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Volume 72 (2003)
- Issue 4 Pages 377-
- Issue 3 Pages 265-
- Issue 2 Pages 133-
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Volume 72, Issue 3
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Review
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—Its development, practices and relation to the supply and demand in Japan—Kazumi MAEDAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 265-274
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Kazuo TERASHIMA, Takeshi TANIGUCHI, Hitoshi OGIWARA, Takayuki UMEMOTOArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 275-281
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo elucidate the effects of irrigation management on the lodging tolerance of directly seeded rice, pushing resistance, lodging degree and yield were compared among rice plants grown under several irrigation management conditions differing in the frequency and length of drainage treatment. A higher value of pushing resistance was found in the field plot drained more frequently and for a longer duration. This tendency was approximately similar among rice plants seeded at different seeding depths including rice plants seeded in shallow layers less than 1 mm depth from the soil surface. The field lodging degree of broadcasted rice to the soil surface was significantly improved by drainage. Although serious lodging occurred in the field plot submerged continuously, less lodging was found in the field plot with more frequent and longer drainage treatment without a significant decrease in grain yield and quality.View full abstractDownload PDF (820K) -
Ken-ichi MATSUSHIMA, Kenzo WAKIMOTO, Satoshi YOSHINAGA, Kohei TASAKA, ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 282-289
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of seed coating with oxygen supplier on the suppression of rice-seedling emergence by calcium nitrate applied to control apple snail, was examined in pots and petri dishes. The seed coating with oxygen supplier tended to promote elongation of the seedling in the soil supplied with calcium nitrate. Addition of oxygen supplier to calcium nitrate solution reduced the concentration of calcium cyanamide showing that the oxygen supplier decomposed calcium nitrate. The effect of soil puddling before seeding on the seedling emergence in the soil supplied with calcium nitrate was investigated in pots. The soil puddling before seeding promoted seedling emergence in the soil supplied with calcium nitrate, reducing the concentration of calcium cyanamide in the flood. In the field experiment, the seedling emergence from the seeds coated with oxygen supplier was inhibited by applying 8g nitrogen/m2 of calcium nitrate, but not by 4g nitrogen/m2 of calcium nitrate. Thus, we recommend puddling before seeding and coating the seed with oxygen supplier when apple snail is controlled by calcium nitrate in submerged direct seeding of rice. The suitable dosage of calcium nitrate for the effective control of apple snail without chemical injury was estimated to be 4g/m2 as nitrogen.View full abstractDownload PDF (674K) -
Kuniyuki SAITOH, Tariq MAHAMOOD, Toshiro KURODAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 290-294
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo elucidate the difference in flowering and pod set between soybean cultivars, five determinate type and three indeterminate type cultivars with different maturities were grown under vinyl-house conditions during the year 1998. The later the maturity of the cultivar, the larger the number of nodes and length of main stem. The numbers were also higher for indeterminate cultivars than determinate cultivars. The seed yield range was 128-294 g among cultivars, and was higher in the late maturing cultivars than in the early maturing cultivars. The number of flowers per day was maximum during 5-10 days after the onset of flowering. Afterward, it decreased over time in the indeterminate type, whereas it peaked again 20-30 days after the onset of flowering in the determinate type. The later the maturity of the cultivars, the larger the number of flowering organs, and the higher the percent contribution of flowers on the basal order racemes than that on the secondary and higher order racemes. The percent pod set ranged 23-42% among cultivars and was lower in the late maturing cultivars. Clearly, the later the maturity of the cultivar, the larger the number of flowers, pods and yield in spite of the decrease in percent pod set. Indeterminate cultivars showed a larger number of nodes and percent contribution of the primary racemes on the number of flowers than that of the secondary and higher order racemes. In determinate cultivars, the later the maturity of the cultivar, the larger the number of flowers, which results in a decrease in percent pod set, so seed yield depends on the number of pods on the higher order racemes.View full abstractDownload PDF (670K)
Genetic Resources and Evaluation
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Hisatoshi OHTA, Yasuki UEHARA, Tokio IMBE, Tomohiko YOSHIDAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 295-300
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe previously reported a method of screening seed with a high seedling emergence rate in which seeds were sown 20 mm deep from the soil surface at 25°C in a growth chamber. In this paper, we propose a new method of evaluating seedling emergence under field conditions. In the field test, seeds held on seeder-tape were placed at a 20 mm depth from the soil surface with a tape seeder. As a preliminary test, 23 representative rice cultivars from various origins were tested for the rate of seedling emergence. The results showed a positive correlation between the percentage of seedling emergence in the growth chamber test that in the field test. To confirm this correlation, we repeated the test using 103 rice cultivars in total among them, 47 cultivars were from Russia, and 50 from Nepal. The results showed a significant correlation between the values obtained in the growth chamber and the field test. We found a new gene source with the highest percentage of seedling emergence “Ta Hung Ku” from China. Next, the seedling emergence of 347 F3 lines of Dontokoi/Ta Hung Ku were tested. It was difficult to select the lines with a high emergence rate in a growth chamber. However, it was confirmed that several lines had a higher percentage of seedling emergence than Ta Hung Ku in the field test.View full abstractDownload PDF (931K) -
Hitoshi OGIWARA, Yoichi KAWAMURA, Yoshiaki OGI, Takashi TANIGUCHI, Zhi ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 301-308
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA method to demonstrate varietal differences in seedling establishment of rice under low temperatures and methods of data analyses are discussed. Nursery boxes were filled with sieved soil up to 0, 4, and 8 mm below the top. After seeding on the surface of the soil, soil was filled to the top to attain different seeding depths. The boxes were kept submerged in a paddy for 30 days (soil temperature was 11.3 to 20.9°C). The optimum depth for demonstrating the varietal difference was determined as 4 mm. The varietal difference observed with this method was almost identical to that observed in the experiments with the seeds directly sown in the paddy fields. From the results of the experiments with 4-mm deep seeding for five years, five varieties, Arroz da Terra, Calrose, Haenuki, Fukuhibiki, and Blue Bonnet were chosen empirically as the varieties with excellent, good, fair, poor and very poor seedling establishment, respectively. The power to detect the varietal differences was improved when analyses were made on the data exclusively obtained from experiments that establishment rate of Arroz da Terra was more than 75% and that of Fukuhibiki was in between 30 to 60%. Using the average and the standard deviation in these five standard varieties, quasi-deviation values for other varieties were simulated. Practically, the power to detect the varietal differences was improved by using the quasi-deviation values as compared with the average of establishment rate.View full abstractDownload PDF (721K) -
Tomohiko YOSHIDAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 309-313
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInbreeding is a great concern for breeding of vegetatively propagated crops because of the repeated crossings among a limited number of breeding material. Coefficients of inbreeding (CI) in recently developed cultivars of sweet potato, potato and strawberry were calculated using a personal computer and a programming language, Prolog. The CI in sweet potato cultivars, Beniazuma, Shiroyutaka, Satsumahikari and Joy White was 0.017, 0.073, 0.140 and 0.009, respectively; that in potato cultivars, Toyoshiro, Nishiyutaka, Konafubuki and Beniakari was 0.043, 0.072, 0.028 and 0.018, respectively; and that in strawberry cultivars, Nyoho, Tochiotome and Akihime was 0.172, 0.262 and 0.223, respectively. These values of potato were smaller than those of sweet potato and strawberry. It had been reported that the plants with a CI less than 0.1 showed no inbreeding depression, but those with a CI more than 0.2 showed significant inbreeding depression in sweet potato. CI values in sweet potato obtained in this study were lower than the critical value for inbreeding depression, but that in strawberry was higher. The records of old ancestors might be inaccurate, but estimated CI values of recently bred cultivars may be reliable because the discrepancy of old ancestors had little effect on the CI values.View full abstractDownload PDF (610K) -
Katsuyoshi SHIMIZU, Mayuko OMURA, Weidong CAO, Naoto ISHIKAWAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 314-320
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo genotypes of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L. : cv. Yuefeng 1 and a National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) strain) were cultivated in 1999 and 2001 to determine and compare growth and morphological features. NARC strains were harvested on October 28 and 29 in 1999, and on July 3, July 25, September 7 and October 11 in 2001. Yuefeng 1 plants were harvested on November 5 in 2001, and on July 3, August 9, September 7 and October 11 in 2001. In 2001, photosynthetic rates of upper leaves, and crude protein and mineral concentrations of all leaves were analyzed. In both years, plant height and the number of nodes were measured during the cultivation periods. Rates of increases in plant height and the number of nodes in the NARC strain declined at 120 days after sowing (DAS) and the number of main stem leaves decreased remarkably thereafter. Photosynthetic rates of the upper leaves of both genotypes measured under a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 μmol m-2 s-1 were markedly high for C3 species, with the NARC strain in particular attaining a rate of 39.4 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1. Leaf protein concentrations of both genotypes decreased with growth, with a marked decrease in the NARC strain from 80 DAS onward. The calcium concentration of kenaf leaves increased with growth, but concentrations of Na and K decreased. It is concluded that these leaf characteristics make kenaf a potentially valuable forage species.View full abstractDownload PDF (609K)
Crop Morphology
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Hong ZHOU, Gaiyun LIU, Hiroshi EHARA, Osamu MORITAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 321-327
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwenty Japonica and 13 Indica cultivars of rice were seeded on the soil surface in paddy field and at a 1 cm depth in the soil and the soil surface in a container, and the type of their seedling establishment was examined. The seedling-establishment type was determined at the 3rd leaf stage as follows. Perfect establishment type (PE) : seedlings emerge from soil ; Fixed type (FX) : seedlings are fixed although a part of the roots emerge above the ground ; Floating-1 type (FL-1) : seedlings are fixed although the seed are floating ; Floating-2 type (FL-2) : seedlings are floating. After the soil-surface seeding, the percentage of FX, FL-1 and FL-2 was 20-60%, 10-35% and 24-55%, respectively, in most cultivars. The percentage of floating type (FL-1 and FL-2) in paddy field positively correlated with that in the container when seeded on the soil surface. The percentage of floating type in the seed sown on the soil surface positively correlated with that in the seed sown at a 1 cm depth in soil in the container. Moreover, the percentage of floating type in the soil-surface seeded rice in the container negatively correlated with the total root length and root dry weight, and positively correlated with the (plant length)/(total root length) ratio and top/root ratio. The percentage of floating type was relatively low when root growth was vigorous, and it positively correlated with the (seminal root length)/(total root length) ratio. The development of adventitious roots following the elongation of the seminal root was found to be important for seedling establishment.View full abstractDownload PDF (615K)
Crop Physiology and Cell Biology
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Dong-Jin KANG, Un-Sang YEO, Byung-Geun OH, Jung-Hoon KANG, Sae-Jun YAN ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 328-332
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this paper we investigated water status and chlorophyll content of tolerant and sensitive rice varieties after being subjected to dry wind treatment using a wind tunnel. Two rice varieties, Naepung-byeo (NP) as the tolerant variety and Ilabong (IB) as the sensitive variety, were grown in 1/1250a pots containing paddy soil. The water potential of the leaves and panicles, relative water content, and chlorophyll content were measured in each plant exposed to 3 hours of dry wind treatment 4 days after the emergence of panicles. The water potential of the panicles sharply decreased after the wind treatment. The water potential of the panicles in NP fell to -0.75 MPa at the end of the treatment as compared to -0.25 MPa before wind treatment, whereas, IB showed more severe change, from -0.34 MPa to -1.53 MPa, when treated by dry wind. The decrease in water potential of the panicles in NP was smaller than that of IB 2 hours after the treatment, and the recovery of panicle water potential was observed 6 hours after treatment. There was no significant difference in leaf water potential between NP and IB in this experiment. A similar trend was also observed in the relative water content. The relative water content of panicles under dry wind treatment decreased over time. The water content in the panicle was higher in NP than IB 2 hours after wind treatment. Six hours after treatment, the relative water content of IB panicles was only 22% with a nearly white panicle. Chlorophyll content also showed similar results as water potential and relative water content. These results indicate that the changes in the susceptibility to dry wind treatment reflect only on the panicle, as white panicle, and the NP variety has some tolerance mechanism in the panicle; therefore, damaged panicles recover over time.View full abstractDownload PDF (603K) -
Akio SUMI, Susumu HAKOYAMA, Kohei MURAKAMI, Ai ASAHINA, Kazuyo MURATA, ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 333-338
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe quantitative relationship between dry matter production (W) and evapotranspiration (ET) was examined in soybean cv. Tsurunoko cultivated in 8 L containers fertilized with a large amount of inorganic nitrogen (high N), where nodulation was poor, and with a small amount of N (low N), where nodulation was abundant. It was also examined in two isogenic lines; non-nodulating line T201 and nodulating line T202. The value of ET when W was zero (ETW=0), which was determined from the regression lines, was higher in the plants fertilized with a low N than with a high N, and in T202 than in T201. The transpiration coefficient (ΔET/ΔW) was not influenced by N level and was nearly the same in T201 and T202. Difference in W between T201 and T202 (δW) calculated from the difference in ETW=0 (δETW=0) was correlated with the amout of fixed nitrogen estimated in N difference method. These results suggest that the difference in ETW=0 between T201 and T202 represents the energy cost of nitrogen fixation.View full abstractDownload PDF (624K)
Modelling, Information Technology and Environment
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Tetsuya ISHIKAWA, Hiroshi FUJIMOTO, Nobuyuki KABAKI, Sachio MARUYAMA, ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 339-344
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDry matter production and translocation during the ripening period of semidwarf indica rice cv. Takanari were examined in comparison with those of the standard japonica rice cv. Kochihibiki. Nine field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1996 with high nitrogen application of 18 g m-2. Large differences in the range of both average temperature (27.6-20.0°C) and average solar radiation (18.8-11.7 MJ m-2 day-1) during the ripening period of Takanari were observed. Both the largest increase of dry weight of the above-ground part (987 g m-2) during the ripening period and the highest grain yield (990 g m-2) of Takanari were achieved at a mid-May transplanting plot in 1994. Significant differences between experimental plots of Takanari were not found when comparing the increase in dry weight of the above-ground part (ΔW), but were found when average crop growth rate (CGR) was calculated. The CGR of Takanari showed significant correlations with both average temperature and solar radiation. A positive partial coefficient of correlation between CGR and average temperature, calculated on the assumption of fixed solar radiation, was also found in Takanari. Significant differences between experimental plots of both cultivars were not found in the amount of translocation (T), which was estimated from the decrease in straw dry weight. Although T of Takanari showed significant negative correlation with both average temperature and ΔW, it was suggested that the effect of temperature on translocation was indirect as the consequence of comparing partial coefficients of correlation. The large ΔW of Takanari, which was 5.37 times as much as T on the average, is supposed to be one of the reasons why the grain yield of Takanari did not show significant correlation with T, but did with ΔW. It is suggested that the ability of Takanari to produce larger dry matter under high temperature, as well as to accumulate a stable, large amount of nonstructural carbohydrate in straw, was useful as a model crop for the improvement of production potency.View full abstractDownload PDF (543K) -
Tae Kwon SON, Ji Ean LEE, Sang Kuk KIM, Sang Chul LEEArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 345-349
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of a mixture of charcoal and pyroligenous acid (MCPA; 80% charcoal and 20% pyroligenous acid) applied to the soil at different fertilizer levels on the growth characteristics and yield of rice were examined. The total nitrogen content of the leaf blades was significantly increased (at 0.05% LSD level) by applying MCPA to the soil at each fertilizer level. The root activity was also increased by applying MCPA. Application of MCPA to the soil with a reduced amount of fertilizer (P-K; 3.5-4, 3.5-8 or 7-4 kg/10a) increased the yield of rice over that on the soil with the recommended amount of fertilizer (P-K; 7-8 kg/10a) without application of MCPA. The yield on the soil at each reduced fertilizer level was increased by applying MCPA. These results suggest that application of MCPA activated the root activity by improving the soil environment consequently promoting plant growth.View full abstractDownload PDF (380K)
Research and Technical Note
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Tetsuya ISHIKAWA, Yasuhiro SUZUKIArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 3 Pages 350-357
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is possible to analyze the chemical constituents or physical properties of each rice grain, and attempts are being made to clarify the relationship between the analytical results and position of the grain on the panicle. The objective of this study is to develop a computer program for schematic presentation of the branching structure of rice panicle, and for illustrating the information of each grain corresponding to their position on the panicle. The branching structure of panicle was described in list-format in order to deal with their diverse structures. A programming language Prolog, with unique characteristics such as pattern matching and unification, was used to develop the drawing program by fully utilizing its recursive call function. For the effective utilization of the analytical results already recorded in table-format, another Prolog program was developed to convert them into the data described in list-format. Besides illustrating the qualitative information, such as existence or degeneration of spikelet, another function to illustrate the grains in specific colors, according to their quantitative information, such as fresh weight, was added to the drawing program. Although the drawn schematic illustration was not accurate in terms of the length of rachis and shape of grain, the relative positions of rachises and grains were precisely expressed, and it was concluded that this illustration was helpful in understanding the relationship between the qualitative or quantitative properties of grains and their positions on the panicle intuitively. Application of this drawing program to the panicle of Genus Oryza, which has similar branching structure, or the tillering system of rice, is thought to be possible.View full abstractDownload PDF (783K)
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