Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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Volume 74, Issue 1
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
  • Influence of Draining after Direct Seeding of Rice under Submerged Conditions on Seedling Emergence and Establishment in Relation to Three-Phase Structure of Soil
    Masami Furuhata, Osamu Kusuda, Akira Fukushima
    2005 Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 1-8
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.74.1
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The effects of draining after submerged direct seeding were investigated in pot experiments to improve emergence and establishment of rice seedlings in the new direct seeding method using a "shooting hill-seeder". By draining flooded water after sowing rice seeds coated with calcium peroxide into puddled soil, the paddy surface soil was contracted and the solid phase increased with the decrease in soil water (liquid phase) resulting in the change in soil structure, and thus the air permeability of the soil was increased due to the increased air phase. In the pots after draining coleoptiles and the first leaves (incomplete leaves) of rice seedlings stopped elongating soon after seedling emergence and the emergence and growth of the second leaves followed immediately. Dry weights of the shoots and roots in drained pots were higher than those in flooded pots. Under the flooded water condition, the soil structure and air permeability of the surface soil did not change, and the coleoptiles and the first leaves of seedlings continued to elongate after seedling emergence, resulting in delayed growth of the second leaves. These results suggest that the increase of air permeability in the surface soil after draining improved the early growth of rice seedlings. Drainage of flooded water, therefore, would contribute to stabilize emergence and establishment of seedlings in submerged direct seeding of rice.
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  • Effects of Puddling before Submerged Direct Seeding on Emergence and Establishment of Rice Seedlings after Draining Flooded Water
    Masami Furuhata, Osamu Kusuda, Akira Fukushima
    2005 Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 9-16
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.74.9
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    Effects of puddling in submerged direct rice seeding on seedling emergence and establishment after draining flooded water were investigated in pot experiments to establish the seeding method with a newly developed "Shooting hill-seeder". Draining flooded water after seeding rice seeds coated with calcium peroxide into puddled soil changed the three-phase ratio of soil and soil structure in the surface soil proportionally to the degree of puddling before seeding. In addition, water-holding capacity (air permeability) of soil in over-puddled pots was higher (lower) than that in normally puddled ones. Seedling establishment rates of rice seedlings at two weeks after seeding in over-puddled pots were lower than those in normally puddled pots, especially when seeded deep and wheat straw was applied. Furthermore, dry weights of shoots and roots of seedlings were affected by the degree of puddling. These results suggest that normal puddling (not over-puddling) improves both seedling emergence and establishment after draining flooded water following seeding of rice, especially when seeded deep and wheat straw was applied.
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  • A Method of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application for Winter-Seeding Cultivation of Winter Wheat
    Kengo Ogiuchi, Kazuo Sakuyama
    2005 Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 17-22
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.74.17
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    Winter wheat usually seeded in autumn was seeded before continuous snow cover and the most appropriate method of nitrogen (N) fertilization was examined using variety “Nanbukomugi”. In the plants supplied with N fertilizer at seeding time, the growth increment at maturity and yield were higher than in those supplied with N just after the snow melted. The yield increased with increasing amount of N fertilizer applied. In the plants seeded before continuous snow cover and supplied with 10 gN/m2 at seeding time, the yield was the same as or higher than that in the plants seeded in autumn. This is probably because early growth was promoted by a sufficient amount of N which was released from the fertilizer applied at seeding time. The protein content of the grains was 11 % or more when N fertilizer was supplied at seeding time, and it increased with increasing amount of N applied. In the plants supplied with N fertilizer at seeding time, the appearance quality of the grains was better, and the lodging degree was lower than those in the plants supplied with N fertilizer just after the snow melted. From these results, we recommend the application of N fertilizer at seeding time at 8-10 gN/m2 to increase the yield.
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  • Effect of Flooding Stress on the Seeding Emergence and the Growth of Common Buckwheat
    Kiyoka Sakata, Ryo Ohsawa
    2005 Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 23-29
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.74.23
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    The effects of the flooding treatment given at various stages after sowing on the seeding emergence and growth of ten common buckwheat varieties or lines were examined. Flooding treatment given three days after sowing reduced emergence rate more severely than that given on the day of sowing. In addition, the emergence rate decreased as the day of flooding treatment was delayed from 0 to 3 days. The present results showed that the effect of flooding treatment varied with the root length at the time of the flooding treatment. The plant height, seed number and dry weight were severely reduced by the flooding treatment given during the early growth stage, and not by the treatment after the flowering stage. Flooding treatment at the seeding stage decreased not only seeding emergence but also growth of the plants. Thus the seeding stage was most vulnerable to wet injury in common buckwheat. The relationship between root length at the start of flooding treatment and the seeding emergence rate was examined at 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C. The emergence rate was decreased by the treatment given when the root length was 30-70 mm independently of temperature, and even when the root length was 3 mm at the 15 and 20°C. For breeding of wet injury-tolerant buckwheat, selection of the lines tolerant to flooding treatment given at the stage with 3-70 mm roots may be effective.
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Quality and Processing
  • Evaluation of Rice Cake Hardness and Eating Quality of Rice Cake for Breeding Selection of Glutinous Rice Varieties
    Kazuhiko Sugiura, Norikuni Saka, Satoru Kudo
    2005 Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 30-35
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.74.30
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    Glutinous rice is often processed into rice cakes and rice crackers, and its eating quality and processing suitability are important breeding. Rice cake hardness is a quality factor for to shorten the manufacturing time. Therefore, we established a method for estimating rice cake hardness and eating quality for selecting glutinous rice varieties with superior quality. We used the Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) for measuring rice cake hardness with a small amount of sample. When measuring glutinous rice with RVA, copper sulfate is usually used to prevent the effect of endogenous amylase activity. However, since copper sulfate is a deleterious substance, we used sodium chloride instead. Each value measured using sodium chloride highly correlated with the value measured using copper sulfate. In addition, pasting temperature and peak temperature of RVA, correlated with rice cake hardness showing that these values could be used as indexes of rice cake hardness. Brown rice protein content showed significant negative correlations with overall palatability, smoothness, taste, and stickiness, suggesting that varieties with lower protein content have better taste of rice cake. Brown rice protein content can be measured with a near-infrared analyzer using only a small amount, and a lower protein content was considered to be useful as an index for primary selection of breeding rice varieties making a better taste of rice cake.
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  • The Difference in Composition of Inorganic Elements Between Black-seeded Soybeans “Tanbaguro” Produced in Japan and China
    Yuji Homura, Tadanao Suzuki, Teruo Joh, Akemi Yasui
    2005 Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 36-40
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.74.36
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    Seed samples of 15 black-seeded soybean “Tanbaguro”, 10 collected in Japan and 5 in China including a mutant of “Shin-tanbaguro”, were digested with nitric acid using a microwave digestor. The digested residues were dissolved in a 1% HNO3 solution, and inorganic elements (Al, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, Rb and Cs) were quantitatively analyzed by ICP-MS using In as internal standard. By statistical analysis (cluster analysis and PCA) of the concentrations of 7 elements (Al, Ni, Cu, Sr, Ba, Rb and Cs), a significant difference was detected between Japanese and Chinese samples. The possibility of verifying the producing distinct of “Tanbaguro”, Japan or China the difference in composition of inorganic elements was discussed.
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Genetic Resources and Evaluation
  • Varietal Difference and Genetic Analysis of Adventitious Root Formation at the Soil Surface during Flooding in Maize and Teosinte Seedlings
    Yoshiro Mano, Masanori Muraki, Masahiro Fujimori, Tadashi Takamizo
    2005 Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 41-46
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.74.41
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    Adventitious root-forming (ARF) ability, at the soil surface, is most important for adaptation of the plant to soil flooding or waterlogging. We evaluated the ARF ability of maize and teosinte seedlings under a waterlogged condition, and analyzed the mode of inheritance of the trait. The ARF ability was evaluated by the visual rating of root formation at the soil surface after exposure to flooding for 2 weeks. The ARF ability showed a wide variation among 43 maize and teosinte lines. In particular, teosinte showed a high ARF ability. The correlation coefficient between replications was 0.749, indicating the significant repeatability of the experiments. Two sets of F2 populations and F3 lines of B64 (low ARF ability) x Zea mays ssp. huehuetenangensis (high ARF ability) and B64 x Na4 (high ARF ability) showed continuous variation for the ARF ability, suggesting that this morphological trait was controlled by multiple genes. Heritabilities estimated from correlation coefficient and regression coefficient between F2 and F3 were 0.357 and 0.139 in the B64 x Z. mays ssp. huehuetenangensis cross and 0.405 and 0.301 in the B64 x Na4 cross, respectively.
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  • Development of Zoospore Inoculation Method for Assay of Black Root Rot Resistance in Sugar Beet
    Kazuyuki Okazaki, Naoki Ogata, Masakatsu Tanaka
    2005 Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 47-51
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.74.47
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    Black root rot caused by Aphanomyces cochlioides Drechsler is a soilborne disease of sugar beet. It severely reduces sugar beet production and at present, this damage is a serious problem in the Hokkaido region. Because of a lack of an effective method for the control of this disease, breeding of resistant cultivars is strongly requested. For effective breeding of resistant cultivars, we developed an artificial inoculation method for the assay of the resistance using pot culture and zoospore inoculation. One-month-old young sugar beet plant was inoculated with zoospore suspension (30,000 zoospores / plant) and transplanted to 1/5000a wagner pot (one plant / pot). Then, the plant was grown in a greenhouse and wet treatment (300ml water / pot daily, for 10 days) was conducted twice; first from the day after transplanting and second from 30 days after transplanting. Roots were rated for disease (0-5 scale, 0 = no symptom, 5 = root rotted completely) at 90 days after transplanting. In the inoculated roots clear symptoms were observed and Aphanomyces were detected from the lesion area, but in the non-inoculated roots few symptoms were observed. The disease indexes were 2.6 in ‘Kabutomaru (susceptible cultivar)’, 1.9 in ‘Monohomare (medium susceptible cultivar)’ and 0.9 in ‘Yukihinode (resistant cultivar)’. This difference of index was statistically significant and agreed with the result of the infested field test. This inoculation method might be useful for evaluating root rot resistance and is expected to contribute to screening and breeding of resistant lines.
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  • The Characteristics of Amacha Varieties in Hydrangea
    Toshio Fujii, Tomohiko Yoshida
    2005 Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 52-57
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.74.52
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    For breeding of high-yield and high-quality cultivars of Amacha (sweet Hydrangea) and establishing the culture system, the characteristics of Amacha varieties were studied in comparison with other Hydrangea. Twenty five varieties of Hydrangea including four Amacha varieties, including Hydrangea macrophylla Seringe var.thunbergii Makino and Hydrangea macrophylla Seringe var.amagiana Makino, were used. Several agronomic traits, total DNA amount determined by flow-cytometry, the number of chromosomes and SSR markers were investigated and principle component analysis was performed. The results showed that Amacha varieties were similar to other Hydrangea varieties and could not be distinguished from the other varieties. However, there were differences even among Amacha varieties in chromosome number, leaf number and suitable light intensity. This suggests that it is possible to develop new high yielding and high quality cultivars by crossing among Amacha varieties or between Amacha varieties and other Hydrangea varieties and by polyploidy breeding.
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Crop Physiology and Cell Biology
  • Effect of Heavy Manure Application and Water Management on Growth and Yield and CH4 and N2O Emission from the Paddy Field
    Tadanobu Maeda, Jiro Kubo, Hideaki Hirai
    2005 Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 58-64
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.74.58
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    The effects of farmyard manure application and water management on the growth and grain yield of rice and CH4 and N2O emission from the paddy field were examined from 2001 to 2003. By application of farmyard manure at a rate of 200kg/a, rice growth and grain yield were reduced as compared with that with chemical fertilizer application, but the emission rate of CH4 was little affected. Application of farmyard manure at a rate of 500–1000 kg/a increased rice growth and grain yield, but it also increased the emission rate of CH4. In the plot with intermitted irrigation, application of farmyard manure increased the Eh value, and thus did not increase CH4 emission, although it slightly reduced grain yield. In 2003 with on extremely low temperature and limited sunshine hours, application of heavy farmyard manure increased rice growth, but not grain yield due to panicle blast. The intermitted irrigation was reported to induce N2O emission, but it caused little on N2O emission in the present study. Thus the grain yield in the field with heavy application of farmyard manure was as high as that in the yield with heavy application of chemical fertilizer. CH4 emission was increased by heavy farmyard manure, but it was lowered by restriction of irrigation.
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  • Modeling of Translocation Rate of Dry Matter from Vegetative Organs to Panicle as Influenced by Air Temperature in Rice
    Zhongfa Yang, Naoto Inoue, Kaori Fujita, Masakazu Kato, Motoyuki Hakiw ...
    2005 Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 65-71
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.74.65
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    Field experiments were carried out at 8 sites: Chiang Mai and Ubon in Thailand, Taoyuan of Yunnan and Nanjing in China and Kitakami, Ina, Kyoto and Matsue in Japan, to clarify the relationship between the translocation rate of dry matter from vegetative organs to panicle and air temperature in 2001 and 2002. The potentially degradable dry matter in leaves and stems under the field condition was determined by an enzymatic degradation method using protease and α-amylase. The dry matter was determined at the full heading stage and 2 weeks later in 9 varieties: Takanari, IR72, Shanguichao, CH86, IR65564-44-2-2, Nipponbare, Takenari, Banten and WAB450-1-B-P-38-HB. The maximum daily air temperature during the 2 weeks after full heading correlated with the translocation rate of dry matter from vegetative organs to panicles more closely than the mean and minimum daily air temperature. The highest translocation rate was recorded when the average of maximum daily air temperature was around 30°C. There was a significantly positive correlation between the translocation rate and the average of daily air temperature difference (maximum-minimum temperature). The relationship between the translocation rate and air temperature was expressed by a simplified non-linear model that has 2 exponential equations with 4 parameters.
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Research and Technical Note
  • Correlation among Whiteness, Amylose Content and Moisture Content of Low Amylose Rice Variety “Takitate”
    Norichika Miyano, Yasuhiro Suzuki
    2005 Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 72-75
    Published: 2005
    Released on J-STAGE: April 28, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.74.72
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    The amylose content and whiteness of rice endosperm are affected by environmental conditions. Since the amylose content and endosperm whiteness of a low amylose variety “Takitate” varies from year to year, the quality stabilization is a matter of major concern. In this study, we examined the amylose content, whiteness and moisture content of 165 samples of “Takitate” rice cultivated on 10 districts in Miyagi prefecture in 2003. Because of the cool summer, the amylose content was 12%, which was higher than that in average year. A negative correlation between amylose content and whiteness was detected in the rice grains with a moisture content of ca. 15%, but in those with a moisture content of less than 14% the endosperm was not translucent but chalky regardless of its amylose content. Furthermore, a negative correlation was detected between moisture content and whiteness in the rice grains with the same amylose content. These results indicate that whiteness of rice is not only affected by amylose content but also by moisture content and that the variation of whiteness would be minimized by adjusting moisture content of rice grains.
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