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Volume 68 (1999)
- Issue 4 Pages 453-
- Issue 3 Pages 337-
- Issue 2 Pages 179-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
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Volume 68, Issue 1
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Hiroshi MIYAKE1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 1-9
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Ryouji SASAKI, Hiromichi YAMAGUCHI, Katsuya MATSUBA1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 10-15
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of an irregular density of seedling establishments in direct seeding cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) on growth and grain yield and their relations were investigated in a paddy field (1.0 ha). The population density of established seedlings varied from 56 to 336 plants m-2, averaging 159 plants m-2, and its coefficient of variation was 38%. The coefficient of variation of the maximum number of stems per m2 decreased up to 23%, and that of the grain yield was only 17%. The maximum number of tillers per plant was negatively correlated wit}t the population density. Consequently, lower population density did not affect the grain yield. Furthermore, to analyze the tillering capacity for a lower density of seedling establishments, the nodal position of the most recent primary tiller to appear and the maximum order of tiller were examined in rice plants grown under different densities of seedling establishments. There was a tendency for the nodal position of the most recent primary tiller to appear and for the maximum order of filter to be larger as the population density decreased. Therefore the potential number of tillers per plant, which could be calculated by using these data, increased as the population density decreased. To produce 500 panicles m-2, if the percentage of fruitful culms was 65%, the minimum number of plants was calculated to be 24-46 m-2.View full abstractDownload PDF (994K) -
Masahiko TAMAKI, Tomio ITANI, Yoshinori YAMAMOTO1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 16-20
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of organic fertilizer (liquid concentrated protein extract ; N : 9.2%, P2O5 : 2.4%, K2O : 3.1%) and inorganic fertilizer on the growth of rice plants were studied under various light intensities. Rice seedlings (cultivar ; Nipponbare) of 2.5-leaf age were transplanted in 1 /2000a Wagner pots, and were fertilized with the water solution of organic (organic plot) and inorganic fertilizers (inorganic plot), every ten days after transplanting, under 0 and 50% shading from transplanting until the flag leaf expansion. The amounts of N, P2O5 and K2O (460, 120, 150 mg per pot, respectively) applied was adjusted to be the same. Leaf emergence rates of main stem were affected by light intensity, but not by fertilizing. More tillers emerged in the inorganic plot than organic plot without shading. Under 50% shading, the organic plot seemed to produce more tillers than the inorganic plot. Photosynthetic rate, leaf color (SPAD) value and N content of flag leaf were higher in inorganic plot than in organic plot. Top dry matters at the stage of flag leaf expansion were heavier in inorganic plot under no shading, and heavier in the organic plot under 50% shading. Root dry matter at the same stage was heavier in organic plot under both light intensities.View full abstractDownload PDF (812K) -
Akihito KUSUTANI, Kazuyoshi UEDA, Koh-ichiro ASANUMA, Masanori TOYOTA1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 21-28
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe yielding abilities of rice varieties were examined among three groups : 10 European and American varieties (E group), 20 Japanese varieties (J group), and 16 high-yielding varieties bred in Asian countries (H group). Each yield capacity (NV) was expressed as a product of the number (N) and the volume (V) of unhulled rice. The vield contents (CW+ΔW) were expressed by the sum of reserved carbohydrates in the rice plant at the full heading date (CW) and the dry matter production amount during the ripening period (ΔW). The (CW+ΔW)/NV was regarded as the source-sink ratio. The average yield (Y) was highest in H group and lowest in E group. Both NV and CW+ΔW of H group were highest among the three groups. But ΔW of H group was not so large in comparison with that of J group. The (CW+ΔW)/NV of H group was lower than that of J group because the increase of NV was greater than that of CW+ΔW in H group. The transfer ratio of yield contents [Ef:Y/(CW+ΔW)] was highest in H group. The specific gravity of unhulled rice (S:Y/NV) of H group was as high as that of J group. These results suggest that the high yielding ability of H group is mainly attributable to its large NV and CW, and also to its high Ef. Consequently, it is considered that an enhancement of source-sink ratio with the increment of ΔW is necessary to improve the yield potential in H group.View full abstractDownload PDF (1082K) -
Koji NAGAO, Tadashi TAKAHASHI, Kimio NAKASEKO1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 29-33
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study investigated the effects of shadings (by a cloth with 70% interception) before and after anthesis on dry matter production in a field condition for two spring wheat cultivars whose canopy structures are different. Grain yields were decreased 32-34% by shadings in Norin 61, though only 13-15% lay shadings in Haruyutaka. These were mainly caused by decreases with shadings in total dry weight, which accounted for 27-32% in Norin 61 and 11-13% in Haruyutaka. It was found that Haruyutaka definitely showed less decrease in dry matter production in response to a shortage of solar radiation than Norin 61 did. The nitrogen contents in the second and third leaves at the milk ripe stage were increased by shading before anthesis in Haruyutaka, but not in Norin 61. Furthermore, the daily increases of water soluble carbohydrate in leaves were increased by shading after anthesis in Haruyutaka and decreased by shading in Norin 61. These results suggest that the photosynthesis in a canopy was enhanced after shadings in Haruyutaka, but not in Norin 61.View full abstractDownload PDF (910K) -
Yasuaki FUKUGAWA, Shao-Hui ZHENG1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 34-38
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is an important leguminous crop in tropical regions. The objective of this study is to obtain some information about cultivating the pigeon pea in northern Kyushu, Japan. Eight early maturing varieties provided by ICRISAT were sown biweekly starting from early April in 1993 and in 1996. In field observations, plants of all varieties were found to grow smoothly after emergence and to produce flowers and pods. The varieties were divided into indeterminate types (2 varieties) and determinate types (6 varieties) according to growth and flowering habits. In the indeterminate varieties, the days from emergence to flowering were many and the vegetative growth was heavy in early sowing. In the determinate varieties, however, the variations of days from emergence to flowering and the vegetative growth among the sowing times were not different. It is suggested that the indeterminate varieties were more sensitive to photoperiod in comparison with the determinate varieties. Although a longer term was required for harvesting the mature pods of the early sowing, no differences in yields were evident in some determinate varieties sown before the end of June. For seed production, the pigeon pea can be sown from the middle to the end of June in northern Kyushu.View full abstractDownload PDF (688K) -
Hideki SUGIMOTO, Tooru SATO1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 39-44
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this experiment, in order to harvest buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) early in summer and use the paddy field more intensively in the warm southwestern region of Japan, the effects of different sowing times on the growth and seed yield of buckwheat were investigated. Seeds were sown every 10 days from mid-March to early June. The later the sowing time, the more flowers produced per plant and the lower the seed setting ratio and 1000 seed weight. In particular, seed setting ratio decreased markedly when the average minimum temperature exceeded 17.5°C during the period from the onset of flowering to maturing. As a result, the later the sowing time, the lower the seed yield per plant. Therefore, an early sowing time is recommended. In the region of Inland Sea of Japan (Setouchi), considering the late frost, the beginning of rainy season and the critical temperature mentioned above, seeding time is limited to the period between late-March and mid-April. If seeds are sown before mid-April, buckwheat can be harvested before transplanting of the rice seedlings, and after the harvest of buckwheat, summer crops such as rice, soybean and forage crops can be cultivated in the same paddy field.View full abstractDownload PDF (969K) -
Toshio TAIRA1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 45-47
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies on the relationship between mean air temperature during the ripening period and amylographic characteristics or cooking quality of rice were examined. There was a highly positive correlation between the mean air temperature during the ripening period of rice and the viscosity at 85°C and break down value, A highly positive correlation was also observed between the specific gravity of rice and the viscosity at 85°C. On the other hand, a highly negative correlation existed between mean air temperature during the ripening period of rice and water uptake ratio at 7O°C, A highly negative correlation was recognized between the specific gravity of rice and water uptake ratio at 70°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (574K) -
Yoshinori TANIGUCHI, Masaya FUJITA, Akihiro SASAKI, Kazuto UJIHARA, Ma ...1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 48-53
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo increase the crude protein content of wheat in the Kyushu district, the amounts of basal fertilizer and top dressing were decreased to 72% of standard and the remaining 28% fertilizer was applied at the booting stage. The relation between two dressing methods, conventional and with one more topdressing being added at booting stage, was examined in 16 cultivars, varying widely in crude protein content, over a perid of two years. The mature stage with top dressing at booting stage was delayed about 0.5 day. It increased 1, 000-grain weight and liter weight. Positive correlations were found between the 1, 000-grain weight and the brightness (R554), and between liter weight and flour yield. The influence on grain weight was different for each cultiver throughout the two years. In the second year (1994), the glassiness was more increased in the plot with top dressing at booting stage than in the control plot, but no relation to the decrease in grain and flour qualities was found. The crude protein content of grain and flour increased significantly, and crude protein weight (grain weight × crude protein content) increased in many cultivars in the second year. On the other hand, the ash content of flour decreased significantly. The influence on the whiteness (R445) and brightness of flour was different in cultivars. But brightness was negatively correlated with protein content in the second year. No difference was observed between high and low protein content cultivars as a result of the change of crude protein and ash contents by two dressing methods. Therefore the top dressing at booting stage was effective for an increase of crude protein content in wheat in the Kyushu district.View full abstractDownload PDF (941K) -
Mituyoshi SUZUKI, Yuko SATO, Yoshinobu AKIYAMA1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 54-57
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS"Akishimidori 1" was selected by the pedigree-mass selection method from a local variety, "Yukinoshita", which was grown in the Kazuno region in Akita prefecture. The characteristics of "Akishimidori 1" compared with "Aomedaizu" are as follows. It tended to have less branches, and had a shorter main stem. It was more resistant to lodging and vine growth was less excessive, thus being suitable for combine harvesting. The seeds are large and the seed-coat color is deep green. The cotyledon color is green. The maturing time is 22 days earlier than that of "Aomedaizu", belonging to group III (medium) in Akita prefecture. The high yield was obtained at a seeding density of 14/m2 when sown during the first ten days of June. When sown in mid-June, it must be increased to 18/m2. Tounyu color was light green and the taste of tofu was as good as "Aomedaizu". "Akishimidori 1" is considered to be adapted to the whole area of Akita prefecture, except for the early seeding in south regions.View full abstractDownload PDF (703K) -
Cailin WANG, Tetsuro UDATSU, Hiroshi FUJIWARA1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 58-62
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to discuss the practical usefulness of the discrimination of indica and japonica cultivar groups based on the morphology of silica bodies from motor cells in rice (Oryza sativa L.) . The effects of nitrogen levels on the morphology of silica bodies from the flag leaf were investigated. Two indica varieties, "T-153" and "T-160" and a japonica variety, "T-708" were used and cultivated in pot scale (1 / 5000a). Nitrogen treatment was divided into three levels of 20 gm-2, 10 gm-2, and 5 gm-2 and they were applied when the rice plants had 1.5-2.0 in remaining plant age in number of leaves (corresponding to 15 to 20 days before heading). The result showed little effect of nitrogen level on the morphology of silica bodies. No effect of nitrogen level was observed on the discrimination of indica and japonica cultivar groups based on the morphological characters of silica bodies, although the discriminating scores were slightly changed.View full abstractDownload PDF (787K) -
Tetsuya ISHIKAWA, Hiroshi FUJIMOTO, Nobuyuki KABAKI, Sachio MARUYAMA, ...1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 63-70
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDry matter production and the determination mechanism of the number of spikelets of the semidwarf indica rice cultivar, Takanari, were examined in comparison with those of the standard japonica cultivar, Kochihibiki. Nine field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1996 with high nitrogen application of 18 g m-2. The average above-ground dry weight at heading (DWh) of Takanari was 1108 g m-2, and the significant differences of DWh between cultivars were observed in three experimental plots out of four early June transplanting plots. The coefficient of variation (CV) of DWh of Takanari was 7%, which was lower than that of Kochihibiki (11%). The average number of spikelets (Sp) of Takanari was 48400 m-2, and the significant differences of Sp between cultivars were observed in all the experimental plots. The CV of Sp of Takanari was 5%, which was slightly lower than that of Kochihibiki (6%). Although the increasing rate of leaf area expansion under the warmer temperature caused an increase in dry matter production in the early growth period, dry matter production in the later growth period before heading was reduced because of reduced growth duration under the warmer temperature. The less-reduced growth duration of Takanari under the warmer temperature, compared with that of the photoperiod-sensitive cultivar, Kochihibiki, was thought to be one cause of the stability of DWh of Takanari. The stability of Sp of Takanari was maintained by the large increase of Sp per panicle when the number of panicles decreased. The characteristics that more secondary rachis-branches were differentiated on the primary rachis-branch of Takanari was thought to be related to the larger number of Sp per panicle and Sp of Takanari.View full abstractDownload PDF (1196K) -
Akira FUKUSHIMA1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 71-76
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe branching structure of the panicles of eight japonica and eight indica cultivars was compared after estimating the number and position of the differentiated branches and spikelets. The secondary and tertiary branch numbers on each primary branch were almost constant along the rachis in any cultivar, but they decreased at the apical part. The ratio of the number of high-order branches was larger in indica cultivars than in japonica cultivars, besides IR65598-112-2, where the ratio of high-order branches ; especially the ratio of the tertiary branch number to the secondary branch number, was extremely large. The relationship between the morphological traits of the neck internode and the branching structure of panicles was different between cultivar groups. These results suggest that the differences of branching structure between japonica and indica cultivars are caused by the differences in the developmental pattern of branches. The relationship between these branching structures and the number of spiklets per panicle was analyzed. As a result, the differences in the spikelet number per panicle among each cultivar group and between cultivar groups seemed to depend on the number of primary branches and on the ratio of the number of high-order branches, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (953K) -
Akira FUKUSHIMA1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 77-82
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe developmental process of young panicles was observed to estimate the diameters of young panicle primordium and the diameters of primary branch primordium. The effects of these diameters on the branching structure of panicle were then compared between japonica and indica cultivars. Irrespective of these cultivar groups, the diameters of young panicle primordium and of primary branch primordium were positively related to the number of primary branches and the ratio of the number of secondary branches to the number of primary branches respectively. These results suggest that the number of each order branches is affected by the size of the field where they can differentiate. The ratio of the diameters of primary branch primordium to that of young panicle primordium was larger in indica cultivars than in japonica cultivars. As a result, the ratio of the number of high-order branches was larger in indica cultivars than in japonica cultivars. Furthermore, the developmental factors determining the branching structures of panicles were discussed by analyzing the relationship between the morphological traits of the neck internodes and the branching structures of panicles. These results suggest the number of spikelets per panicle is dependent on the diameters of the young panicle primordium regulating the number of primary branches and on the ratio of the diameters of primary branch primordium to that of young panicle primordium regulating the ratio of the number of high-order branches.View full abstractDownload PDF (928K) -
Teruo ARASE, Naoto INOUE, Takahisa AMANO1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 83-90
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relationships between the climbing growth and the seed production in yabumame (Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth.) were analyzed based on the phytomer concept. An intensively positive correlation was found between the number of subterranean cleistogamous flowers and phytomers. The plasticity of branching construction (H) was influenced by the number of phytomers, whereas the entropical plant type index (H') and the plasticity of phytomer elongation (PE) were not affected. The H' of secondary branches significantly correlated positively to the number of aerial flower pods. The PE of primary branches close to the ground significantly correlated negatively to flowers per phytomer. The numbers of aerial and subterranean phytomers were under such an allometric relationship that the number of aerial phytomers had a significant correlation with the number of penetrated subterranean phytomers (PS), a lower correlation with the number of cotyledonary subterranean phytomers (CS), and the most intense correlation with the total (PS+CS). So CS was presumed to compensate subterranean growth. The PE of primary branches close to the ground correlated negatively to the aerial-phytomer penetration percentage into soil, revealing the trade-off relationship between the emigration by climbing stem and the settlement by penetration into soil. The relationship between PS and CS and variations in H' and PE is appreciated as clues to improve the plant type and seed allocation to geocarpic seed production around the root for domestication.View full abstractDownload PDF (1188K) -
Hiroyasu MICHIYAMA, Atsushi TACHIMOTO, Hisayoshi HAYASHI1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 91-94
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was conducted to know the relationship among vegetative growth, progression of successive flowering, the number of flowers and flowering period, and seed-setting in common buckwheat. 1) All flowers were removed immediately after flowering in order to prevent seed-setting in Shinanonatsusoba. (summer ecotype) in summer. The number of flowers and flower clusters were increased and the flowering period was prolonged by this treatment, although the progression rate of successive flowering was little affected. The number of flowers per flower cluster was slightly increased by the treatment although not significantly. Increased flowers and flower clusters of the treated plants were produced on the higher order branches which developed during the later period. 2) All the other flower clusters except one were removed by top pinching and disbudding in Miyazakizairai (autumn ecotype) cultivated in summer, which had a low seed-setting ratio, to induce nutrient rich condition for the remained flower cluster. Seed-setting ratio was increased from 3% to 10%, although the progression rate of successive flowering and the number of flowering were little affected. These results show that the growth of stem and leaves affects the seed-setting ratio and the seed-setting affects the growth of high order lateral branches and the duration of successive flowering through the distribution of nutrients. The progression rate of successive flowering seems to be influenced by some other physiological mechanisms.View full abstractDownload PDF (719K) -
Masahiko SAIGUSA, Mayumi HANAKI, Toyoaki ITO1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 95-98
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChanges in the dry matter of paddy, the dry weight of root and shoot of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore) seedlings (nursling, young, middle and mature seedlings) and the utilization of paddy nitrogen by root and shoot were investigated using 15N labelled paddy. Effects of fertilizer nitrogen and paddy nitrogen on the growth of rice nursling seedlings were studied in comparison with those of young, middle and rnature seedlings. Nursling seedlings were raised with or without fertilizer and young, middle and mature seedlings were raised with fertilizer. Paddy dry weights of nursling seedling raised with or without fertilizer were about the same (44-46% ). However, the amount of paddy nitrogen remaining in nursling seedlings raised with fertilizer was about 10% lower than that raised without fertilizer indicating the promotion of translocation of paddy nitrogen to root and shoot by the application of fertilizer nitrogen. The translocation of paddy nitrogen to rice root was completed before the nursling stage (2 leaves), whereas that to rice shoot continued until the young seedling stage (3.2 leaves). Therefore, the amount of paddy nitrogen remaining both in middle (4.5 leaves) and mature (5.5 leaves) seedlings was nearly the same and about 17-18% nitrogen in paddy are considered to be an unavailable form to rice seedlings.View full abstractDownload PDF (745K) -
Mitsugu HIRANO, Junko UEYAMA, Hop Tac TRUONG, Eiki KURODA, Takao MURAT ...1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 99-104
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHitomebore, a popular rice variety in Tohoku, was cultured in 1997 by using standard practice (CON), the practice of nitrogen-free basal dressing with sparse planting (BNo), and BNo with the application of 200 gm-12 of raw rice bran (RB). The contents of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), cell wall materials (ADF) and ash in stems (culms and leaf sheaths) were analyzed during the grain filling. The percentage of NSC based on dry weight was higher in BNo and RB than in CON, and also higher in the lower internodes than in upper ones. In contrast, the percentage of ADF was smaller in BNo and RB and in the lower internodes. The contents of ash whose main component is silica, showed that it was quite similar to that of ADF. The correlation coefficient between the percentages of ADF and NSC was negative, but between the percentages of ADF and ash it was positive and highly significant. The correlations for the amount of ADF per unit area with the amounts of NSC and ash were positive and highly significant. The dry weight of stems was closely correlated to the amounts of ADF, NSC, and ash. No correlation was noted with respect to their percentage.View full abstractDownload PDF (866K) -
Taiichiro OOKAWA, Yoko TAKASE, Kuni ISHIHARA, Tadashi HIRASAWA1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 105-111
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe soybean cultivar, Tachinagaha, could attain a higher grain yield than Enrei because of higher dry matter production after flowering. The crop growth rate during ripening was clearly high in Tachinagaha because of high net assimilation rates compared with Enrei. No difference in the light extinction coefficient of the whole canopy was observed between the two cultivars, but it was far smaller in the upper layer of the canopy in Tachinagaha than in Enrei, especially at midday. The leaf photosynthetic rates in Tachinagaha were high compared with Enrei. The degradation of leaf color and the decrease in the number of living leaves with ripening slowed in Tachinagaha compared with Enrei. These results indicated that the higher leaf photosynthetic rate because of slow senescence might contribute to the higher NAR in Tachinagaha as well as improved light intercepting characteristics of the upper layer in the canopy.View full abstractDownload PDF (1021K) -
Katsunori ISOBE, Yoshio TSUBOKI1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 112-117
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSix species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were inoculated into kidney bean in low available phosphorus soil to clarify useful species in the cultivation of kidney bean. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi used in the experiment were Gigaspora ramisporophora, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus caledonium, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus mosseae and Glomus sp. When 1000 spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were inoculated in 1/5000a pot, the infection rate was greater in plots with Glomus caledonium and Glomus mosseae in comparison with the other plots. The growth and grain yield of kidney bean were improved in all inoculated plots. The plots inoculated with Glomus caledonium and Glomus mosseae were enhanced in growth and grain yield more than the other inoculated plots were. The grain yields of the plots inoculated with 5000 spores of Glomus mosseae and the plot to which phosphorus was applied were not as much. From these facts, it was determined that, inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was useful for kidney bean cultivation in a low available phosphorus condition. Particularly, Glomus mosseae was the most useful species among the six species used.View full abstractDownload PDF (886K) -
Katsunori ISOBE, Yoshio TSUBOKI1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 118-125
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of winter crops on the density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the growth of succeeding kidney beans were examined. When barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or peas (Pisum sativum L.) were grown in winter, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi infection rate and the growth of succeeding kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were greater in comparison with bare ground. No difference was found in the arbuscular mycorrhizal infection rate of kidney beans between the inoculum preserved by barley and the new one inoculated at the sowing of kidney beans. No difference was found in the growth of kidney bean when arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were inoculated before barley or broad beans (Vicia faba L.) had grown or when arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were inoculated at the sowing of kidney beans. The winter weeds preserved a number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores. But the growth of kidney beans that had been grown after winter weeds was inferior to that of the kidney beans inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at sowing. In conclusion, when barley or broad beans were grown in winter, those inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were preserved, and the need for an inoculation of kidney beans with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the following year was not needed. However, the effect of winter weeds on preserving the density of arbuscular myccorrhizal fungi was lower than the effect of winter crops was.View full abstractDownload PDF (1246K) -
Masao OHNISHI, Takeshi HORIE1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 126-136
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo develop a rapid determination of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) in rice plant, the availability of gravimetric analysis was examined. A plant sample of 0.5 g in 30 mL of distilled water was heated on a hot plate. After the cooling, 20 mL of phosphate buffer (KH2PO4 ; 12.08 gL-1, Na2HPO4·12H2O ; 3.98 gL-1, NaN3. ; 0.025 gL-1) containing 1.5 mg of α-amylase and 0.5 mg of amyloglucosidase was added to it. The mixture was incubated at 40°C for 24 hours with continuous shaking, then filtrated through filter paper (Advantic Toyo, No. 5A), its dry weight being predetermined. The residue on the paper was washed out with distilled water, then dried and weighed. The nonreducing sugar in the filtrate was hydrolyzed in 15 mL of boiling 0.04M H2SO4. In the gravimetric analysis, the concentration of all water-soluble substrate (NSCWS) was determined from the difference between dry weights of sample and residue. In the calorimetric analysis, the concentration of reducing sugar equivalent to glucose (NSCGL) was determined by using the ρ-hydroxybenzotic acid hydrazine method. Although no significant relationship between NSCWS and NSCGL in leaf blade was noted, significantly high positive correlations (r2≧0.912) were found between them in leaf sheath + culm and panicle, irrespective of cultivation conditions and growth stages. An analysis of errors associated with the determination of NSCWS and NSCGL revealed that the gravimetric method gave a higher accuracy than the calorimetric method did, even when NSCWS was converted into NSCGL by linear regression equations. Also, NSCWS was more effectively incorporated with the near infrared spectroscopic method to quickly determine NSC. These results indicate that the gravimetric analysis is useful for a proxy determination of NSC in rice leaf sheath + culm and panicle.View full abstractDownload PDF (1650K) -
Koki HOMMA, Hiroshi NAKAGAWA, Takeshi HORIE, Hiroaki OHNISHI, Hang-Yon ...1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 137-145
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of elevated CO2 concentration and high temperatures on transpiration and gaseous diffusive resistances of rice canopy were investigated. Akihikari and IR36 cultivars were grown under two CO2 concentrations ( [CO2], 365 and 700 μL L-1) × three temperatures (29.8, 30.4 and 32.5°C on average over the experimental period), created by two Temperature Gradient Chambers. From 2 August (panicle initiation) to 22 August (booting), measurements were made of dry and wet bulb temperatures, canopy surface temperatures (Tc) and net radiation along with evapotranspiration (E) measurements by microlysimeters. Aerodynamic resistance (ra), obtained from the measured E and microclimate data, showed a fairly constant value (11.7 s m-1). Then, ra, Tc and microclimates data were substituted into energy budget equations to obtain E and canopy resistance (rc). In all plots, calculated E was in good agreement with measurement by lysimeters, and rc reached minimum values (rc, min) at solar radiation above 500 W m-2. Elevated [CO2] at the lowest temperature plot increased rc, min by 40-49% and Tc by 1.4-1.6°C and it reduced E by 14-16% of those under ambient CO2 conditions. With the rising growth temperature, these effects of elevated [CO2] drastically decreased. The observed rc, min responses to temperature and [CO2] seemed to have reflected a long-term acclimation of rice to these environments. These results indicate that anticipated global warming significantly reduces the advantageous effects of elevated [CO2] on plant water use.View full abstractDownload PDF (1315K) -
Takashi TASHIRO, Masahiko SAIGUSA, Kyoichi SHIBUYA1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 146-150
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNo-tillage direct seeding of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in early spring was conducted to disperse seeding work and to improve heading time in cold regions. Germinated seeds were seeded every 5 days in 1995 and every 10 days in 1996 from late March to late April. The mean soil temperature at 1 cm beneath the surface (around seeds) during the seedling stage was 4.6°C higher than the mean air temperature in 1995 and 3.7°C higher in 1996 when submerged just after seeding. However, the percentage of seedling establishment of rice by this method was low (14∼47%) in 1995 and (22.8∼38.6%) in 1996. The later the date of sowing, the higher tended to be the rate of establisltment of rice seedling. Sowing in late March hastened the heading time 1∼4 days and increased the leaf number by 0.8∼1.6.View full abstractDownload PDF (720K) -
Takiko SHIMADA, Motoyasu OTANI, Yoko IKUTA1999 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 151-154
Published: March 05, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe determined the callus induction medium and the regeneration medium to efficiently utilize the anther culture technique in rice breeding. The medium containing N6 basal medium supplemented with 4 mg L-1 of 2, 4-D effectively induced calli from microspores of some japonica varieties and two F1 hybrids with japonica varieties. The regenerated plants containing green and/or albino shoots were produced efficiently from microspore-derived calli on the regeneration medium containing LS basal medium supplemented with sorbitol (30000 mg L-1), CH (2000 mg L-1), MES (1000 mg L-1), NAA (2 mg L-1), and kinetin (0.5 mg L-1) solidified by gellun gum (4000 mg L-1).View full abstractDownload PDF (581K)
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