year, whereas for combined 3 years data, lowered correlation coefficients were obtained for both cases.View full abstractDownload PDF (739K) -
Kuniyuki SAITOH, Ryuzi INAMURA, Kuni ISHIHARA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 616-624
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify the effect of light on the trifoliolate compound leaf movement in the soybean plant, (1)changes in the area of the triangle described by the three tips of the leaflets (ΔT) and leaf inclination angle (β), (2) changes in relative light intensity (RL) on the leaf surface to the horizontal plane, and (3) the relation between light intensity and leaf movement, were examined by irradiating the artificial light vertically above. ΔT decreased to 57% at 60 minutes after irradiation (500 μE·m-2s-1) with an increase in β of the three leaflets, and RL decreased to nearly 50%. ΔT decreased with increasing in light intensity above 300 μE·m-2·s-1, and RL decreased steeply to less than 50% at which the light intensity was above 60O μE·m-2·s-1. Diurnal changes in RL of upper most expanded terminal leaflets in the potted plants were examined using a small photodiode attached to the leaf surface under the outdoor condition. RL showed more than 100% in the early morning, and decreased during the daytime to below 50%. Similarly, RL decreased to 60% during the daytime in the field experiment. Diurnal changes in leaf xylem water potential (Ψx) in the upper layer of the canopy were compared between the control (moving) and horizntal (pulvini were fixed with aluminum foil) plot. As trifoliolate compound leaf approached the tips of the three leaflets in response to sunlight, the light intensity on the leaf surface decreased and the leaflets maintain the higher Ψx by decreasing transpiration. Clearly, leaf movements play an important role in water stress avoidance, however the light intensity on the leaf surface is maintained above the light-saturated point in the relation between light intensity and photosynthetic rate of the leaflet.View full abstractDownload PDF (983K) -
Atsushi FURUYA, Ryoichi ITOH, Ryuichi ISHII1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 625-631
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis research was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms in water stress tolerance of Oryza glaberrima Steud. with special reference to stomatal conductance. Leaf photosynthesis (LPS) of O. glaberrima Steud. with developing soil water deficiency, was still maintained above zero when the leaf water potential decreased to as low as -2.0 MPa, while in O. sativa L. LPS became zero at -1.6 MPa. Stomatal conductances also changed in parallel with LPS in both species, suggesting that the different response of LPS to reduced leaf water potential is due to the different stomatal response between two species. In the relationship between the stomatal conductance and abscisic acid (ABA) content in the leaves, Saka, a line of O. glaberrima Steud., showed a slower decrease of stomatal conductance with increase of ABA than Nipponbare, a cultivar of O. sativa L. This attenuated response of stomatal conductance to leaf ABA content in O. glaberrima Steud. was supposed to be the cause of maintenance of higher LPS than in O. sativa L. under low leaf water potential conditions. The Rubisco content showed no significant difference in the response to developing low leaf water potential between the two species.View full abstractDownload PDF (627K) -
Yasuo TAKASAKI, Yoichi SEKI, Hirosi NOJIMA, Akihiro ISODA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 632-637
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe growth of W492 (an annual strain of Oryza glaberrima Steud.) and Koshihikari (a perennial cultivar of Oryza sativa L.) after heading were compared to determine the growth characteristics of annual and perennial types in the genus Oryza. The plants were grown individually in 1/5000a pots. At heading and every week thereafter, 10 plants of each strain were sampled. The dry matter and the starch content of each plant part were determined. Greater differences were found between W492 and Koshihikari in : (1) the rate of dry matter accumulation in the panicle ; (2) the rate of decrease of leaf area ; (3) starch content of stem + leaf sheath and (4) new shoot emergence after heading. There was no marked difference in the harvest index between the two strains, which is typically a distinguishing characteristic between annuals and perennials. In the aforementioned differences, (3) and (4) have already been reported as differences between annuals and perennials but (1) and (2) have not. Based on these results, we assume that monocarpic annuality is closely associated with faster dry matter accumulation in the panicles and faster leaf area reduction. More extensive experiments using many annual and perennial strains are needed to confirm our assumption.View full abstractDownload PDF (700K) -
Tohru KOBATA, Shinichi HARA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 638-642
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe established a convenient method for determining the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) solution on the stomatal aperture in wilting-sensitive plants such as rice (Oryza staiva L.). Water or ABA solution in a small vial was fed into a leaf tip under field conditions. Stomatal conductance was decreased by concentrations of ABA from 10-3 to 10-8 mol L-1 three hours after application. The amount of solution fed into the plant depended on the transpiration rate of the leaf. It was shown by the infiltration method that the stomata of an ABA-fed leaf closed first at the leaf edge and progressively toward the midrib. This heterogeneous stomatal closing may cause variance of stomatal conductance in the mid portion of the leaf in some cases. However if we can measure the stomatal conductance of portions of the leaf nearer to the tip, it may be possible to detect the stomatal response sooner and with less variation. We conclude that the assay method helps to define stomatal response to growth substances such as ABA of plants which suffer drought or any stress.View full abstractDownload PDF (645K) -
Makie KOKUBUN, Shinji SHIMADA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 643-649
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPhysiological attributes relating to cultivar difference in midday depression of apparent photosynthetic rates (AP) of soybean leaves were examined in terms of leaf water status. In a 3-year experiment with 9 (1990) or 10 (1991, 1992) cultivars grown on the naturally rain-fed field and rain-intercepted field, the following parameters were measured twice a day (0900-1100 h, 1300-1500 h) : AP, stomatal conductance (Gs), water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψs), pressure potential (Ψp), relative water content (RWC) and exudation rate (Ex) during flowering to early podfilling. The degree of midday decline of AP (APdec), which was expressed as a ratio of AP measured at 1300-1500 h to AP at 0900-1100 h, was significantly correlated with the decline of Gs on 5 out of 9 occasions. On an occasion where the vapor pressure deficit was extremely large, the cultivar with the highest APdec (Peking) maintained higher Ψw compared with cultivars with lower APdec (Sogazairai etc.). When soil water availability was restricted by intercepting rainfall, Peking tended to have lower RWC and to maintain higher Ψp by lowering Ψs than Sogazairai, suggesting that leaf water status was responsible for the cultivar difference in APdec. On occasions where there was adequate rainfall, however, midday decline of AP often occurred with little decline of Ψw. A positive correlation of Ex with APdec and Gsdec among cultivars was observed. Thus, cultivar difference in the degree of midday depression of photosynthesis appeared to be associated with leaf water status, although other physiological attributes could often predominate, probably depending on the environmental conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (773K) -
Yoshie S. MOMONOKI, Shigeru KATO, Hideo KAMIMURA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 650-656
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo understand how cells sense and respond to salt stress, we investigate changes in plasmolitic concentration to NaCl of epidermal cells in Salicornia europaea during the growth period. The inorganic ion concentration in tissues and plasmolitic responses to NaCl of epidermal cells in wild Salicornia were compared with other halophytes. Cell responses to high salt concentration were compared with plants grown in MS medium as a low salinity. The incipient plasmolytic NaCl concentration in epidermal cells in Salicornia stems rose from 1.6% to 2.2% during the growth period. Main inorganic ions in Salicornia at the end of growth stage were 63 mM Na+ and 107 mM Cl- per 100 g fresh weight. When plants were grown in MS medium, the size of epidermal cells was about 2 fold large, and osmotic pressure in plants was 35-50% low compared with wild plant cells. Incipient plasmolytic NaCl concentration in epidermal cells of plants grown in wild and MS medium was almost same. However, most of the epidermal cells grown in MS medium showed severe plasmolysis under hypertonic NaCl solutions. The results suggest that the cells of Salicornia can accumulate NaCl during the growth period and accumulated NaCl may make adjustment of osmotic pressure in the cells. By contrast with other halophytes, Salircornia showed high Na+ and Cl- concentrations in tissues and high plasmolitic concentration to NaCl in epidermal cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (937K) -
Akihiro ISODA, Takao YOSHIMURA, Toshio ISHIKAWA, Hiroshi NOJIMA, Yasuo ...1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 657-663
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVarietal differences of leaf movement in soybean were examined in terms of radiation interception, leaf temperature and transpiration. Five cultivars (c.v. Tsurukogane, Nanbushirome, Enrei, Tachinagaha and Miyagishirome) were grown under field conditions. An attempt was made to restrain leaf movement in the upper layers of the canopy with a nylon net. In the pod tilling stage, intercepted radiation of each leaflet of two plants within the communities was measured by integrated solarimeter films for 2 days. Although intercepted radiation per unit ground area for each cultivar was not different between the control and the treatment, there was a large varietal difference in vertical distribution of mean intercepted radiation per unit leaf area. In the uppermost layer, Nanbushirome and Tsurukogane had larger values in the treatment, the other cultivars had smaller differences between the control and the treatment. A cultivar with smaller and thick leaflets tended to have larger intercepted radiation per unit leaf area. The effects of the treatment on Leaf temperature and transpiration ability differed among the cultivars. Leaf temperature was regulated by the combination of leaf movement and transpiration. The magnitudes of these two factors might differ among the cultivars ; leaf temperature was regulated mainly by leaf movement for Tsurukogane, Nanbushirome and Enrei and by both factors for Tachinagaha. Miyagishirome could not control leaf temperature in the day time on clear days, as compared to the other cultivars.View full abstractDownload PDF (744K) -
Yoshio INOUE, Tetsuo SAKURATANI, Michio SHIBAYAMA, Shinsuke MORINAGA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 664-670
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA newly developed remote and real-time method for estimating transpiration rates and conductance of crop canopies is examined in comparison with concurrent measurements by the stem flow gauge method. The remote method is based on the energy balance of a plant canopy, which uses the net radiation absorbed by the canopy and the remotely sensed canopy temperature as key inputs. Measurements were made on drought stressed, waterlogged, and periodically-irrigated soybean canopies. Canopy transpiration values used for verification of the remote method were calculated from the mean transpiration rates per unit leaf area measured by the hand-made stem flow gauges, and the leaf area index obtained by destructive sampling. The raw measurements by the gauge show that the transpiration values for individual plants were well-synchronized and responded very well to the change of environmental factors such as solar radiation and windspeed. Although the plant-to-plant difference was dominated by the difference in the leaf area, it was larger under clear sky conditions than under cloudy conditions. Canopy transpiration values derived from the remote method are compared with those by the stem flow gauge method from three different aspects : 1) diurnal time course for a particular canopy, 2) one-to-one comparison of ten-minute mean values for all soil water conditions, and 3) daily total values for all soil and meteorological conditions. The results indicated that the remote method provides reasonable estimates of canopy transpiration and conductance over a wide range of soil water status and micrometeorological conditions on an instantaneous or daily basis. The method allows continuous measurements of these canopy parameters under natural conditions with neither plant sampling nor disturbing the micrometeorological environment of the canopy.View full abstractDownload PDF (835K) -
Hui-lian Xu, Atsuhiko SHIDA, Fumio FUTATSUYA, Atsuhiko KUMURA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 671-675
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSpray treatment with 22R, 23R epibrassinolide (EBR, 0.1 ppm) increased the length and dry weight of both the top and root of sorghum plants under various soil water conditions, although the extent of growth promotion was small. Under well-watered conditions, abscisic acid treatment (ABA, 50 ppm) inhibited top growth but promoted root growth. However, under water-stressed conditions, ABA-treated plants grew at a higher rate than control and EBR-treated plants. The accelerated growth of ABA-treated plants was apparent both in the top and the root. Treatment with 0.1 ppm EBR + 50 ppm ABA inhibited growth even more than ABA treatment under well-watered conditions, but it increased the growth rate more than ABA alone under water stressed conditions. Treatment with EBR + ABA promoted root growth to a larger extent even than ABA treatment. From the above results, it was concluded that EBR increased the effects of ABA both under well-watered and water stressed conditions. Treatment with EBR and ABA increased the survival ability of plant and leaf under severe drought. This effect of ABA was also enhanced by EBR. Thus, synergistic interaction between ABA and EBR was observed in almost all aspects examined.View full abstractDownload PDF (621K) -
Hui-lian Xu, Atsuhiko SHIDA, Fumio FUTATSUYA, Atsuhiko KUMURA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 676-681
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was reported that pretreatment with abscisic acid (ABA) increased the drought resistance of sorghum plants and that 22R, 23R epibrassinolide (EBR) enhanced the effects of ABA. To explore the mechanistic basis for drought resistance induced by ABA and/or EBR, the effects of the treatments on water retention were examined using the transpiration decline curve of excised leaves. The results are summarized as follows. Spray treatment with ABA or EBR increased in situ relative water content (RWCi.s). RWCi.s in ABA+EBR-treated plants was larger than in plants treated with ABA or EBR alone. This suggested that EBR enhanced the effect of ABA. Using the transpiration decline curve, we found that both ABA and EBR diminished the stomatal transpiration rate, but continued it at a lower RWC for a longer time. This effect of ABA + EBR was also larger than that of ABA or EBR alone. ABA treatment significantly decreased the cuticular transpiration rate. EBR did not show this effect by itself, but enhanced the effect of ABA. The effects of these treatments on glaucousness of the leaf surface coincided well with those on cuticular transpiration. This suggests that ABA promoted wax deposition on the leaf surface. Relative water content when stomata closed was in the order of Control > EBR > ABA > EBR + ABA. This suggests that treatment with EBR, ABA and their combination not only increased water retention but also enhanced physiological tolerance to low water status. Synergistic interaction between ABA and EBR was observed in all the instances examined. The increase in water maintaining capacity and enhanced tolerance accounted for the drought resistance reported in the previous paper.View full abstractDownload PDF (724K) -
Masanobu MINO, Masayoshi INOUE1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 682-688
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe have analyzed seedling growth of maize F1 hybrids, CO2 evolution from kernels and glucose metabolism in embryonic cells during the germination process, and compared these factors with equivalent factors for their parental inbred lines. The heterotic F1 hybrid (Oh545×W22) germinates and grows faster than parental inbred lines. The evolution rate of CO2 from germinating kernels was also higher in the heterotic F1 hybrid. However, these trend were not seen in the non-heterotic F1 hybrid (Oh545×Oh45). Glucose metabolism in the embryonic cells was evaluated by in vivo labelling of CO2 and cellular components with [U-14C] glucose. In the heterotic F1 hybrid, the assimilation rate of radioactivities from [U-14C] glucose into amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, organic acids and CO2 was significantly higher than that of the parental inbred lines after 24 hrs of germination. These results show that quick activation of metabolic function in the embryo after the onset of water uptake is due to the heterotic F1 hybrid genotype, and is one of the key factors in the mechanism by which the heterotic F1 hybrid expresses its hybrid vigor in the germinating process.View full abstractDownload PDF (722K) -
Ebiamadon Andi BRISIBE, Hiroshi MIYAKE, Takeshi TANIGUCHI, Eizo MAEDA1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 689-698
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBoth abscisic acid and high osmoticum influence (somatic) embryogenesis in plants. However, the specific effects of these bioregulators on general aspects of embryogenesis and storage reserve accumulation, in particular, remain quite unclear. Our results showed that abscisic acid and sorbitol could, depending upon their concentrations, act in ways that are either beneficial or detrimental to the frequency of somatic embryogenesis in sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) callus cultures. Complementary studies of sectioned scutellar tissues, using transmission electron microscopy were conducted to examine the in situ localization of storage reserves in cells of somatic embryos treated with : (i) 10-5 M ABA ; (ii) 9% sorbitol ; (iii) 10-5 M ABA and 9% sorbitol ; and (iv) untreated embryos (control) for 14 days. They indicated that these substances elicited storage reserve accumulation differently. Whilst ABA-treated embryos allocated significantly more of their cell volumes to protein bodies with no visible amyloplasts, sorbitol-treated embryos allocated more cell volumes to prominent starch grains and numerous lipid bodies. It is concluded that the specific control mechanism(s) of influence due to these compounds is probably different, as reflected in the varying patterns of amyloplasts (or starch grains), protein- and lipid bodies visualized in the scutellar cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (1467K) -
Peiwu WANG, Akihiro ISODA, Guozhi WEI, Takao YOSHIMURA, Toshio ISHIKAW ...1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 699-705
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLeaf movement of field-grown soybeans under water stress conditions was examined with radiation interception. Two cultivars with different leaf movement, Zhenzhuta 2 (active) and Heinong 33 (inactive), were grown in concrete plots in Xingjiang, China. At the pod filling stage, the plants were subjected to four different levels of irrigation. Intercepted radiation of every leaflet of two plants in each plot was measured by integrated solarimeter films for 2 days. There were large varietal differences in leaf movement affecting radiation interception. The upper leaves of Zhenzhuta 2 tended to intercept greater amount of radiation and the efficiency of radiation interception against leaf area was higher, as the amount of irrigation increased, indicating that paraheliotropism in the morning was inactive due to the water supply. Heinong 33 did not differ in radiation interception among the treatments except in the severest water stress plot. Radiation in the severest water stress plot penetrated less because of the wilting of the leaves during the day time. Paraheliotropic movement in Zhenzhuta 2 became inactive in the morning, after the temporary irrigation following the water stress treatments. Heinong 33 recovered from wilting and moved its Leaves paraheliotropically during the day time.View full abstractDownload PDF (682K) -
Salak PHANSIRI, Hiroshi MIYAKE, Eizo MAEDA, Takeshi TANIGUCHI1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 706-713
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of electro- and chemical fusion procedures on cell wall formation and cell division of lettuce and soybean protoplasts were studied. Judging from Calcofluor White staining, cell wall formation of both lettuce and soybean protoplasts was stimulated by electro-fusion procedure 3 h after application. On the other hand, the cell wall formation of lettuce protoplasts was not affected by the chemical fusion treatment using polyethylene glycol (PEG). However, cell wall formation was inhibited with a very dilute concentration of PEG when lettuce protoplasts were mixed with PEG for 3 h followed by Calcofluor White staining. The enhancement of cell division of soybean protoplasts was observed by the electro-fusion treatment 3 days of culture. By transmission electron microscopy, it was also confirmed that the cell wall was detected on the surface of the electrofusion-treated protoplasts 1 day after culture. A cell wall was not observed on the surface of nontreated protoplasts. Moreover, the endoplasmic reticulum in the treated soybean protoplasts increased compared with nontreated ones.View full abstractDownload PDF (1512K) -
Iriawati, Hiroshi MIYAKE, Takeshi TANIGUCHI1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 714-720
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSProtoplasts were successfully isolated from mungbean leaves (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) using an enzyme solution containing 4% Meicelase P-1, 1% Macerozyme R-10, 1% potassium dextran sulphate and 0.5 M mannitol. Approximately 4.1×107 protoplasts per gram fresh weight were released after digestion with an enzyme for 4 hours in the dark on a shaker. The cultured protoplasts started to divide 5 days after culture followed by sustained division, and a microcolony was produced on day 15 of culture. Microcalli appeared on the medium surface a month after culture and were large enough for transfer to a callus induction medium after 1.5 month of culture. Having transferred to the regeneration media, green and compact calli were developed in MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA. Globular-like calli appeared in the MS basal medium or in the mixture of MS salts and B5 vitamin supplemented with 2, 4-D. Root formation then occurred from this calli.View full abstractDownload PDF (1385K) -
Tadashi HIRASAWA, Kazuo TANAKA, Daisuke MIYAMOTO, Masahide TAKEI, Kuni ...1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 721-730
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSummer crop plants grown in rain-fed fields suffer from drought during a hot and relatively dry summer after the rainy season called "Baiu" in Japan. Since crop plants might develop vigorous shoots with poorly developed root systems during the rainy season, they might suffer from water deficits in the summer, even when soil moisture depletes on the surface of the soil. In order to confirm this, the effects of pre-flowering soil moisture deficits on dry matter production and ecophysiological characteristics thereafter were investigated in soybean plants. Under deficient soil moisture conditions after flowering, higher dry matter production and higher grain yield were attained in the plants grown under deficient soil moisture before flowering (D-plot) than in the plants grown under sufficient soil moisture (W-plot). Large net assimilation rate (NAR) was responsible for high dry matter production in the plants of the D-plot. High NAR in the plants of the D-plot resulted from (1) a root system that was well developed in deep soil layers, (2) their capacity to absorb much soil water, especially in deep soil layers, (3) maintenance of a high leaf water potential and, therefore, a high photosynthetic rate during daytime and (4) a delay in the decrease in photosynthetic rate due to senescence. It was concluded that improved cultivation for developing root systems, such as drainage in the rainy season, as well as irrigation in midsummer, will be important in the cultivation of field summer crop plants in Japan.View full abstractDownload PDF (1054K) -
Tohru KOBATA, Michihiro KOBAYASHI1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 731-733
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (407K) -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]1994 Volume 63 Issue 4 Pages 734-738
Published: December 05, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (696K)
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