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Volume 66 (1997)
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Volume 66, Issue 1
Displaying 1-22 of 22 articles from this issue
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Yulong WANG, Yoshinori YAMAMOTO, Junmin JIANG, Youli YAO, Jianzhong CA ...1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 1-10
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSJaponica type rice line 9004, high yielding glutinous rice developed in Jiangsu Province, China, was cultivated with and without nitrogen at early tillering (ETS), spikelet differentiation (PFS I), spikelet degeneration (PFS II) or heading (HS) stage, and including ETS in stages 2-4, to analyze the effects of application stages and amounts (0-30.0gN/m2) of nitrogen on yield formation. I) Winnouwed paddy yield ranged from 804 to 1O81g/m2, and the ranges for number of spikelets, percentage of ripened grains and 1000 kernel weight were 3.14-5.06×104/m2, 79.6-93.7% and 25.2-29.0g, respectively. 2)The yields in ETS, PFS I and II plots were increased due to an increased number of spikelets per area owing to the increase in the number of panicles and spikelets per panicle, respectively. The yield in HS plot increased due to an increased percentage of ripened grains and 1000 kernel weight when less nitrogen was aplied before heading. Higher yields were obtained in those plots to which a higher amount of nitrogen was applied, and the increasing trend was PFS I > PFS II > ETS > HS. 3)Yield was affected by the number of spikelets per area and dry matter production during the ripening period. The number of spikelets per area had a significant correlation to the number of grains per panicle, and the dry matter production during the ripening period also had a significant correlation to LAI, the amount of absorbed nitrogen and the number of spikelets per area. 4)The results mentioned above suggest that the increments of nitrogen absorption from the panicle initiation stage to heading and dry matter accumulation before and after heading play very important roles to ensure the number of spikelets per area and the dry matter distributed for each spikelet, respectively, in the panicle weight type variety bred in China recently.View full abstractDownload PDF (1289K) -
Tokuo SATO, Kyoichi SHIBUYA, Masahiko SAIGUSA1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 11-16
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA low-cost, high yielding culture of rice was studied by the application of controlled-release coated urea (CU) to pot seedlings (PS) -raised in a pot culture nursery box- cultivated in a cool region, and compared to the application of conventional fertilizer (CF) to pot seedling (PS) and mat seedlings (MS) -raised in a broadcast secding nursery box. The plant length and the number of tillers per hill in the PS plots were longer and larger than those in the MS plots due to the superior characteristics of the seedlings. However, the number of tillers/m2 in the PS plots was less than that in the MS plots. Reflecting the nitrogen released from the coated urea, the plant length and number of tillers/m2 in the PS-CU plots were inferior to those in the PS-CF and MS-CF plots at the early growth stage. However, after the neck node differentiation stage, these were reversed due to the increased release of nitrogen from the coated urea. As a result, the leaf color value and dry weight of the rice in the PS-CU plots were higher than those in the PS-CF and MS-CF plots. The yields of brown were in the following order : PS-CU plot > PS-CF plot > MS-CF plot. The number of panicles and spikelets were larger in the PS-CU plot than those in the PS-CF and MS-CF plots, which might affect the increased yield. It seems that the photosynthetic activity of the rice plants in the PS-CU plot was maintained at a high rate throughout the ripening stage. The nitrogen uptake and efficiency of the applied fertilizer were in following order:PS-CU plot > PS-CF plot > MS-CF plot. The recovery of basal nitrogen in coated urea (63∼68%) was much greater than that of ammonium sulfate (30∼40%), and greater than the recovery of the top dressed nitrogen of ammonium sulfate (41∼59%).View full abstractDownload PDF (869K) -
Katsuya MATSUBA1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 17-23
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe distribution of elongated internodes on stems in each plant was compared among the main shoots and tillers, and GA3 was applied to the plant to determine the primordial internodes which are sensitive to growth substances. The results were as follows: 1)The main shoots had five or six elongated internodes. The total leaf number was one less on shoots with five internodes than on shoots with six internodes. 2)The position of the lowest elongated internode was the same on each tiller and the main shoot, or it was one internode lower on tillers than on the main shoot. 3)The number of elongated internodes on each tiller was five or six. 4)The time lag between the first bract (b1) initiation on the main shoot and the fourth tiller was estimated to be about 10 days. 5)Primordia of GA3 sensitive internodes were positioned in the main shoots under the leaf which was newly emerging at the time of GA3 treatment. Nroreover, at the first bract initiation stage, there are two young leaves and two leaf primordia (including b1) inside the newly emerging leaf. Hence, it was concluded that because growth substances affect the tissues of the sensitive primordial internode between the initiation stages for the flag leaf and the first bract, the number of internodes elongated consecutively on the stems in each plant is either five or six.View full abstractDownload PDF (962K) -
Akira FUKUSHIMA, Shigemi AKITA1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 24-28
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe course and differentiation time of large vascular bundles in the rachis of japonica (cv. Musashi-kogane) and indica (cv. IR36) rice were compared. Large vascular bundles in the rachis consisted of large vascular bundles entering from the primary rachis branch (Vp) and the secondary branch (Vp). In Musashi-kogane, one Vp entered from each primary branch to the rachis and travelled down to the neck internode without fusion. Usually, Vs doesn't enter the rachis. Therefore, the vascular ratio shown by the number of large vascular bundles in the neck internode against the number of primary rachis branches was about one. On the other hand, in IR36, one Vp entered from the primary rachis branch to the rachis at the upper position on the rachis. However two Vs and one Vp entered the rachis at the middle and lower positions on rachis. Some of the Vs fused together in the rachis so that the vascular ratio was about two. In both cultivars, Vp differentiated at the early stage of secondary rachis branch primordia differentiation and Vs at the early to middle stage of flower primordia differentiation. These results imply that the development of primary rachis branches as compared with that of rachis is faster in IR36 than Musashikogane.View full abstractDownload PDF (1007K) -
Masahiko TAMAKI, Yoshinori YAMAMOTO1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 29-34
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of shading and nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels on the turning point of the leaf emergence rate (TPLER), and the leaf emergence rate and tillering of rice plants before and after TPLER were studied. Using 1/5000 a Wagner pots, three levels of shadings (0, 50, 95%) and three N fertilizer levels (25, 100, 200 mgN/pot were supplied every ten days after planting) were applied from planting until harvest. The increase in the number of leaves on the main stem was shown by two straight lines with TPLER except the 95% shaded plot. The 95% shaded plot was shown by one straight line because of no TPLER. The leaf emergence rate before TPLER was affected strongly by light intensity, but not by the level of N, and was faster in the plot with higher light intensity. On the other hand, the effect of light intensity on the leaf emergence rate decreased markedly after TPLER. The leaf emergence rate in the plot with no shading was faster with higher N levels both before and after TPLER, but this was not true for the shaded plots. Tillering was influenced by light intensity and the largest number of tillers was obtained in the plot with no shading both before and after TPLER. Moreover, the number of tillers in this plot increased as the N level increased, but the tillers in the shaded plots were not affected as strongly by the N level. A highly positive correlation between the leaf emergence rate and number of emerged tillers in the unshaded and 50% shaded plots was observed before TPLER, but not after TPLER.View full abstractDownload PDF (834K) -
Satoshi NAKATSU, Tomoyuki NOMURA, Toru IMAI1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 35-41
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to estimate the maximum amylograph viscosity of wheat, an automatic method for the measurement of α-amylase activity was developed using a commercial blocked ρ-nitrophenyl maltoheptaoside as a suitable substrate. A Type AAIIauto-analyzer (Bran + Luebbe) partially modified can rapidly and conveniently analyze α-amylase activity at almost 50 samples per hour, and can save the cost of reagents as compared to manual analysis. There was no significant difference between α-amylase activity measured by hand and the auto-analyzer. The α-amylase activity in flour correlated well with the maximum amylograph viscosity (r=-0.922). The correlation coefficient between α-amylase activity and maximum amylograph viscosity was slightly lower in ground wheat (r=-0.906). With regard to fresh wheat, there was no apparent relationship in wheat sampled before maturity, but a high correlation (r=-0.884) was exhibited after maturity. To monitor the levels of maximum amylograph viscosity in cargo samples and classify grades, we made tentative criterion for α-amylase activity in fresh wheat. Group 1: most of the wheat with α-amylase activity below 300 mU/g showed a high amylograph viscosity (mean=755B.U.). Group 2: wheat with α-amylase activity between 300 to 500 mU/g widely ranged from low to high viscosity (mean=502B.U.). Group 3: most of the wheat with α-amylase activity over 500 mU/g showed unacceptably levels of amylograph viscosity (mean=109B.U.). Therefore, the auto-analyzer can be utilized to rank wheat quality at receival points, and can also be adapted as a selection method for the development of low α-amylase varieties in wheat breeding.View full abstractDownload PDF (838K) -
Yin-Fa XU, Taiichiro OOKAWA, Kuni ISHIHARA1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 42-50
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify the physiological and ecological characteristics directly responsible for high yields in rice plants, the yield and yield components, the process of dry matter production and the light-intercepting characteristics were compared between the cultivar Takanari, a high-yielding variety bred in 1990, and the cultivar Nipponbare, a standard Japanese variety. The Takanari yield of 528∼642 kg/10 a was about 100 kg/10 a higher than the yields for Nipponbare in 1991 and 1993, poor harvest years. The Takanari yield of 817∼888 kg/10 a was about 230 kg/10 a higher in 1992 and 1994, good harvest years, owing to higher dry matter productivity and harvest index for Takanari. In spite of a great number of spikelets per square-meter for Takanari, due to the large number of spikelets per panicle with more secondary rachis-branches, the percentages of ripened grains were almost the same as those of Nipponbare. Crop growth rates were higher owing to the higher net assimilation rate after heading in 1991, and owing to both higher net assimilation rate and larger mean leaf area index after the maximum tiller number stage in 1994. The net assimilation rate for Takanari was higher due to better light-intercepting characteristics considering the arrangement of leaves and position of panicles in the canopy. The higher harvest index for Takanari mainly resulted from a higher amount of assimilates translocated to the panicle from the culm and leaf sheath after heading.View full abstractDownload PDF (1079K) -
Kouichi KASHIWABA, Toshiaki MATSUDA, Nobuo CHONAN1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 51-61
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFine structures in peanut cotyledons during development were observed using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Lipids began to accumulate in the cotyledon at an early stage. The parenchyma cells contained large central vaculoes, small lipid bodies and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). In the middle stage, the small lipid bodies and RER rapidly appeared in cytoplasm and continued to increase until the final stage. Developed RER formed a three-dimensional network structure. In a part of the developed RER network, dilated structures developed with numerous small vesicles. The observed dilated structures had RER terminals on the surface area with an average diameter of about 2∼4×1∼2μm. Between the middle stage to the final mature stage, the small vesicles developed directly from the RER terminals and grew into lipid bodies. In addition, these small vesicles were seen to increase as a result of lipid accumulation within the parenchyma cells; however, the number of vesicles decreased in the final mature atage. Additionally, retserve proteins were deposited in smaller vacuoles formed by the subdivision process of the central vacuole. In the final stage, smaller vacuoles became protein bodies through the packing of proteinaceous materials. Numerouts plastids containing starch grains were apparent from the early stage. By the final last stage, the amyloplast diameters were smaller than those of a broad bean. From the observations by scanning and transmission electron microscopes, developed RER networks, RER terminals and numerous small vesicles seem to be involved in lipid accumulation. We believe that the fromation of lipid bodies occurs from the developed RER. In addition, calcium chloride was utilized for the fixation of peanut cotyledon tissue in this electron microscopical study.View full abstractDownload PDF (3861K) -
Hisashi KATO, Tadahiro TAKAHACHI, Tadashi KASAI1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 62-66
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInformation on the characteristics of soybean polysaccharides is limited. This study was undertaken to purify and characterize a polysaccharide in mature soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Akishirome). A soluble polysaccharide, A1-β, was extracted from the cotyledons of soybean seeds with water and purified by Bio-Gel A150m and DEAE-Sephacel column chromatography. The homogeneity of A1-β was confirmed by ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic analyses, and its molecular weight was ca. 2×106. The major components of A1-β were arabinose and galactose in the molar ratio of 2:3. Other components were rhamnose, fucose, xylose, mannose, glucose, mannuronic acid, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid. These results indicate that A1-β may be a polysaccharide that has never been reported in soybean seeds.View full abstractDownload PDF (713K) -
Josefina O. NARCISO, Yuzo FUTSUHARA, Kazumi HATTORI, Tomikichi WADA1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 67-75
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDifferent seed preconditioning treatments and light intensities were tested for their effect on the callus induction and regeneration in cotyledon cultures of mungbean ( Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). There were six preconditioning treatments evaluated including imbibition in sterile distilled water, inoculation in plain agar, and inoculation in 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) supplemented media over a varing period of time. The cultures were incubated in two light intensity conditions; namely, full light (50 μmol m-2 sec-1) and minimum light (8.5 μmol m-2 sec-1). Results of the study showed that (1) plain imbibition of seeds in sterile distilled water for 16 hours was more favorable for regeneration than preconditioning with 6-BA enriched media, and (2) preconditioning of callus formation and better callus growth. Other important observation. was the differential response to plantlet regeneration under different regeneration media. Plantlet regeneration in B5 basal medium supplemented with 1.0 μM NAA and 9.0 μM 6-BA was relatively higher than the other regeneration media under full light intensity while Murashigc and Skoog (MS) basal medium and MS basal medium supplemented with 1.0 μM NAA and 9.0 μM 6-BA had highter plantlet regeneration under minimum light intensity.View full abstractDownload PDF (1274K) -
ALLOTEY Daniel Francis Kpakpo, Takatsugu HORIUCHI, Shuichi MIYAGAWA1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 76-84
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA pot experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Gifu University to study the effects of 15N-labeled matured soybean as green manure, with and without splitted ammonium sulfate, on the growth and nitrogen (N) nutrition of buckwheat. Crop yield ranged between 0.7 to 2.8g/pot. Applying green manure together with ammonium sulfate split in a ratio of 2:1:1 enhanced higher dry matter yield and seed nitrogen content. The crop derived 5.3% N from green manure when applied alone, and between 7.4 to 13.4% N when applied in combination with split ammonium sulfate and basal P2O5 and K2O. Nitrogen from green manure was most efficiently utilizcd by the crop when green manure was applied together with split ammonium sulphate at the ratio of 2:1:1. The "added nitrogen interaction" (ANI) was positive, indicating that the green manure did not furnish the crop with only N but also caused the effective utilization of soil resources as well.View full abstractDownload PDF (1137K) -
Sachio MARUYAMA, Yasunori NAKAMURA1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 85-91
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of low temperature on photosynthesis, dark respiration and protein synthesis in developing fourth-leaf blades of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings were investigated. Photosynthesis and respiration were measured with an oxygen electrode system, and protein synthesis was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fluorography and immunoprecipitation of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC) after in vivo labeling of leaf proteins with [35S]methionine. When the rice seedlings were grown at a low temperature of 15°C for 10 days, the photosynthetic rate was severely inhibited, whereas the dark respiration rate of the stressed plants was even higher than the control plants grown at 25°C. The de novo synthesis of total proteins was also inhibited by low temperature, and the distribution of synthesized proteins drastically changed with growth and incubation temperatures, especially in the proteins related to photosynthesis. An immunological analysis of RuBPC revealed that synthesis of the RuBPC proteins was suppressed more severely than the other soluble proteins at low temperature, and that the synthesis of large subunits of RuBPC was more sensitive to the temperature treatments than that of small subunits. These results indicate that the synthesis of RuBPC proteins, especially in the part associated with chloroplasts, is specifically susceptible to low temperature, and that this may be one of the causes of retarded photosynthesis and the poor development of leaves on rice plants grown at low temperatures.View full abstractDownload PDF (939K) -
Michihiro WADA, Luiz J.C.B. CARVALHO, Gustavo C. RODRIGUES, Ryuichi IS ...1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 92-99
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe found in a previous study that Brazilian tall cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were more resistant to drought in respect of photosynthesis as compared to Mexican and Japanese semidwarf cultivars. In this study, a yield trial was performed with the same 20 cultivars to elucidate the yield and yield component responses to the soil water conditions in Cerrados, a semiarid region of Brazil. Under dry conditions, the dry matter yield of the Brazilian cultivars was significantly higher than the yields of the Mexican and Japanese cultivars. The grain yield of the Brazilian cultivars was also 34-46% greater than those of the Mexican and Japanese cultivars. Under fully-irrigated conditions, however, the Mexican and Japanese cultivars showed higher harvest indices and 18-21% greater grain yield than the Brazilian cultivars, although no practical difference was found among the cultivar groups in terms of dry matter yield. An analysis of yield components showed that the Brazilian cultivars had a larger 1000 kernel weight than the Mexican and Japanese cultivars under dry conditions, while the Mexican and Japanese cultivars had a higher kernel number than the Brazilian cultivars under fully-irrigated conditions. The reverse rotation of yield ranking among the cultivars under non-irrigated and fully-irrigated conditions is due to the fact that the Mexican and Japanese cultivars are more sensitive to soil moisture than the Brazilian cultivars.View full abstractDownload PDF (920K) -
MUhammad ALI, Takatsugu HORIUCHI, Shuichi MIYAGAWA1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 100-107
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPot soil was supplemented with varying concentration of chitin or chitosan to investigate their influence on the nodulation, nitorgen fixation and growth of soybean plants. Significant (P=0.05) reductions in nodule fresh weight and nitrogen fixaton (measured as acetylene-reduction activity) were observed at the early growth stage (28 DAP) for plants grown in soil supplemented with chitin or chitosan as compared to regular pot soil. However, the nodule numbers were not affected at the early growth stage with the exception of 1% of chitin or chitosan. Both nodulation and nitorgen fixation activity at a later growth stage (42 DAP) were markedly enhanced in soils supplemented with 0.10% of either chitin or chitosan. These results suggest that all concentrations of chitin or chitosan have a severe influence on nodule development and N2-fixation activity at the early growth stage in soybean plants. The production of total dry matter was higher in untreated control plants at 28 DAP, while plants treated with 0.10∼0.25% chitin or chitosan produced higher dry matter at 42 DAP. Soybean seed yield increased with the increasing pod number at these levels of treatment. However, the above parameters did not differ greatly between chitin and chitosan at corresponding levels of concentration.View full abstractDownload PDF (949K) -
Shinji SHIMADA, Makie KOKUBUN, Shigeo MATSUI1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 108-117
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of constant and fluctuating water tables at 15∼100 cm below the soil surface on the leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis of lysimeter-grown soybean (Glycine max cv. Tachinagaha) were examined during 1991 (wet year) and 1992 (dry year) in Tsukuba, and during 1992 in Fukuyama. The effects varied greatly with the amount of rainfall. During the wet year in Tsukuba, the apparent photosynthetic rate did not change while the stomatal conductance and leaf water potential decreased with the increasing depth of the water table in dry soil. In contrast, the apparent photosynthetic rate and water potential increased with the increasing depth of the water table in wet soil. During the dry year, the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were highest when the water table was 40 cm below the soil surface. The leaf water potential decreased with the increasing depth of the water table both in Tsukuba and Fukuyama. These results suggest that the water table level affects the photosynthesis and water status of soybean leaves, the magnitude of the effect being dependent on the amount of rainfall.View full abstractDownload PDF (1192K) -
Md. Abdur RASHID, Kazuo ANDO, Koji TANAKA, Yoshihiro KAIDA1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 118-128
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn intensive village-level survey on the change of land use and cropping systems was conducted in the village of Aira (Bogra District of the Barind Tract, a Pleistocene terrace) from the Aman season 1992 to the Boro season 1993. The village's land is classified locally into nine categories according to its utilization, location and soil characters. Based on this classification, the relationship between the toposequences and the establishment of cropping patterns in the village was investigated. Single cropping of transplanted Aman rice (T. Aman) was predominant, while deep-water Aman rice, Aus rice and Rabi crops were grown in limited areas before the 1970s due to shallow inundation during the wet season and the limitation of water sources during the dry season. Since the introduction of shallow tube-wells (STWs) in the late 1970s, however, the major cropping pattern has drastically changed from the [T. Aman-fallow] pattern to [T. Aman-Boro]. The rapid expansion of Boro-rice cultivation was achieved because (1) Boro rice did not interfere with the traditional main crop of T. Aman and (2) STW irrigation removed the hindrance of soil hardness during the dry season. Although the villagers have experienced a drastic change in cropping patterns, they have maintained their tradition of varietal choice, which seems to be adaptive to the variation of the micro toposequence.View full abstractDownload PDF (1238K) -
Takefumi OGATA, Yuji MATSUE1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 129-130
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (386K) -
Shigemi AKITA, Byeong-Sung YOON, Ikuo ANDO, Hiroshi NAGANOMA1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 131-132
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (381K) -
Akira KURIYAMA, Kunpei KAWATA, Fumio KAWAI, Masao KANAMORI, Katsumi WA ...1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 133-134
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (382K) -
Koichi FUTAKUCHI, Ryuichi ISHII1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 135-136
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (426K) -
Tae-Kwon SHON, Tomohiko YOSHIDA1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 137-138
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (512K) -
[in Japanese]1997 Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 139-144
Published: March 05, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1170K)
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