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Iwao NIKKI, Masaaki USHIYAMA, Terukazu TOMII
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
75-77
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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It is not unusual that plant roots are found growing undamaged even under freezing grounds where the formation of icicle-layers destructive to them are prevailing. The facts had been found by the author's previous studies that the density of the root system was particularly large at such localities in the ground, and that no icicle-layers were formed there. It may be natural to expect that there should exist intimate relations between the density of the root and the amount r of soil water content because the amount of the icicle-layer in the frozen soil may be represented as that of the water content. For the purpose of investigating the relations, 32 samples of frozen soil were taken from a pasture sown to orchardgrass, and their water contents and root contents were determined. The correlation between those two is shown in Fig. 1, the correlation coefficient γ being -0.475 (P<0.01). It means that the more the density of root is the less the water content. in the frozen soil. The density of root development may therfore be considered to possess. the ability to prevent the formation of icicle-layers in the ground. The intensity of the damage in plants caused by icicle-layers were observed to vary according to the planting methods. Wheat plants sown 10 days later (Fig. 2b) than the proper time, suffered rather heavy root-breaking damages by comparatively shallow location of the "cavity" formed as compared with plants sown timely (Fig. 2a). Wheat plants sown 20 days later than the proper date (Fig. 2c) were more violently damaged with no cavities being formed in the ground. Wheat plants without sufficient supply of fertilizers or manures recieved similarly serious damages as those sown not timely, in accordance to the amount of fertilizers. Planting ways also may have effects on the root-breaking. Wheat plants sown in one row on a ridge (Fig. 2d) were found to be violently damaged by icicle-layers formed closely near, the plant and by cavities formed at a shallow position. Of the wheat plants sown in more than 3 rows on a ridge (Fig. 2, d, e) the inner rows recieved almost no damages. In the case of five rows on a ridge, cavities were formes below the inner rows of the plants (Fig. 2d). But on the contrary cavities were formed below the outermost rows in the case of more than five rows on a ridge (Fig. 2e). Therefore, timely sowing, sufficient fertilizing and a proper planting rate should be recommended in cold regions, because those treatments may avoid the injury in plants preventing the formation of icicle-layers.
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Noboru YAMADA, Yasuo OTA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
78-80
Published: December 20, 1957
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Sachihiko TANAKA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
81
Published: December 20, 1957
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By molding reserve of nutrient in stems is increased at the earing period, consequently bring the great amount of head weight. Utilization of reserved nutrient is controlled by the environment in the ripening stage, that is, by molding, the head weight is increased 5% in the unfavourable conditions and over 10% in the favourable ones.
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Taira KATAYAMA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
82
Published: December 20, 1957
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The present paper deals with preliminary investigation on the free amino acids and amides in albino seedlings, which were induced with X-rays in rice plant. Paperchromatography was used as an analytical technique for the survey of the amino acids, The free amino acids were extracted from the albino plants with 80% ethylalcohol. Amino acids and amides were separated by the use of 80% phenol for the first run and a mixture of n-butanol, glacial acetic acid and distilled water in a ratio of 4:1:1 for the second. The results from these studies were summarized in Table I. Albino strains which were derived from "Tarobei-Moch" were divided into 2 types from sorts of the free amino acids and amides.
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Masayuki INOSAKA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
83
Published: December 20, 1957
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Between varieties, rice, wheat and barler plants were grafted. Unions between the scions and the stocks of which tillers were cut off were formed at the intercalary meristem. All the roots of scions which abpered after grafting were cut off. In successful grafting, the callus formed the parenchymatbus union and ther the vascular union was established. Radioactivephosphorus (P
32) that absorbed through the leaf of the stock transferred to the young ear of the scion.
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Tadayo WATASE, Kosei HATA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
84
Published: December 20, 1957
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In order to make clear how the most reliable value of starch viscosity is estimated by the help of the Ostwald viscositymeter, the effects of various conditions of measurement upon the value of viscosity were investigated. The results are summarized as follows : (1) The sooner the measurement was taken after the preparation of the starch solution, the higher reliability of the data and the higher sensitivity to varietal difference were obtained, therefore rapid dissolution into hot solvent (above 60°C in this experiment) seemed to be favorable. (2) It was recognized that concentration of the solution was most suitable in 0.8% or thereabout. (3) As to the temperature of water-bath at the measurement, it was considered that exact value was able to be obtained more easily at 20°C than at 40°C.
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Kazuo NAGATO, Yoshihiro TANDA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
85-86
Published: December 20, 1957
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The grade of fullness of rice kernel is appropriately indicated by the specific gravity of the kernel. Among the kinds of rice grains, the rusty or greenish grains are inferior to the normal grains in specific gravity, and milk-white or partly chalky grains are inferior to the rusty or greenish grains but superior to the chalky grains. Moreover, among the normal grains, the grains which are superior in the specific gravity are superior in the lateral diameter, hardness and lustre to the grains which are inferior in specific gravity, and the depth of creases is shallower and the thickness of bran is thinner on the former than on the latter. Therefore, the qualities of rice grains are satisfactorily indicated by the specific gravity and the official standards of grading are indorsed fairly well by the specific gravity.
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Seizo MATSUSHIMA, Kosei TSUNODA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
87-88
Published: December 20, 1957
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It has been proved in the present paper that the previously reported method for forecasting the number of spikelets per panicle by measuing the thickness of the first elongated inter-node can be satisfactorily applied to rice plants cultivated in different years, and furthermore, even the number of spikelets per hill can also be predicted from the sum of thickness of the first elongated inter-nodes of all tillers thicker than 6 mm
2 in thickness in an average hill in the period subesequent to the maximum tiller-number stage and the middle stage of spikelet primordium differentiation.
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Tatsuzo HOSHINO, Akira KAKIMOTO, Tetsuo SATAKE
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
89
Published: December 20, 1957
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To study the variation of yield-component characters and yield according to the different spacing of rice plant, with relation to years in the northern Japan, the experiment were carried out during the three years from 1954 to 1956. The thickly spaced culture of rice plant suppressed individual growth ever since earlier stage, but was more favorable for obtaining many ears, spikelets and yield per unit area than thinly spaced culture. The yield-component characters per unit area increased in proportion to the planting density, showing a straight line, throughout three years. As the tendency seems to be modified by various conditions, we intend to clarify how the modification takes place by the combination of conditions in the future experiment.
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Hideo SEKO, Keichi SAMOTO, Kaichiro SUZUKI
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
90-92
Published: December 20, 1957
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1. The heavily fertilized rice plant is easier to lodge by breaking of culm than the plant applied with usual dose of fertilizers. The former plant is different from the latter in size and character as follows ; the plant is high, the weight of plant is heavy, the lower internodes (N
4 and N
3) are long and slender, the thickness of culm wall is thin, the weight of unit length of culm is small, the development of the mechanical tissue of culm is inferior and the breaking strength of N
4 or N
8 is small. The moment (plant height x weight of plant) of the upper part of the internode concerned is large. Accordingly, the ratio of moment to breaking strength of the internode concerned (index of lodging) is large, and the plant is liable to lodge (Fig. 1). 2. Index of lodging of N
4 and N
3 of the rice plant, which is supplied with chemical fertilizers, is larger than that of the plant of the plant grown with compost, so the former plant is liable to lodge (Fig. 2). 3. Shading the late variety Aichi-asahi (heading date is Sept. 6) during the first decade of Aug. accelerates the elongation of the internode N
4, which is elongating just at that time, but retards the enrichment of N
4. Consequently, breaking strength of N
4 is small, index of lodging is large, so that the plant is liable to lodge (Fig. 3). 4. Top-dressing of plenty of ammonium sulphate at about 40 days before heading time makes plant liable to lodge, because index of lodging or N
4 or N
8 becomes large (Fig. 4).
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Makoto YAMAGATA, Yataro DOI
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
93
Published: December 20, 1957
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The transparent plastic pots made of acrylic acid compound were used to determine the influences of soil (degraded paddy soil or normal paddy soil), fertilizer application and method of cultivation (tilling, weeding and ridging) on the root elongation and root system of rice plants and the oxidizing or reducing condition of paddy soil. These newly devised pots were proved to be durable and convenient for observing the relationship between the roots of plants and the paddy soil condition or fertilizer application.
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Yutaka YAMAKAWA, Hidetoshi KISHIKAWA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
94-95
Published: December 20, 1957
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Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of temperature upon the division and elongation of cells in the seminal root of rice plant. The results obtained are as follows : 1) We could find no dividing cells in the root tips of the seedling kept under 40° and 43°C, as results of changes in protoplasm : vacuolation of cytoplasm, deformation of nucleolus and others. Under 25°C treatment, the intensity of cell division was most flourishing. The number of dividing cells decreased in proportion to the decline from 25°C as in Fig. 1. 2) The primary maxima of the frequency of cell division occurred at 10 A.M. and 10 P.M. with the smaller secondary maxima at 4 A.M. and 6 P.M., and this periodicity proceeded in a similar rhythmic fashion without distiniction of difference of temperatures as to be seen in Fig. 2. 3) The degree of the elongation of cortical cells were most conspicuous under 30°C treatment, and those cells were shortened according as temperature rose or fell from that point. Furthermore, we recognized that the effect of temperature on the elongation of the root was almost the same as the results obtained in the elongation of cortical cells above mentioned. 4) As the optimum temperature for cell division differed from that for cell elongation in root tip, it may be considered that in accordance with changes of temperature the inner morphological state of roots became unlike, even if the growth of roots was same.
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Kenji NODA, Suema EGUCHI
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
96-98
Published: December 20, 1957
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This observations were carried out during 1954 to 1955 to gain a preliminary fundamental information to study the anatomical effects of various external conditions to the root tissues of barley and wheat plants. Both crown and seminal rooots of naked barley and wheat undergo extensive anatomical change during their growing season ; i. e., development of thickening and lignin reaction of cell membrane in endodermis, pericycle and stele parenchyma of crown and seminal roots, occurrence of thickened cell membrane inouter and inner cortex of crown root, occurrence of collapsed space in central portion of crown root, and deformation, splitting and disappearance of epidermal cell layer of seminal root. These changes were most severe during the early March and the early April. However, the degree of these changes was differ with species or cultivated locations ; for instance, the thickening of cell membrane as described above was more conspicious in naked barley than in wheat (see Fig. 1), and also more in OITA barley than in NAGASAKI and KAGOSHIMA ones (See Table 1).
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S. ABE, M. WADA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
99
Published: December 20, 1957
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In the warmer district of Japan, effect of night temperature after maximum tillers stage upon the growth and yield of rice plant was observed (1952- 1955). In a series treated from the maximum stage, high night temperature (higher than natural at least 2°C) promoted the "Akiochi" phenomenon and decreased the grain yield, but 2°C 1ower plots did not, and 8 showed highest yield. On the other hand, in the series treated from the heading stage, higher temperature resulted in superior yield than natural and lower temprature inferior yield.
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Tsuyoshi SHIMIZU, Yukindo TSUNO
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
100-102
Published: December 20, 1957
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Photosynthetic activities of wheat and barley, grown on a field, were measured using a plant chamber, shown in Fig. 1 which had been modified and improved from that of the previous paper. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Light intensity was the most important factor in determining the photosynthetic activities of wheat and naked barley grown on a field as already reported in the previous paper with rice plants. However, the requirement of light intensity for saturation in wheat and barley communities was considered to be comparatively lower than in rice plants. 2) Seasonal changes of photosynthetic rate of wheat and barley are shown in Fig. 5. In wheat the photosynthetic rate gradually increased with the growth, attaining maximum at the internode-elongation-stage, and remaining approximately at the same level until the milk-stage. Subsequently the rate declined with the process of ripening of the grain. In barley, the rate increased considerably during the period from the stage of internode-elongating to that of early milk-ripening, although fluctuations in the rate were observed after heading period. In the subsequent ripening stage, the rate declined rapidly.
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Tsuyoshi SHIMIZU, Yukindo TSUNO
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
103-104
Published: December 20, 1957
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Photosynthetic activity, nitrogen contents, carbohydrate accumulation etc. were studied in rice plants, using variety, Norin 37, grown on a field with different levels of fertilizer application and planting density. The results were as follows. 1) Throughout all of the growing stage, highly positive correlation was observed between total nitrogen content of leaves and photosynthetic activity (Fig. 2). 2) Also an intimate correlation existed between the weight of leaves per plant and photosynthetic activity expect during the growth stages prior to the ear-initiation (Fig. 3). 3) During the ripening stages, associated with the carbohydrate translocation to the ear, nitrogen in the vegetative parts of plant was declined, which in turn caused the decreased photosynthetic activity of the leaves. Consequently nitrogen absorption from the soil during the period after heading was considered to be beneficial for maintaining the photosynthetic activity relatively at a higher level throughout the ripening period.
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Yoshio SOGA, Michio NOZAKI
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
105-108
Published: December 20, 1957
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This experiment was conducted from variety Norin 8, in 1956 as a part of "Studies on Analysis of the Mechanism of the Ripening of Rice Plant" under controlled light intensity and nitrogen supply before and after the heading time. The main result obtained from this experiment are as follows : 1) Judging from the changes of carbohydrates amoung each organs (leaf-blade, leaf-sheath, culm) as shown figure 1, found out the carbohydrates having important connection to the production of grain, depends upon the sugars and starch, main storing part of ones restricted in leaf-sheath and in culm. Inhibiting effect of the photosynthesis to the rice plant come to decreasing of starch-content (%) more speedy than the sugars does. 2) Relation between the change of the carbohydrates (total sugar+starch) in leaf-sheath and in culm and the ripening under natural conditions shown figure 2. In case of much N-fertilizer applied under natural condition, showing sudden decrease of carbohydrates at about 5 days before heading, course of this decreasing seems to be the consumption of carbohydrates to the elongation of upper-nodes of culms and of ears. 3) By inhibiting the intensity of the photosynthesis at 16-7 days before heading, showing the decrease of the accumulated carbohydrates affecting the accumulation of the ones at begining of the ripening. In one case, when the ripening process completed in eary period, resulting the lighter kernel weight per 1000 on account of uncomplete development of the floret along the ear and. decreased number of spikelets per ear. By the results of decreased power of accumulation, reaccumulation of the carbohydrates in the culm remain maximum among the plots (as illustrated in Fig. 2-2). 4) Shading of the plants during the period of 6-15 deys after heading resulting the covering of the lowering of the photosynthesis, much amount of the accumulated carbohydrates translocated to the ear at early stages, conditioning the poorly developed kernels and increased the uncompletely developed grains (Fig. 2-3). 5) Prohibiting the intensity of the photosynthesis during the 16-25 days after heading translocation of the carbohydrates to the ear almost accomplished, development of the grains delayed transitionary affectionated the increasing effects of poorly developed grains and lighter kernel weight per 1000 (Fig. 2-4). 6) Shading of the sunlight at the later period of the kernel growth, 26-35 days after heading no influences of the treatment to, the kernel-development was seen (Fig. 2-5). 7) Accumulating power of carbohydrates to the culms at the later stage of the ripening having the positive relation between the photosynthsesis power of rice-plant and accumulating ability of the carbohydrates to the ear, from the results, special attentions will be paid to the ratio hull-rice vs. straw weight. 8) Judging from these results obtained, the authors estimate the fitness of the accumulating power of carbohydrates to the seed-production about 28-29% both in much fertilizer and in less one under natural conditions.
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Tadashi OKA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
109-110
Published: December 20, 1957
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In early cultivation, rice seedlinge-var. Norin No. 17 and var. Tomoemasari were grown under conditions by different sowing dates, nursery periods and transplanting dates, and the relation of their morohorogical charaters to the growth and yield inpaddy field were examined. This investigation was carried out from 1955 to 1957. Cenerally, the growth of seedlings were quickend in the years favoured by higher by higher temperature, and greater rate of dry weight to fresh weight was obtained in the years favoured by sufficient linensity. The seedlings developing the 4∼5 th leaf were found to be most suitable for transplanting. They showed quick rooting and vigorous growth soon after traushlanting, although their later growth as well as grain yield were not remarkably affected.
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Noboru YAMADA, Yasuo OTA, Kinya KUSHIBUCHI
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
111-115
Published: December 20, 1957
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Role of nitrogen in process of kernel ripening of rice plant was studied from the standpoint of effect of nitrogen on formation of glumes, on dry weight production (production of starch and sugars) and on translocation of carbohydrate to the ear. High nitrogen level increases number of glumes formed as well as production of carbohydrate, but rate of increase in the former is greater than the latter. Therefore, in spite of increased yield, seed-setting rate and weight of 1000 kernels are reduced because of insufficent amount of supply of carbohydrate to the individual glumes. However retardation in carbohydrate translocation itself is not recognized.
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Tatsuhiko TAZIRI, Kiyoshi TSUNEKAWA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
116
Published: December 20, 1957
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In order know adaptability of paddy rice varieties to early season cultivation on upland field, comparison was made between paddy rice and upland rice varieties. In general, germination, tillering, growth of top and root as well as yield are poor in paddy rice varieties. They showed larger flucluation in growth and yield than upland rice by environmental conditions, thus indicating that yield is unstable. But there is also a possibility to use successfully paddy rice if better cultural condition is provided.
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Kazunori IBARAKI
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
117-118
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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This experiment was carried out in 1957 to clear the mechanism of submerging injury to naked barley on heading stage. The variety used was Akashinriki, and four plots were designed basing on the submerging duration under clear water, i.e., 0 (control), 8, 16 and 24 hours plots. The results of the experiment were summarized as follows : The relative yields of grain per plant in submerged plots were 52.7, 19.8 and 23.4%, respectively, to control. The lowering of products above-mentioned was due to both of occurrence of sterile spikelet and decrease in number of heads per plant. The former was caused by the failures of anther dehiscence and pollination, sterilizing of pollen and non-functioning of female organ. The latter was caused by the decaying of head after the interruption of internode elongation in parent stalk and early appeared tillerings.
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Tamotsu NAGAI
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
119-120
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The author examined the leaf catalase activity varying with the growth of wheat plants which included both of spring and winter types and considered whether the activity might be a sharp measure of metabolic functions or not. The interrelation between the activity and grades of the spring-sowing habit was also considered. Four typical varieties belonging to each type were sown in both fall and spring, The activity was measured by the Na-thiosulfate method in the leaf just below the terminal, every one month in the autumnal growing and every half month in the vernal growing. Moisture and dry matter contents of the plant body and other growth elements were also surveyed and discussed in relation to the activity. Main results : (1) In the case of the autumnal growing, varieties of both types showed similar changes of the activity throughout the growth, that is, somewhat high in the early stage and minimul during cold seasons. The activity was then promoted from March up to the maximum found in either April or May and decreased thereafter. When they were sown in spring, the maximum activity found in the middle of April was followed by the reduction until the middle of May. An increase was shown again in the end of the month, being followed by the decrease thereafter. (2) In autumnal growing, changes of the ratio of moisture to dry matter was fairly analogous to those of the activity. During cold seasons, high dry matter against moisture was answered by low activities. With the beginning of jointing, moisture grew larger against dry matter and the activity rose. At the plant maturation the case stood reverse. When grown in spring, they showed the activity and the ratio going nearly parallel. The maximum of both values was found in the end of April, being followed by the reduction till the minimum of the activity in May and of the ratio in June. The fall of the ratio was conspicuous in spring varieties, but gradual in winter ones since May. However the activity was circumstanced quite reverse in contrast to the ratio at those stages when the so-called "Sitzenbleiben" occurred in winter varieties. This fact indicated winter varieties with small dry matter against moisture were answered by low activity. (3) When grown in autumn, spring varieties which grew early showed higher activities than winter ones of late maturing throughout the whole course of the growth. A positive correlation between seed catalase activities and the growth duration of wheat varieties found by the author (1948) was proved again in leaf catalase activity. In vernal growing this relationship proved true only since the month of May.
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Hisao YAMAGUCHI, Koji SHIRATORI, Naoji MATSUMOTO
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
121-123
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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We have carried out some experiments to make clear the effect of the early transplanting culture in ill-drained field on which Akagare disease habitually occurs. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) In the standard Culture plot symptoms of Akagare disease developed toward vigorous tillering stage, growth of plants was suspended for a time and there was the dual growth appearance after recuperation, while in the early transplanting culture plot, they grew normally as well as those in the neighbouring normal field except the chlorosis in the central part of leaf-blade and the yield was greater by 48% than that of the standard culture plot in Same bad field. 2) In the early transplanting Cultureplot, soluble-K/protein-N of rice plant was lower and total carbohydrate/Total-N was higher in comparison with the standard culture plot in each growth stage. 3) Amount of total carbohydrate of rice plant in the standard culture plot went on decreasing after transplanting, while in the early transplanting culture plot, it was accumulated for half a month and the transition of rise or fall of it in each stage was as similar as in the early transplanting cnlture plot which grew ill neighbouring normal paddy field. 4) From these examination concerning in nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism during growth period and from our previous reports as to the cause of occurrence of akagare disease, why such a good result has been obtained by the early transplanting culture in ill-drained field will be considered that the gain of resistance for the root-rot disease caused by the accumulation of starch, sugar and total carbohydrate in the plant at tillering stage lightened the injury of ricc plant.
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Yoshito FURUTANI, Kimio SAKATA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
124-125
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Examining the effect of day length (13 and 15 hours) and temperature (low-average 18.4°C and high-average 21.2°C) on the flowering and growth of soybean varieties of Hokkaido and Kyushu, we got the following results. 1. The extreme early varieties of Hokkaido were low in response to the short day length than the extreme early varieties of Kyushu. In most varieties flowering is promoted more or less with high temperature, but Hokkaido varieties are sensitive, particularly under 15 hrs. day length flowering is delayed. 2. The number of node of their main stem was slightly influenced by temperature. but it was conspicuously increased by high temperature in Hokkaido varieties. Besides, it was increased by long day length, but in Hokkaido varieties it was slightly increased under low temperature.
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Shoichi UENO
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
126-127
Published: December 20, 1957
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Four experiments were carried out in 1950 and 1956 with the purpose of determining the number of plants required for estimating the yield in potato. The variety used was Danshaku and the conditions of growing plants in the four experiments were as follows; Exp. A : Perfect tubers planted, each tuber 37-56g weighing, 1 stem per hill, upland field, 840 plants measured, 1956. Exp. B : Longitudinally half-cut tubers planted, each 37-56g weighing, 1 stem per hill, upland field, 1160 plants measured, 1956. Exp. C : Random-cut tubers planted, each less than 37g weighing, 1 stem per hill, upland field, 1200 plants measured, 1956. Exp. D : Half-cut and perfect tubers mixed-planted, each 37-56g weighing, 3 stems per hill, the second crop in the paddy field, 1600 plants measured, 1950. The yield and number of tubers per hill were recorded when the plants came to maturity. On the basis of these records the numbers of plants required for estimating the mean yield and mean number of tubers were calculated by the formula n=s
2t
2/(<x^
--m>)
2 (n=sample size; t=Student's t-value ; x^
-=sample mean; m = population mean) for various reliabilities (Table 1). The calculation was made in 5 different ways, i. e., on the individual basis and group mean bases of 5, 10, 20 and 40 plants taken together along the row. The numbers of plants to be sampled thus obtained for each level ofgroup ‥ng were almost the same in all experiments, excepting Exp. A which suffered from the late blight disease and gave a large coefficient of variability. From these results it was concluded that the most practical method for estimating the total yield or total numder of tubers is as the first step to take a random sample of about 50 groups of 5 plants or about 30 groups of 10 plants from a field and then to multiply their mean by the totalnumber of plants grown in the field.
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Kiyoshi TAMAKI, Junzaburo NAKA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
128-129
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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In order to obtain some informations on the variations of the carbohydrate and nitrogen contents of potato plants by applying 0.02 % 2, 4, 5-T (sodium salt) foliage sprays. the present investigation was undertaken, using potatoes of variety "Norin No. 1" as material. The results obtained may be summarized as follows : 1. In 12 hours after treatment wilting of leaves, curling of petioles and stalks were caused. The retarded growth of tops and tubers in the sprayed plots was recovered in 10 days and thenceforth surpassed their growth in the control plots. 2. In the control plots, the sugar contents stored temporarily in the tops at rhe flowering stage decreased rapidly, as tubers developed. In the sprayed plots, however, these processes were delayed. 3. In the control plots, the nitrogen contents in the tops and the tubers were high at the early stage, then decreased gradually in the later stage. In the sprayed plots, however, they decreased rapidly towards the blooming stage and thenceforth decreasing rate became loose. 4. Judging from the results it seems that the physiological role of the tops as a temporally storing organ of the assimilates was put off and intensified by treating potato plants with the 2, 4, 5-T foliage sprays.
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Kazuma FUJISE, Tadashi YUNOUE, Takamichi CHISHIKI
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
130-132
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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We studied on the number of flowers and the self-and cross-compatibility of the self-compatible varieties and their selfed progenies S
1 and S
2. The percentage of the capsule-set by self-pollination was 89.9% at the maximum, 16.2% at the minimum and 49.7% in average of 18 self-compatible varieties. These percentages are very high as compared with the known self-compatible varieties. The number of flowers decreased in selfed generation with the exception of some lines and it was also observed in selfed generation that the percentage of the flowers which had the abnormal shape and size or which had the degenerated anther was increased (Table 1). The self-fertility also decreased in selfed generation. The average percentage of capsule-set by self-pollination in the S
1 or S
2 lines were generally less than a half of the each preceding generation S
0 (parental variety) or S
1 lines. (Table 1). All S
1 progenies of the varieties "Motokajiya", Norin No. 7 and "Norin No.1" belonged to the group B, C and the other group except A, B and C, and we could not find any line which belonged to the group A. Self-compatible varieties hitherto known are all belonged to B group or to the group other than A, B, and C. But in this study we could find out some self-compatible lines which belong to the group C for the first time (Table 3) The matings among the self-compatible varieties and their selfed progenies were almost compatible. (Fig. 1)
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Yusaku IKEHATA, Takeshiro NAKAYAMA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
133-135
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Experiments were performed in 1955 and 1956 to investigate the changes of principal oil components of mint plant during growing period. Results of the experiments are as follows. 1) Free menthol content increased with growth in the 1st and the 3rd harvesting period, but in the 2nd period it attained a maximum in early July, and no remarkable increase is recognized if the plant is allowed to stand. 2) Menthone content decreased conversely against the growth in the 1 st and the 3 rd harvesting period, but it was not distinguished in the 2nd period. 3) As whole plant including the fallen leaves, the amount of oil continued to increase until near the end of blooming, Therefore decrease of oil yield in delayed harvesting is probably caused mainly by the leaf-fall. 4) Loss of oil may occured by the rust disease. 5) Amount of free menthol and ester menthol continued to increase with growth in a whole plant including fallen leaves, but amount of menthone decreased at the beginning of blooming. Then it can be assamed that menthone is transformed into menthol by reduction in later growing stage. But in early stage menthone may be derived from menthol, because percentage of menthol in oil decreases accompanying with increase in menthone content. A possible scheme showing biogenetic relationship between menthol and menthone is shown in Fig. 6. 6) The amount of ester menthol changed almost similarly to free menthol, and the amount of unsaturated ketone to menthone. 7) Although menthone content of flower was considerably high but it exerts no influence on the total menthone content in oil because of its small quantity.
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Kaoru EHARA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
138
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Stems bearing freshly open-pollinated flowers were gathered from plants growing in the pots. They were then removed to the laboratory, any withered lower leaves were removed. The stems were placed in a glass container holding about 50 cc of 1% glucose solution. All wilted or unopened florets were removed. The glass containers were covered with bell jars and dry and wet atmospheres which pass through the gas washing bottles holding sulfuric acid and water were continually induced in the bell jars at the rate of 700 to 1, 400 cc a minute. When the heads were ripe, the seeds were removed and counted, and the germination tests were carried out 3, 8 and 11 months after harvesting. In this experiment, atmospheric humidity did not significantly affect the setting of alsike clover seed. The seeds produced under dry atmospheres were significantly higher in the percentage of germination, than those produced under wet atmospheres. The germination percentages of seed were significantly increased as the days after harvesting increased in two cases.
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Yozo MURAOKA, Kazunobu OHORI
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
139-140
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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As the result of experiment compared between artificial alternating and constant temperature effects to developmental responses of tobacco plants, the authors noticed even under low nicto-temperature, long-day delaied their development. Moreover some varietal differences were observed under each temperature condition of long-day.
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Tokuzo MIYAZAKI, Tadaomi TOKITSU, Yozo MURAOKA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
141-142
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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To finding out the characters as a good seedling, tobacco seedlings were grown under such various conditions as different nitrogenic fertilizers, light intensities or sugar spraying treatments, to obtain the seedlings which have various amounts of nitrogen, starch or sugars, and investigated the relations between their amounts of these and rooting potentiality or growth after transplanting. As the results, it was recognized that the rooting quantity of seedlings correlated significantly with the total sugar only, but their growth after transplanting did not only depend upon the rooting quantity but the nitrogen amounts of the seedlings as a starter. Consequently, the above facts reveal that a good seedling should have a large amount of water soluble sugars, as well as a good enough amount of nitrogen for a starter.
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Hiroshi NAKAMURA, Takashi SATO, Masahiko ASAKAWA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
143-146
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The supplementary report is made to determine optimum sowing date and pinching position of main stem by presumption of effective ripening date. Days of ripening (Y) are closely correlated with accumulated temperature (T) as presented by regression equation : T=-0.1535Y+33.7037. Using this equation we can calculate the maximum days of ripening by considering that at least 20°C in average temperature is necessary to get a mature fibre. Thus the maximurn days of ripening are estimated as 89 days, this theoretical value agrees well with above-mentioned thick solid line (at the harvest last decade November). The relation between the vertical position of bolls and seed cotton weight of them is indicated by the regression curves (Table 5.). It is shown the vertical position of boll haring a maximum seed cotton weight is 7.1, 7.6, 6.5, and 3.3 respectively for the different sowing dates, and these positions are situated at 2/3 from the base of the main stem. At upper 1/3 portion the seed cotton weight decreased rapidly by later sowings. From the data that pinching positions on the main stem were expected as 11.3, 10.3, 7.3 and 4.7 respectivey for the different sowing dates, it is considered that the pinching is not needed in the most desirable sowing period, May, while it may be effective in the late sowings. The relation between the vertical position of ripening bolls and lint weight of them is also shown by the regression curves. Again in this case it is shown the pinching may be more effective for later sowing.
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Toyoo TOMITA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
147
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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To seek the effective part of Diffusate from vernalized winter wheat, some fractionations were done. and the effect of each fraction was examined in this experiment. Ether soluble part of Diffusate promoted the heading of spring wheat ten days ealier than the control. Chromatographic fractionation and the checking of absorption spectra may be one of the keys to unveil the "floweriog hormone" which is still unknown today.
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Y MIYAJI, T. KOKUBU
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
148-149
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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1) In an extreme late variety of Italian millet, flower formation was performed under 15 hour day length. 2) The reversal of growth phase was most remarkable when the plants were kept under 15 hour day length after 8 hour photoperiodic treatment for 12 days.
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Shigeru ONO
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
150-151
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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The experiments reported in this paper were designed to study the effect of date and rate of seeding and clippirig on oat grain yileds in Chugoku district of Japan. The results are summerized as follows : 1) Forage yields of clipping plots were greatest when oats were planted in mid-October, while seeding in the latter part of September produced slightly less than in the above planting date. As compared with those 2 dates of planting, the plot planted in November indicated high reduction of the yields. It was observed that the yields were increased in proportion to the rise of seeding rates. 2) Under the unclipped conditions, no significant differences of grain yields were indicated between the plots of September and October planting. In contrast with those results, the grain yields of clipping plots were most at the earliest date of planting treatments (in Sept.) and significant reduction of yields occurred in the plots of October planting. Regardless of clipping or no, the grain yields of the latest planting treatments (in Nov.) were very significantly lower than the others. 3) Generally, the grain yields of clipped plots decreased in comparison with unclipped plots. Above all, when date of planting was in October or November, the reduction was highly significant. 4) In 1955-56, the clipped plots were sown in September produced extremely lower yields than the unclipped plots at the same seeding date. These striking reduction in the former plots was due to some serious diseases (such as Puccinia Lolli and Giberella Saubinetii). On the contrary, these were indisposed in 1956-57. Thus, no significant difference of grain yields were indicated between those plots. 5) Among 3 different rates of seeding, 6 Sho per Tan was most favorable for the grain production. From these results, the author concluded that the best production of oat grains will be expected from the following date and rate of planting : Planting for grain production only……in mid-October. Planting for forage and grain production……in the latter part of September. Seeding rate for all purposes……6 Sho per Tan.
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S. ITINOHE, Y. SATO, T. NARAYAMA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
152-153
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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1. It was evidently showed that the contour albernative cropping of potato with sugar beet or oat and informal intercropping by oat and small ditch which is set with 5-10 meters interval along contour were all effective for erosion control on the field, potato harvested. 2. For asparagus field it was evident that the mulching by green harvested oat and intercropping by rape were effective for erosion control after harvesting and on the other hand, mulching by bamboo grass, grass and oat straw were effective during harvesting of asparagus.
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Reizo AIMI, Haruhiko NAKAYAMA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
154-155
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Yoshinori FUJII
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
156-158
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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As the development of roots begins at lower nodes and proceeds periodically to upper nodes, the roots from the upper nodes are younger than those from the lower nodes. In this experiment the author investigated physiological and morphological differences of foots elongating from the successive nodes of the main stem. 1. Coloring of the roots : In both rice and wheat, it was observed that the young fresh white color diminished and the yellowish brown color deepened successively from the upper nodes toward the lower ones. 2. Size of the roots : As these roots do not have secondary thickening growth, in principle, the size of a root base is constant throughout all the phases of growth. Diameters of root bases in upper nodes were larger than those of lower nodes. The root of the largest diameter was observed in the 10 th node in rice plant and in the 6 th node in wheat-it was 1.36 cm in rice and 1.26 cm in wheat. And conversely diameters of those root bases upper than the largest successively decreased. 3. Number of the roots : In a rice plant the number of roots increased successively from the lower node towards the upper node-the largest unmber was observed in the 10 th node-it was 23.3. A wheat plant has commonly 3 in every node. 4. Amount of the oxygen absorption in water : As the upper the roots were the younger, they absorbed larger amount than those of the lower nodes. The difference of the amount in the successive node of a rice plant was larger than that of a wheat plant. 5. Angle of the roots emergence : The angle of the roots emergence to the main stem became larger successively from the lower nodes toward the upper nodes-the roots of the 11th node presented 92.1 on the average.
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Yoshio MURATA, Akio OSADA, Junichiro IYAMA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
159-164
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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In the previous papers, we reported on the relation between light intensity and photosynthetic rate of the whole plant and on the plant factors constituting the field photosynthetic ability of rice-plant communities cultured early, ordinarily or late in the field. In this paper, we are reporting further on the results of transaction with the same problems in the case of plants grown at varying levels manuring or spacing.
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Tomoshiro TAKEDA, Atsuhiko KUMURA
1957 Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages
165-175
Published: December 20, 1957
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Paddy rice plent, the variety Norin No. 29 were grown under various nitrogen conditions and several aspects concerning the dry matter production were observed. From the experimental results following conclusion was derived. The relationships between dry matter productivity and the factors constituting CO
2 Assimilation ability of rice plants growing under community conditions and respiration have studied. In general, the dry matter productivity of the rice community can be expressed as follows : ΔW=k·L·S·p
0-Rw (k=constant) where, ΔW denotes the dry matter produced per day, L, integrated intesety, S leaf area, p
0, mean photosynthetic activity per leaf area under saturating light intensity, ρ, light-receiving coefficient, Rw, consumed dry matter by respiration.
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