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Volume 42 (1973)
- Issue 4 Pages 397-
- Issue 3 Pages 267-
- Issue 2 Pages 143-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 42, Issue 2
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Tetsuro TANIYAMA, Kazuo SAWANAKA1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 143-147
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of fumigation with sulfur dioxide for a long time on grain production of rice plants. Rice plants were fumigated for 10 days at reduction division stage and flowering stage, respectively. The effect of fumigation was examined as to the yield constitutional components, the percentage of germination and the sulfur content in the kernels and leaves. The results obtained were as follows: 1) When rice plant was fumigated with sulfur dioxide in reduction division stage, number of spikelets per panicle and weight of 1, 000 kernels were decreased with increase of SO2 concentration to which the plants were exposed. There were significant effects at concentration of SO2-0.5 and 5 ppm on percentage of ripened grains. 2) When fumigated in the flowering stage, percentage of ripened grains was decreased to some extent with increase of SO2 concentration. Number of panicles per plant decreased slightly. However, the other components were not affected by treatment. 3) In most plot, percentage of germination of seed gained from plant fumigated by SO2 was not affected by treatment. But in the plot fumigated by 5 ppm SO2 at flowering stage, it decreased by 92%, and seminal root of seedling was somewhat translucent. 4) Content of sulfur accumulated in leaves was increased in proportion to exposed SO2 concentration, although that of kernels was not influenced by treatment. These results obtained in this experiment indicate that the sulfur accumulated in leaves were not translocated to kernels.View full abstractDownload PDF (564K) -
Shugo CHAMURA, Matsuo KANAMORI, Kunio FUJIHARA1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 148-153
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice grains of four varieties harvested at 11 days, 25 days, 35 days after flowering and stored at - 20°C, and those harvested at 35 days and stored for 120 days at room temperature were used for the analysis of phosphorus compounds in milled rice, rice bran and embryo. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. In brown rice and milled rice of palatable varieties, the amount of inorganic phosphorus was higher than that of less palatable varieties harvested at the middle stage of ripening when starch was rapidly accumulated, but was lower at the later stage when the accumulation of starch had been completed. Inorganic phosphorus in bran and milled rice of every variety was severely decreased during post-harvest storage. 2. Phosphorus contents in sugar phosphates and related compounds, which were culculated by subtracting inorganic and phytic phosphorus from acidsoluble total phosphorus, increased with increasing of ripening and storing time, and was found more abundantly in rice bran than other parts of the kernels. In palatable varieties, the amounts of phosphorus in sugar phosphates and related compounds were higher in rice bran and milled rice, at the early and middle stage of ripening, while they became lower during post-harvest storage, as compared with inferior taste varieties. 3. Phytin phosphorus was increased with increasing of ripening and storing time, especially in the later ripening period. In general, phytin phosphorus was abundant in rice bran, being much higher in palatable varieties. Amount of phytin phosphorus in milled rice was also slightly higher in palatable varieties than the less palatable varieties, at the later stage of ripening. 4. The amount of nucleic acid phosphorus was much higher at an early stage of maturity and decreased with increasing of matueity or of time of post-harvest storage. Nucleic acid phosphorus content in milled rice of palatable varieties was low, being especially low at the early stage of ripening. However, in embryo, it was preserved high during post-harvest storage, in higher level in the inferier taste varieties. 5. With the lapse of time after flowerling or harvest, the amount of phosphatide phosphorus was increased in brown rice and markedly in milled rice at the later stage of ripening. Higher amount of phosphatide phosphorus was found in milled rice of palatable varieties at the middle and later stage of maturity, suggesting that phosphate content moved easily in these varieties. At storing period, the amounts of phosphatide phosphorus were high in embryo, rice bran and milled rice in order. 6. The amount of starch and protein phosphorus was small and did not increase with maturity, indicating that much of the excess phosphorus was not bound to the starch. In the palatable varieties, the amounts of starch and protein phosphorus were small in milled rice at the middle stage of ripening and it is probable that this small amount might be due to the low content of protein in milled rice of these varieties.View full abstractDownload PDF (715K) -
Yasumasa KATO1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 154-163
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe nitrogen transported from the roots to the shoots of the young soybean plant fed with K 15NO3 for 12 hours was shown to be made up of two components, the newly absorbed nitrogen (15N) and the "old" nitrogen (14N) which had been originated from the nitrogenous constituents of the roots. The mean proportion of 15N and 14N was approximately equal. But the nitrogen reaching the apical growing region was found to contain a relatively higher proportion of 14N to 15N. The "ringing" experiment, in which a portion of the petiolar phloem tissue of each leaf was blocked by heat, revealed that at least the most recently matured leaves were supplied with nitrogen containing both 15N and 14N during the experiment. The leaf proteins were found to be in a state of turnover. By assuming that both "new" and "old" nitrogen components could be incorporated into leaf proteins at an equal rate, the protein turnover rate was calculated for the second trifoliate leaves (the youngest mature leaves used)as 0.54-0.90 per cent per hour. N-deficient treatment for 36 hours prior to 15N supply caused a protein degradation and a subsequent accumulation of soluble nitrogenous compounds in the "ringed" leaves. Whether this soluble-14N pool could be reutilized for protein synthesis following the application of 15N to the roots was tested. Although the amount of 15N incorporated into proteins was reduced to some extent in the "ringed" leaves, the ratio of protein-15N to soluble-15N was not much affected as compared with the control leaves. From this result it has been suggested that the nitrogen of the newly synthesized proteins may come largely from the nitrogen source delivered newly to the leaf, and that the nitrogen released from protein decomposition may not be reutilized efficiently within the same leaf.View full abstractDownload PDF (1022K) -
Keiji NISHIIRI, Shinzo ABE1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 164-169
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to make clear favorable soil conditions to growth of soybean plant (Tokachi-nagaha), a soil compaction expriment was conducted on the volcanic ash soil fields in 1968. Non-compaction, moderate-compaction and severe-compaction with 20 cm and 30 cm in depth of tilth were produced by the different driving times of the wheels of tractor. Results obtained are as follows: The ratios of solid and water to soil in volume were greater in the compacted plots than the non-compacted plot. However, the air ratio was smaller in the compacted plots. The dry matter weight and total nitrogen content of the plants, the length and thickness of the stems, a number of pods, the weight of 100 seeds and the grain yield became in the order, severe-compaction≒moderate-compaction > non-compaction and 20 cm > 30 cm in depth of tilth. Therefore, there were positive correlations between the yield (315∼339 kg per 10 a) and the solid ratio (17∼26 v%) or the water ratio (45∼59 v%), and a negative correlation between the yield and the air ratio (16∼38 v%).View full abstractDownload PDF (660K) -
Tsuyoshi MURAKAMI, Tomoshiro TAKEDA1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 170-177
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing an aeration chamber devised to measure the photosynthetic rate of a single leaf, the photosynthetic rate was measured by varying aeration speed, frequency of propeller rotation and gradient of CO2-concentration. The results were summerized as follows: Relation between the rotation frequency of a propeller (S), expressed by rpm and relative photosynthetic rate (Y0) expressed by the percentage of the muximum rate per leaf was empirically shown as the equation I. Y=S/(0.8231+0.0317S)+66.12 ……(Equation I) According to the equation, the relative photosynthetic rate gradually increases with the increase in rotation frequency of a propeller and reaches almost a constant value at approximately 250 rpm (fig. 2). With or without propeller drive, the relative photosynthetic rate (as expressed by percentage of the photosynthetic rate estimate under CO2gradient ranging from 8 to 12 ppm with a propeller drive than without it (Figs. 3 and 4). In the case of propeller drive (above 250 rpm), the relative photosynthetic rate was inversely proportional to CO2-gradient. In other words the relative photosynthetic rate was directry proportional to CO2-concentration in the chamber (Fig. 6). Without propeller drive, however, the relation between the relative photosynthetic rate and CO2-gradient was not linear as shown in fig. 5. The relation between CO2-gradient (Z, as expressed in ppm) and the relative photosynthetic rate (Y1) was expressed by the following equation, in the case of propeller drive (Fig. 7). Y1=102.7090-0.2424Z ……(Equation II) Measured photosynthetic rate were extrapolated to CO2-gradient of 0 ppm using the above equation and then relative photosynthetic rate were calcurated for each leaf. This modified relative photosynthetic rate (Y2) was not influenced by the aeration speed when the propeller was driven (Fig. 9). Whereas the modified relative photosynthetic rate was influenced by the volume of air supplied to the chamber (X, as expressed 1/min.) when the propeller was not driven. This relation was shown in the following equations (Fig. 8). Y2=42.4854X0.1412 ……in Aug. sample Y2=51.0313X0.1841 ……in Aug. sample ……(Equations III and IV) The equations express that modified relative photosynthetic rate increases with the increase of aeration speed in both seasens. The reason why the modified relative photosynthetic rate with the propeller drive differed from that without drive may be due to the unequal distribution of CO2-concentration in the chamber and the resultant surpression of photosynthetic rate by CO2-diffusion resistance in the chamber.View full abstractDownload PDF (962K) -
Akio MATSUZAKI, Seizo MATSUSHIMA, Toyoo TOMITA1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 178-184
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is well known that the nitrogen loss of NO3-N in paddy field is greater than that of NH4-N, because NO3-N is not adsorbed by the soil and is lost by denitrification. These properties of NO3-N might conveniently be used to control the plant growth at any growth stage of the plant, if its utilization ratio were considerably raised up. Therefore, the authors examined the efficiency of NO3-N absorption by the rice plant at the tillering stage with labelled nitrogen (15N), and obtained the following results: 1. It was estimated that the effective duration of NO3-N applied in surface water of paddy field was less than 7 days. Judging from the results of 15N absorption by the rice plant, however, NO3-N might be utilized at least for 2 weeks after top-dressing at the tillering stage. 2. The utilization ratio of NO3-N in lowland soil was higher in the water-saturated paddy condition than in the flooded one, because of the high oxidation-reduction potentials of soil in the saturated condition. The utilization ratio of NO3-N was about 70% comparing with that of NH4-N. 3. In the upland soil, there was no difference in the utilization ratio regardless of water conditions and nitrogen sources, because of its high oxidation-reduction potentials. 4. When temperature was low at tillering period, the utilization ratio of NO3-N in water-saturated paddy field was inferior to that of flooded paddy field, where a growth promotion by high water temperature was concerned, because flooded water was liable to be warmed by sunlight and water-temperature was higher than air-temperature. 5. Being applied at the given growth stage, NO3-N showed higher efficiency in split application at the rate of half dose per week than that in the full dose (N 5 g/m2) application at a time. 6. The utilization ratio of NO3-N applied by splitting method at the growth stage of 60-70 in the leaf number index can be raised up to about 70% comparing with that of NH4-N.View full abstractDownload PDF (729K) -
Harue TAIRA, Hirokadzu TAIRA1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 185-196
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
Choji KAWASHIMA, Kuni ISHIHARA, Tadaharu OGURA1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 197-206
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was reported that a shoot of rice plants is composed of shoot units, each of which consists of an apical leaf, a basal bud and an apical and basal root zones, and that the crown root emergence of a shoot unit is usually synchronized with the emergence of the leaf of the third upper shoot unit. The present study was carried out, with early-sown and late-sown rice plants and rice plants with soil kept in constant temperature during the growing period as materials, in order to clarify the pattern of development of crown roots emerged from shoot units of the main stem, with special reference to the rate of elongation and the diameter of crown roots and the acropetal emergence of secondary roots. The rate of elongation of crown roots increased from lower to upper shoot units with the highest rate in the ninth or the tenth unit, upper than which the rate declined upto the eleventh shoot unit which was the highest one with crown root emerged, in both cases of natural and controlled soil temperature conditions. The elongating rate of rapidly growing crown roots of early-sown rice plants at the stage of the thirteenth leaf emerging was found to be bigger than that of crown roots which emerged on the same day of late-sown rice plants at the stage of the tenth leaf emerging. The diameter of crown roots and the rate of acropetal emergence of secondary roots of the former plants were also bigger than those of the latter plants. As to the diameter, the rate of elongation of the primary roots and the rate of acropetal emergence of the secondary roots as associated with the growth of the primary roots, the crown roots from the upper root zone were not superior to those from the lower root zone of the same shoot unit. Furthermore, a high positive correlation was found between the diameter and the rate of elongation in crown roots. From these results, it may be said that the development of crown roots of each shoot units is affected not only by environmental factors but also by the physiological situations of rice plants which depend on the developmental stages.View full abstractDownload PDF (998K) -
Kanoe SATO, Kengo INABA, Masataka TOZAWA1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 207-213
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA japanica rice (var, Norin-17) was used to test the effects of high temperature treatment (day-night, 35-30°C) from young panicle formation to maturity upon the ripening and the distribution of assimilates, and upon the pollens and anthers. 1) More than 20 per cent sterility occurred when treated just before and after flowering, being progressively decreased as the time of treatment was apart from flowering stage. In general, a larger amount of carbohydrate and nitrogen remained in the straw of the plant which exhibited a higher sterility. The plant with the greatest sterility treated at flowering stage produced grains of the greatest 1000-kernel-weight, being greater than the control. 2) The pollens of plants treated just before and during were smaller in size and stored starch abnormally, often being deficient of inclusions. Besides, the plants had a greater number of anthers which did not open at flowering. These may be related to the high sterility. 3) The plants treated at one or two weeks before flowering produced grains of smaller 1000-kernel-weight, due to smaller grain size especially in its length, although the sterility did not increase by the treatment. In such a plant, more nitrogen and available carbohydrate remained in the straw than the control plant. 4) The grains of plant which was treated under high temperature at several stages during the ripening period decreased in weight, but their sterility did not increase. Grain weight was smallest in the plant treated at 6 to 16 days flowering stage, mainly due to a decrease in grain thickness, and became progressively greater as the time of treatment went away from those period. The sum of TAC(total available carbohydrate)content of panicle and straw was decreased by the high temperature treatment, but more of it remained in the straw of the plants with smaller grains. Nitrogen accumulation did not change significantly by the treatments.View full abstractDownload PDF (778K) -
Kanoe SATO, Kengo INABA1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 214-219
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA japanica rice (var, Norin-17) and two indica rice (var, IR-8 and Boshito) were used to test the effects of temperature treatment separately given to the panicle and the straw including roots upon the ripening and the distribution of assimilates to the both parts. The plots of treatments are indicated as follows: 35/35, 30/35, 35/30, 30/30, 25/25, 20/25, 25/20, 20/20 in 1969 and 35/35, 25/35, 35/25, 25/25°C in 1970. The numerator indicates day-air-temperature around the panicle, and the denominator around the straw, respectively. The night-temperature is 5°C lower than the respective day-temperature. 1) In the three varieties, 1000-kernel-weight was markedly decreased by high panicle temperature (35°C), but increased by near optimum panicle temperature (20-25°C). Lowering of temperature around the straw was also effective, but not so significant in improving 1000-kernel-weight. The kernels ripened under high panicle temperature became inferior in quality with least normal, but much opaque, chalky, and milky-white kernels. 2) Sol.-N/Prot.-N ratio in the straw was increased when both panicle and straw or straw only were treated at high temperature. The total sugar concentrations and total-surgar/ crude-starch ratios in both panicle and straw were also increased by treating the panicle or straw or both by high temperature, suggesting some physiological abnormality occurred in the plant. 3) The amount of TAC (total available carbohydrate) stored per tiller was greatest at 25/25, being followed in order by 35/25, 25/35, 35/35. Relatively more TAC was translocated and stored in the panicle with the less amount remained in the straw, when the panicle was treated with lower temperature. On the contrary, the total nitrogen accumulation per tiller was greater under higher temperature, greatest at 35/35, being followed by 25/35, 35/25, 25/25 in order. However, when the temperature around panicle was lowered relatively more nitrogen accumulated in the panicle, resulting in less nitrogen in the straw. The high nitrogen accumulation under high temperature was partly caused by new tillers with new roots emerged from higher nodes after about two weeks of treatment. 4) The leading factor which decreased 1000-kernel-weight under high air-temperature was considered to be an early cease of the receiving function of panicle of assimilates from the straw, although the temperature around straw was also effective in changing 1000O-kernel-weight.View full abstractDownload PDF (733K) -
Koichi TAJIMA, Norihiro SHIMIZU1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 220-226
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Seikichi KOH, Atsuhiko KUMURA1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 227-235
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDiurnal changes in CO2 exchange of wheat plant and the relationships of these diurnal changes to environmental factors were investigated under field conditions. CO2 exchange was measured by using an assimilation chamber and at the same time, the principal environmental factors, such as intensity of solar radiation, air temperature, soil temperature, air humidity, CO2 concentration of air, etc. were also measured simultaneously. These measurements were carried out at intervals of 2 weeks from the early stage of growth to the full maturation. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The photosynthetic rate during the daytime varied generally corresponding to the solar radiation intensity. 2. Basing upon the relationship of photosynthetic rate to solar radiation intensity, the modes of diurnal changes in photosynthesis were classified into the following three types. Type A: Under this type, the photosynthetic rate in the morning is equivalent to that in the afternoon, provided that the solar radiation is much the same in intensity. Type B: Under this type, the photosynthetic rate in the morning is lower than that in the afternoon even if compared with each other under the condition with the same intensity of solar radiation. Type C: Under this type, the photosynthetic rate in the morning is higher than that in the afternoon, even if compared with each other under the condition with the same intensity of solar radiation. 3. In the depth of winter when it was critically cold in the night, the diurnal change of type B was observed. However, in case of warm night the diurnal change of type A was observed. These facts suggest that, on ordinary days in the depth of winter, the photosynthetic mechanism of wheat plant is inhibited by the intense cold during the night, while it is relieved from the inhibition due to the warmth in the daytime. 4. From the beginning of April onward, the diurnal change of type C was observed predominantly, though the diurnal change of type A was observed as well on such days when the solar radiation was not so intense. 5. In the transitional period from autumn to winter, the types of diurnal changes in photosynthesis were irregular. Immediately after the invasion of the first severe cold little or no CO2 absorption was observed during daytime in spite of fine weather with bright sunshine. 6. The dark respiration of wheat plant changed corresponding to the air temperature during the night irrespective of seasons or of weather conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (782K) -
Toshihiko YAMAGUCHI, Mieko YANASE, Tetsuo NAKAJIMA1973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 236-237
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Kazuo NAGAT01973 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 238-257
Published: June 30, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (2246K)
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