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Volume 73 (2004)
- Issue 4 Pages 389-
- Issue 3 Pages 247-
- Issue 2 Pages 137-
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Volume 73, Issue 3
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Agronomy
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Hiroshi EHARA, Mizue KAWASHIMA, Osamu MORITA, Masaru SUEMATSU2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 247-252
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of root pruning on transplanting injury was compared between the rice seedlings raised on cotton mats spread on a hydroponic culture solution with different nitrogen compositions (plots 1 and 2). The culture solution containing NH4-N : NO3-N = 28% : 72% (sol-1) was applied from 8 days after sowing (DAS) in both plots 1 and 2, but in plot 2 the culture solution containing NH4-N : NO3-N = 100% : 0% (sol-2) was applied instead of sol-1 from 15DAS. At the end of cultivation (21DAS), when the plant length and root length in plot 1 were 10% and 61%, respectively, longer than those in plot 2, the apical part of roots except basal 1 cm (group 1) or whole roots (group 2) were pruned. Then the seedlings were transplanted into holes of polystyrene foam attached to the hydroponic apparatus. Most of the growth parameters and dry matter weight were larger in group 1 than in group 2 in both plots 1 and 2, though the difference was smaller in plot 2. Root length at 5 and 10 days after transplanting was larger in plot 2 than in plot 1 in both groups. Plant length at 5 days after transplanting was longer in plot 1 than in plot 2 in both groups, but there was no distinctive difference at 10 days. Thus, the effect of root pruning on transplanting injury was comparatively weak at 5 and 10 days after transplanting and the recovery from the root pruning stress was better in plot 2.View full abstractDownload PDF (1433K) -
—The relationship between covering materials and emergence of seedlings—Yukitsugu TAKAHASHI, Yasuhumi SATO, Hiroshi MAEHARA, Murami ABE2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 253-260
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Gunma Prefecture, rice seedlings are usually grown in nursery boxes kept stacked up by the pool-raising method. In this method, however, the boxes need to be moved several times, which is a laborious task. In the new method, developed in Tochigi Prefecture, seeds are sown in the boxes arranged flatly and seedlings are grown without moving of boxes. However, this technology was developed for use in a green house but not for pool-raising. Hence, we applied this method to the outdoor pool-raising in the normal-season culture of rice in Gunma Prefecture. Covering several kinds of materials delayed of seedling emergence only about 0-3 days. Non covering tended to delay seedling emergence due to the low temperature and drying of covering soil, showing that a covering material was necessary for good emergence. Three kinds of covering materials (Passlight, Kenbyo-sheet and Daiorussell-1600-Black) were excellent. Covering with these materials decreased the even growth, high tempreture and drying of covering soil, and they were able to omit the greening process. Sometimes, the seedling length was increaced and leaf age advanced by the covering, but the final growth of seedlings equalled that in rice grown by the standard method. Therefore, we considered that this method with these covering materials could be useful for sprouting of seedlings emergence in nursery boxes arranged flatly in Gunma Prefecture.View full abstractDownload PDF (2513K) -
Kazuei USUKI, Hiroyuki YAMAMOTO, Kazuyuki MATSUO, Hiroyuki TSUJI2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 261-267
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of interruption of alternating cropping of corn and Italian ryegrass with one or two years of soybean or white radish cropping or fallowing on the growth and yield of these crops in succeeding seasons were examined. Experiments were conducted in the field of andosol in Ibaraki, Japan, where corn and Italian ryegrass were alternately cultivated for a long period. The effects of the interruption for one year and that for two years were not distinguishable. The corn yield in the first season after the interruption with soybean cropping was higher than that in continuous alternating corn / Italian ryegrass cropping. However, the corn yield after interruption with white radish cropping or fallowing was similar to that in continuous alternating cropping, although it depressed the early growth of corn and the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Such effect of interruption was observed only in the first season after the interruption. The interruption of sequential cropping did not affect the yield of Italian ryegrass in the second season; neither did it affect the yield of maize in the third season. Our results indicated that the effect of short-term interruption of sequential cropping of corn / Italian ryegrass was observed only in the first season after the interruption.View full abstractDownload PDF (2135K) -
Tadashi TAKAHASHI, Kanae SHIMAUCHI, Yuko NAKAGAWA, Kaori SHIBATA, Take ...2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 268-275
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe attempted to increase the kernel weight of Hokkaido-bred wheat cultivar “Haruyutaka” by increasing the net assimilation rate (NAR) without inducing an over-luxuriant canopy during the ripening period. For this purpose we applied nitrogen as topdressing at jointing in 1999/2000 and at anthesis in 2000/2001, using the Kyushu-bred cultivar “Daichinominori” as a control. However, kernel weight of either cultivar was not increased by the topdressing in either season. In addition, the topdressing in Haruyutaka increased neither the NAR during the ripening period nor the crop growth rate (CGR). On the other hand, the amount of nitrogen in the whole plant increased from anthesis to maturity only in the plants given nitrogen topdressing. The amount of nitrogen in the kernels increased rapidly from the milk ripe stage to maturity in both plots with and without topdressing in both cultivars, and that at maturity accounted for most of the nitrogen in the whole plant. However, the nitrogen topdressing significantly increased the nitrogen content in the leaf blades at the milk ripe stage and that in the kernels at maturity in both cultivars. These results suggested that nitrogen topdressing increased the nitrogen contents in the whole plant, and increased the translocation of nitrogen into the kernel resulting in an increased nitrogen content of kernel. However, kernel weight was not increased by the topdressing; neither was NAR nor CGR. We suppose that this is because the respiration rate in leaves increased due to the over-luxuriant canopy caused by the topdressing, especially in Haruyutaka.View full abstractDownload PDF (1265K) -
Tadashi TAKAHASHI, Kanae SHIMAUCHI, Yuko NAKAGAWA, Kaori SHIBATA, Take ...2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 276-281
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the Hokkaido-bred wheat cultivar Haruyutaka grown in a warm district of western Japan, crop growth rate (CGR) during ripening period was low and a kernel weight was light. The low CGR was caused by a low net assimilation rate (NAR), although the mean green surface area index (GAI) was high. Hypothesizing that an overluxuriant canopy of Haruyutaka caused the low NAR, we released the canopy from the overluxuriant condition by removing the lower leaves or detaching tillers. We removed the lower leaves except for the flag and second leaves at the flag-leaf expanding stage, or detached all tillers as the tillers emerged. The removal of lower leaves increased the kernel weight of Haruyutaka in some seasons, when this defoliation increased NAR and CGR during ripening period. In addition, it increased the water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of culms from anthesis to the milk ripe stage in Haruyutaka, suggesting that the increased WSC was translocated to the grain at the maturation stage. Detaching of tillers decreased the numbers of ears and kernels, although it increased the 1000-grain weight. These results suggest that the removal of lower leaves could increase kernel weight by releasing the canopy from an overluxuriant condition, and thus increasing grain weight, although it largely decreases the source/sink ratio in Haruyutaka.View full abstractDownload PDF (948K) -
—Effect of the Method of Nitrogen Application on the Bread-Making Quality—Michinori SATO, Toshio TSUCHIYA2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 282-286
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSpring wheat was sown in early winter, and the appropriate amount and application timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to obtain good bread-making quality were examined. N fertilizer of 4-16gNm-2 in total was applied in a lump just after snow melting or in divided doses, once just after snow melting (4-13gNm-2) and once at the flag-leaf stage or heading stage (3-6gNm-2). In the lump dosing, the application of more than 13gNm-2 increased the flour protein content and the ratio of loaf volume, and decreased the flour brightness, although the brightness was better than in the spring seeded wheat (control). N dressing at the flag-leaf emergence stage or heading stage increased the flour protein content, dough development time of farinogram and the ratio of loaf volume, but decreased the flour brightness. Moreover, the increase of the amount of N fertilizer and the dressing of N increased the flour protein content. We considered that the increased amount and divided application of N for early winter seeded spring wheat increased not only yield and protein content but also increased the bread-making quality.View full abstractDownload PDF (1558K) -
Osamu UCHIKAWA, Yusuke FUKUSHIMA, Yuji MATSUE2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 287-292
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of sowing time and planting density on the protein content of the seeds collected from main stems and branches were investigated to establish the cultivation technique for improving the protein content of soybean seeds grown in upland fields under paddy-upland rotation. In both main stems and branches, the protein content of the seeds was increased by late sowing and higher sowing density. Seeds on the main stem also had a irrespective of higher protein content than those on branches irrespective of sowing time and sowing density. The average protein content of seeds was negatively and significantly correlated with the number of branches per plant and cumulative temperature during the ripening period (CTRP). The correlation of the protein content with the branch number per plant was higher than that with CTRP, suggesting that the protein content of the seeds was more influenced by the branch number than CTRP. In addition, the protein content of the seeds was more affected by sowing time than sowing density in both main stems and branches.View full abstractDownload PDF (1937K) -
Hiroshi ENDO, Masahiro OHNO, Katsuo TANJI, Tetsufumi SAKAI, Kentaro KA ...2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 293-299
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe studied the effects of sowing time and temperature during the seed filling period on the yield and seed isoflavone content of two soybean varieties, Suzuyutaka containing an ordinary amount of isoflavone and Tohoku 126 containing a large amount of isoflavone. Tohoku 126 had a higher seed yield than Suzuyutaka regardless of sowing time and planting place. The late sowing soybeans had a higher isoflavone content, but lower seed yield than the standard sowing soybeans. The seed isoflavone content tended to increase by exposure to a low temperature during the seed filling period. The seed isoflavone content of Suzuyutaka grown under the low temperature condition during the latter half of the seed filling period, was similar to that of Tohoku 126 grown under the same condition. Thus the seed isoflavone content of soybean which varies with the variety was greatly influenced by temperature during the seed filling period, especially by the temperature during the latter half of the seed filling period.View full abstractDownload PDF (1953K)
Genetic Resources and Evaluation
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Atsushi OYANAGI, Chikako KIRIBUCHI-OTOBE, Takashi YANAGISAWA, Shigenor ...2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 300-308
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDoubled-haploid lines of wheat with deep and shallow root system, nine lines each, were grown in paddy fields. Grain yield of shallow-rooting 9 lines was higher than that of deep-rooting 9 lines, especially in the wet paddy field in 2002. However, the difference was not significant in the drained paddy field. The values of top dry weight and tiller number were high in the shallow-rooting lines in the wet paddy field. The grain yield was also high in shallow-rooting lines in the wet paddy field in 2003. On the contrary, grain yield was not low in the deep-rooting lines in the upland field. The values of grain yield in the wet paddy field were closely related to the groundwater level in sites where these lines were grown in the field. The regression lines show that grain yield of shallow-rooting lines was higher than that of the deep-rooting lines at the same groundwater level. Root depth index, which shows mean root depth, of the shallow rooting lines was 8.37 cm in the wet paddy field and 13.11 cm in the upland field. These values were smaller than those in the deep-rooting lines. The results suggested that shallow-rooting lines show higher tolerance to waterlodging than the deep-rooting lines.View full abstractDownload PDF (1542K)
Crop Morphology
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Ryouji SASAKI, Kazunobu TORIYAMA, Yoichi SHIBATA, Mitsuho SUGIMOTO2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 309-314
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies on the correlation of seedling density with the nodal position of the last visible primary tiller on the main stem is necessary for modeling of crop growth and development, because the potential number of cumulative total tillers per plant is determined by the nodal position of the last visible primary tiller. The nodal position of the last visible primary tiller on the main stem was negatively correlated with the seedling density irrespective of year in both Dontokoi and Kinuhikari. The nodal position decreased as the seedling density increase at the rate of 0.15 to 0.17 nodes per 10-plant increase per m2. When the tiller emergence from lower nodes was suppressed by deep-water management during establishment and early growth stage, the decrease of the nodal position of the last visible primary tiller with the increase of seedling density was not influenced, but the nodal position increased by 0.6-1.3 nodes compared with that in the normal water management. This phenomenon is attributed to the relative delay of canopy development and competition for resources.View full abstractDownload PDF (635K)
Crop Physiology and Cell Biology
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Tohru KOBATA, Naoya UEMUKI, Tatuya INAMURA, Hisashi KAGATA2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 315-322
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIncrease in the proportion of milky white rice kernels (MWK) has seriously affected rice quality in west Japan during the last half-decade. Rising of temperature has been considered to be the primary cause of the spread of MWK. It is suspected that a lack of assimilate supply to grains increases the proportion of MWK, because high temperatures during the grain-filling period could increase the grain growth rate without profoundly affecting assimilate production. Our objective was to determine whether MWK in the higher temperature conditions could be reduced if assimilate supply during the grain-filling period met the requirement for realizing the accelerated grain-growth rate. Rice cv. Koshihikari was grown at three locations in western Japan over three years. At one location, plots were covered with plastic-film during the grain-filling period to increase temperature. When the mean temperature ranged between 23 and 29 °Cduring the grain-filling period, the rate of MWK varied between 1 and 16% and spikelet filling percentages (F%) at maturity ranged between 70 and 90%. When the plots were thinned to half density during the grain-filling period, all F% attained a ceiling of 90%. MWK almost decreased to below 6%. Hence, thinning can overcome the lower F% and higher MWK. These results suggested that a lack of assimilate supply to the grains resulted in MWK. Any technique that increases assimilation after the heading will be suitable for decreasing MWK.View full abstractDownload PDF (1576K) -
Norikazu NAKAYAMA, Shunji HASHIMOTO, Shinji SHIMADA, Motoki TAKAHASHI, ...2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 323-329
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDry seeds of nine soybean cultivars were soaked in water for 48 hours and the effects of the soaking (flooding stress) on plant growth were studied in relation to initial seed moisture content. Both seedling emergence and subsequent growth were suppressed by the soaking. Among the cultivars tested, only Peking was hardly damaged by the soaking showing flooding-tolerance, and the others were injured severely. Sensitivity to flooding stress was greatly influenced by the initial seed moisture content. Soaking 6.5%-moisture seeds in water resulted in a marked reduction in dry matter accumulation in emerged seedlings to 0.5 to 54% of that in the non-soaked control. However, seeds with a high moisture content were less sensitive to flooding. In the seeds containing 14.5% moisture were soaked in water the dry matter accumulation in the emerged seedlings was 65 to 97% of that in the non-soaked control. The protective effect of increasing initial seed moisture on flooding stress was observed in all cultivars although the effect varied with the cultivar. In a field experiment under excessive soil-moisture conditions also, suppression of seedling emergence by flooding stress was alleviated by using seeds with a high moisture content although the effect of using seeds with a high moisture content in reducing flooding injury was less compared with that in the laboratory experiments. Planting of seeds with a high moisture content may be a practical method of reducing the loss in soybean production caused by flooding during the seed-germination period.View full abstractDownload PDF (1132K)
Modelling, Information and Environment
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Yasuyosi NAGAOKA, Souhei SAWADA, Kiyoaki KATO2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 330-335
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeed coat color is an important character of azuki bean appearance as is seed size. Two experiments were conducted to clarify the effects of temperature during the ripening period on seed coat color of an azuki bean cultivar, Erimoshouzu. Three kinds of pods in different ripening stages were treated with 28 combinations of two treatments; temperature (5, 15, 30, 40°C) and duration (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 days). Seed coat color was expressed by an XYZ color system. The effect of temperature on seed coat color was apparent in immature pods but was small in fully ripened pods. As temperature rose, the dominant wave length of hue increased, but the Y value decreased. Excitation purity of chroma in fully ripened pods decreased as temperature rose, but that in immature and partially ripened pods increased as the temperature rose up to 30°C, then decreased at 40°C. In a field experiment, the mean temperature, 10 days after the young pods became white in appearance, had a high positive correlation with a dominant wave length(r=0.913), and negative relationships with a Y value (r=-0.983) and excitation purity (r=-0.893). These results indicate that when the temperature during ripening period is high, seed coat color becomes darker since the dominant wave length becomes longer, and Y value and excitation purity become small. Estimation formulas for seed coat color at harvest time were proposed. yD (dominant wave) = 0.7947x + 591.3, YY (Y value) =-0.3452x + 12.64 and YE (excitation purity) =-0.5507x + 44.4, where x is the mean temperature (measured by using the average temperature of 30 years) for ten days after the young pods became white in appearance.View full abstractDownload PDF (533K) -
Kenji NAGATA, Tadashi TAKITA, Satoshi YOSHINAGA, Kazuo TERASHIMA, Akar ...2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 336-342
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe conducted field and pot experiments to elucidate the effect of meteorological conditions during grain filling on grain fissuring in rice. A total of 13 cultivars were grown in paddy fields in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001 and 2003. The percentage of fissured grains was closely related with the temperature and solar radiation condition during the early stage of grain filling. A high temperature and long sunshine hours during this period increased the grain fissuring of all cultivars tested. Especially, the average daily maximum temperature during 10 days after heading showed the highest correlation with the percentages of fissured grains. In the pot experiments, high temperature treatments at split periods during grain filling were done using growth chambers. Given at 6 to 10 days after flowering, during which the dry weight of spikelets was 14 to 40 percent of that at maturity, caused the greatest grain fissuring. We concluded that high temperatures during the early stage of grain filling increases the rice grain fissuring at maturity.View full abstractDownload PDF (1609K)
Research and Technical Note
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Reinosuke IDA2004 Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 343-347
Published: 2004
Released on J-STAGE: November 17, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study aimed to improve Matsushima’s yield assessment method for rice using the hills sampled along five lines parallel to a diagonal. When growing plants by transplanting young seedlings, the coefficient of variation for grain yield estimated using 30 hills selected from 238 hills was 20.8%. The number of hills to be investigated for estimating the yield with an aimed-at precision of 5% and a confidence level of 95% was 52 hills in the plot with 238 hills. The yield assessed by the above method coincided well with the actual average yield. To clarify the difference in husking ratio between the plants grown by transplanting young seedlings and mature seedlings, we analyzed the husking ratio in 312 specimens collected during 1979-2001 using a salt solution with a specific gravity of 1.06 to select ripened grains. The husking ratio was 0.824±0.009 (mean±standard deviation) and 0.844±0.005 in the plants grown by transplanting young seedlings and mature seedlings, respectively. The significant difference between the two seedlings indicated that the husking ratio of 0.840 reported by Matsushima was a characteristic value for the rice grown by transplanting mature seedlings, and that the husking ratio of 0.824 for the rice grown by transplanting young seedlings was appropriate for selecting rice because of the low variation in husking ratio.View full abstractDownload PDF (1541K)
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