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Volume 12 (1940 - 194･･･
- Issue 4 Pages 301-
- Issue 3 Pages 169-
- Issue 2 Pages 79-
- Issue 1 Pages 5-
Volume 12, Issue 3
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Hirosi TERAO1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 169-176
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Hirosi TERAO, Yosio OTANI, Minoru SIRAKI, Masae YAMASAKI1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 177-195
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Hirosi TERAO, Yosio OTANI, Yataro DOI, Zyuku TYO1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 196-202
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Hirosi TERAO, Yorimi KONDO, Yataro DOI, Seiiti IZUMI1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 203-208
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Hirosi TERAO, Yosio OTANI, Yataro DOI1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 209-215
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Hirosi TERAO, Yosio OTANI, Yataro DOI, Zyuku TYO, Tuneo HUZIWARA1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 216-227
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Singo MITUI1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 228-232
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Isamu MORIMOTO1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 233-242
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Mantaro KONTDO, Yusi TERASAKA, Mototaro UNNO1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 243-249
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Yosizi TOGARI1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 250-264
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOn September 11, 1937, a severe typhoon swept over Kansai District, Honshu, Japan, resulting in immense damage to its agriculture. The author who had an opportunity of inspecting the damage, especially that suffered by the rice crops in the fields of thatregion, studied the plant samples collected there in order to ascertain the precise manner in which the grains were injured. In the present paper he first describes the local differences in the degrees of damage suffered, his findings being based largely on data from the prefectural bulletins. These results are then discussed in the light of meteorology and geography. 1. In order to get a general idea of the distribution of the damage in the region affected, the estimated percentages of the damage to the crop were plotted on maps, as shown in the paper (Table 2, 3, Fig. 1, 2, 3). It will readily be seen from these maps that the more remote the locality from the sea coast the smaller the crop damage. 2. As to the relations between the rice crop damage and the meteorological and the geographical conditions of the regions concerned, the following conclusions were drawn:- (1) Energy development of the typhoon. The way in which this typhoon developed in fury, differed from those of its predecessors, in that while most typhoons that visited these districts in the past usually lost their energy in the course of their travel across the Island of Shikoku, the present one, on the contrary, gained in momentum as it crossed that Island (Table 4, Fig. 4). (2) Amount of rainfall, The amount of rainfall that accompanied the typhoon was very small. The wind, after veered to the South, increased in violence, and the sea water that it whipped up remained on the rice plants, unwashed by rain (Table 4, Fig. 5, 6). (3) Path of the typhoon. Topographically in the Banshu Plain, which lies to the right of the path of the typhoon, the wind velocity was especially high, blowing far into the rear of the plain (Fig. 4). (4) Briny wind. Owing to the fact that Harima Bay expands in width from off the Northern coast of Shikoku Island towards the coast of the Banshu Plain, the sea water rose high during the storm, with the result that the wind blowing in that direction carried large quantities of sea water and deposited it on the crop plants in the fields. (5) Tide height. For a time, the sea level on the coast of the Banshu Plain rose so high that the sea water which was whipped up, was sucked by the wind and this precipitated in immense quantities on the crop fields (Table 5, Fig. 7).View full abstractDownload PDF (1169K) -
Yosizi TOGARI1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 265-277
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe wind damage to plants and the grains they bore varied in extent with certain ecological factors, of which the important ones were distance of the locality from the sea coast, earliness in the heading of the plant, the fertilizers used, and the existence of drought damage at the same time. (1) In localities about 12 kilometers from the coast, only slight damage was done to the rice grains, brown discolored spots appearing on their surfaces (Fig. 3). About 8 kilometers distant, the damage slightly increased, about 4 kilometers away it became more conspicuous, while in fields only 1 kilometer from the coast, none of the grains completely developed. In fields continuous to the sea some of the plants were totally ruined by the brine (Fig. 4 :1), while in others that barely survived the panicles were very poor and mostly empty of grain, or their development was abnormal, the dormant buds on the nodes following the terminal ones growing into small axillary panicles, consequently forming together with the primary panicles at the terminals the so-calles "two-stepped" panicles (Figs. 4 : 2 & 3). There was also delayed tillering without maturation. These gradations in the extent of damage suffered seem to accord with the amount of brine held by the wind, and also to be due in part to the velocity of the wind. (2) The time of heading of the plant was another imporatnt factor that determined the severity of the damage. Grain damage was most severe on panicles that were hit by the storm from three to five days after heading, while on panicles that had headed earlire or later, the damage was decidedly less intense. The heading time of the plants differed with the variety, the time it was transplanted, the amount of fertilizer used, etc. and these factors caused differences in the damage suffered (Fig 5). (3) As to the effect of the fertilizer used, a notable fact is that the damage was markedly slighter in the case of plants grown in fields that had been continuously supplied with compost, when compared with those grown with such fertilizers as green manure, soybean oil cake and ammonium sulphate (Fig. 6). The writer concludes from this, that compost, owing partly to its own silica content and partly to the effect of free CO2 decomposed from it, which transforms the insoluble silica compounds in the soil into soluble and available forms, thus naturally enriching the plant body in its silica components, accelerating especially the silicification of the epidermal tissues of the plant, resulting in healthy growth and in consequent resistance to damage. (4) The damage done by violent wind on rice grains that were suffering from drought during their development were strikinglt severe (Fig. 7). In some parts of the district, the soil, which was of diluvial origin, was poor in both humus and in silica, with the result that the plant and the grain grown in such places suffered considerably from water shortage and silica deficiency, so that the damage was consquently most severe.View full abstractDownload PDF (1411K) -
Yosizi TOGARI1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 278-290
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is interesting to note that investigations conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station of Aichi Prefecture in connection with the problem of the "Effects of continuous manuring on soil fertility", the rice grains on plants supplied with compost suffered less damage from violent wind than plants fed with other kinds of fertilizers (Table 1, Fig. 1). This report deals with the factors that led to the reduction in damage in fields where compost fertilizing was in vogue, the results being briefly summarized as follows:- (1) It was observed that fungi were playng a more important role in the mechanism of such damage than frictional injuries to the grains. Sixteen species of saprophytes and parasites were isolated from the damaged grains. It is believed that wind damage is caused by friction of the wind and impact, associated with accelerated evaporation and dehydration. These are the primary mechanical injuries to the plant and grain, followed by invasions of various kinds of fungi, thus increasing the damage. (2) It was further observed that continuous application of compost helped tissue development and the mechanical building up of the rice plant body. In the epidermal tissue, compost fertilizing promoted the development of silicated cells (Fig. 3), thus almost doubling the analytical quantity of the silica content in the plant compared with those from fields in which compost fertilizing was not used (Table 2). Moreover, it was found that silica generally excites the various physiological activities of the rice plant. (3) Since many of the pathogenetic fungi on rice plant are of the cuticular infecting type, silicification of the epidermal tissues is especially advantageous as protection against fungal invasion. (4) It is thus concluded that rice plants supplied with silica (i. e. compost) suffer less from wind damage, owing not only to its physiologically healthy conditions of growth, but also because of its mechanically resistant construction against penetration and multiplication of infections fungi.View full abstractDownload PDF (1392K) -
Yosizi TOGARI1940 Volume 12 Issue 3 Pages 291-297
Published: December 29, 1940
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe rice kernels from districts damaged by the violent winds of 1937 included a number of discolored and deformed specimcns. In this paper, the results of investigations of such kernels, chiefly their germinating power and the effects of sterilization on it are described. (1) The greater the general damage to the plant, the larger the quantity of discolored and deformed kernels found (Table l; Fig.1, 2) These were chifly caused by chlorophyll transformation from mechanical and physiological failures in the plant as the result of the violent wind, and probably also by propagation of fungi and their secretory substances. Abnormality in nutrition and development was possible, resulting in deformation of the kernels. (2) The percentage of germination did not vary markedly in the kernels with differences in the degree of damage suffered, but the kernels that were badly injured required a longer time for germination than the uninjured kernels (Table 2). The fact that seedlings from damaged kernels became tainted sooner after germination must be attributed to the fungi that were adhering to the grains. (3) After preliminary sterilization, there appeared no more tainted seedlings or grains, but in severely damaged kernels the emergence of radicles was hindered (Fig.3).View full abstractDownload PDF (755K)
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