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Volume 72 (2003)
- Issue 4 Pages 377-
- Issue 3 Pages 265-
- Issue 2 Pages 133-
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Volume 72, Issue 2
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Teruhisa NAMBAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 133-141
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the Nile Delta, rice (Oryza sativa) used to be cultivated with comparatively low planting density (15 hill m-2), large hill (19 to 23 plant per hill) and small nitrogen (10 g m-2) in the 1980’s. Eventually, grain (paddy) yield remained low as 650 g m-2 despite the favorable solar radiation : 26 MJ m-2 d-1 during cultivation period. To establish the optimum cultivation method, a cultivar, Giza 172, was grown with various combinations of planting densities (17, 33 and 50 hills m-2) and nitrogen application rates (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g m-2). Under the combination of 50 hills m-2 of planting density with 15, 20 g m-2 of nitrogen application rate (N), and 33 hills m-2 with 20 g m-2 N, grain yield was as high as 1470 to 1570 g m-2 with 63000 to 68000 grains m-2 and 86 to 93% of ripened grain percentage. The crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI) and net assimilation rate (NAR) in these combinations were high throughout the growth period, and especially, LAI and CGR at the maturing stage were high. Grain yield was low under the low planting density (17 hills m-2) or with the small application rate of nitrogen (0 to 10 g m-2), because CGR and LAI were small throughout the growth period. The grain yield was also low when the nitrogen rate was high (25 g m-2), because it caused severe lodging resulting in a small CGR and NAR during the maturing stage, and finally low ripened percentage of grains. In conclusion, planting density of 33 hills m-2 with 20 g m-2 of nitrogen is most appropriate for obtaining a high yield (about 1400 to 1500 g m-2) in the Nile Delta.View full abstractDownload PDF (1560K) -
Akira FUKUSHIMA, Osamu KUSUDA, Masami FURUHATAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 142-148
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe developmental process of leaves and stems of winter type wheat Iwainodaichi in early sowing and its relationships with leaf and stem heteroblasty were analyzed. Iwainodaichi and spring type wheat Chikugoizumi were cultivated by early and standard sowing. For each sowing the leaf length increased successively. The leaf position, at which the leaf length increased rapidly, was higher in Iwainodaichi than in Chikugoizumi in early sowing, but was not different between the cultivars in standard sowing. At the high positions on the main stem the length of leaf blade of early sowing were shorter than those of standard sowing probably due to the suppression of leaf elongation by a low temperature. The flag leaf of Iwainodaichi was smaller than that of Chikugoizumi. The early internode elongation stage of Iwainodaichi was later than that of Chikugoizumi in early sowing but the heading and flowering stage of Iwainodaichi was similar to those of Chikugoizumi. The culm length of early sowing was longer than that of standard sowing in both cultivars since the number of leaves and elongated internodes on the main stem increase as the growth duration becomes longer. Although the two cultivars had a similar culm length, the upper internodes of Iwainodaichi were relatively shorter than those of Chikugoizumi.View full abstractDownload PDF (603K) -
Akira FUKUSHIMA, Osamu KUSUDA, Masami FURUHATAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 149-157
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe grain yield of winter type wheat Iwainodaichi in early sowing and its relationship with dry matter production and yield components were investigated. Iwainodaichi and spring type wheat Chikugoizumi were cultivated by early and standard sowing. In early sowing leaf expansion was suppressed by low temperatures, but leaf area index (LAI) was almost the same as that in standard sowing, since the longer growth duration in early sowing increased the top dry weight at the flowering stage. Yield components, that is, spike number, grain number per spike and thousand grain weight in early sowing were not different from those in standard sowing so that the grain yields in early and standard sowing were not different. The spike number of Iwainodaichi was slight larger than that of Chikugoizumi since the maximum shoot number of Iwainodaichi was larger. However, grain number per spike of Iwainodaichi was smaller than that of Chikugoizumi so that the grain yields of Iwainodaichi and Chikugoizumi were not different. The grain yield closely correlated with LAI at the flowering stage and sink size, but did not correlate with mean temperature or cumulative solar radiation during ripening. These results suggest that grain yield is mostly determined before the flowering stage and the grain yield of the two cultivars in early sowing is not smaller than that in standard sowing because of its longer growth duration to the flowering stage.View full abstractDownload PDF (699K) -
Kazuei USUKI, Hiroyuki YAMAMOTOArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 158-162
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of the cropping system on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, growth and yield of succeeding corn or soybean were studied over the rainy season on Andosol field in Ibaraki, Japan, since a high soil moisture status has been suggested to improve the efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal infection. Corn and soybean were grown in plots of seven cropping histories. All the previous crops except for the crops of the genus Brassica were mycorrhizal in cropping system. Grain yield of soybean and ear yield of corn following soybean and sweet potato were much higher than following a crop of the genus Brassica and fallow. In particular, continuous cultivation of crops of the genus Brassica depressed the yield of the succeeding crop. The previous crop clearly influenced the spore population and arbuscular mycorrhizal formation in corn root. It was thus concluded that both the population and colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi after cropping of the genus Brassica and fallow were less than after cultivating soybean and sweet potato. Consequently, our results indicate that the cropping system affected the growth and yield of the succeeding crop through symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Andosol in the central region of Japan.View full abstractDownload PDF (773K)
Genetic Resources and Evaluation
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—Effects of temperature on the heading—Mototaka SAKATA, Mayumi HIRAKAWA, Yoshinori YAMAMOTO, Akira MIYAZAKIArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 163-170
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn 1998, the occurrence of premature heading was observed in the earlyseason culture field of cultivar ‘Tosapika’ in Kochi Prefecture. The effect of growing temperature after sowing on the heading of the extremely early rice cultivar ‘Tosapika’, bred in Kochi Prefecture was studied comparatively with 49 cultivars and lines bred in various regions from Hokkaido to Kyushu.
Pregerminated seeds were sown at a rate of one seed per pot in a stock-raising (kabumaki) pot which had a small hole at the bottom (2.5 cm depth) filled with nursery bed soil on March 10, 2000, which is the prevailing seedling time for the earlyseason culture in Kochi Prefecture. After seedlings emerged, kabumaki, pots were placed on containers, containing paddy soil with nitrogen at the rate of 1.5 g m-2 or 3.0 g m-2 and placed in the phytotron under natural light conditions with about 12 hours of day and night. Day (D) and night (N) temperatures were set at D/N of 30°C/20°C, 25°C/25°C or 25°C/15°C. Total accumulative temperature for the culture period was 1300°C days after sowing.
The percentage of headed cultivars by at the end of the culture period was highest in the plot exposed to 25°C/25°C with 1.5 g m-2 nitrogen. Heading of the cultivars bred in Hokkaido were accelerated in the plot under 25°C/25°C and with 1.5 g m-2N. ‘Tosapika’ headed when the accumulated daily temperature was beyond 1000°C days. The heading was scarcely influenced by temperature and nitrogen level. Moreover, the accumulated temperature after sowing to flag leaf expansion was also lowest in ‘Tosapika’ among the headed cultivars, because of a fewer number of final leaves on the main stem in this cultivar. These two types accumulated temperature in ‘Tosapika’ were insensitive to temperature and nitrogen level, so it was suggested that the heading day of the main stem in this cultivar could be estimated by the accumulated daily temperature after sowing.View full abstractDownload PDF (692K) -
I. Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Acid Soil Tolerant Varieties of Rice PlantsDong-Jin KANG, Ryuichi ISHIIArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 171-176
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present paper is to identify morphological and physiological traits of acid soil tolerant varieties of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) in Narathiwat Province of Southern Thailand where the yield reduction of rice plants due to acid soil is markedly severe. Six tolerant varieties selected from 48 grown under artificially prepared acid soil (pH 4.0) for 4 weeks after transplanting, and 3 intolerant varieties as a control were used in the present study. Tolerant varieties had longer roots and a larger leaf area than intolerant varieties in acid soil conditions. Aluminum (Al) concentration in the leaves was significantly lower in tolerant varieties than in intolerant varieties. Leaf photosynthesis (LPS) of tolerant varieties was significantly higher than that of the intolerant varieties in acid soil conditions. These results indicate that transportation of Al from the root to the leaf is prevented by some mechanism in the tolerant varieties, which may be a mechanism of acid soil tolerance.View full abstractDownload PDF (654K)
Crop Morphology
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Hong ZHOU, Osamu MORITA, Hiroshi EHARAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 177-184
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSField trials were conducted to study the stability, growth and yield characteristics of various establishment-type cultivars of rice broadcasted in submerged soil. Rice cultivars Dontokoi, Koshihikari and Yamahikari were used. Germinated seeds were coated with calcium peroxide and were broadcasted in the submerged soil in the early May in 1999, 2000 and 2001. Establishment of the seedlings was classified into four types at the 3rd leaf stage according to the penetration and fixation of the root into the ground as follows : (1) perfect establishment type (PE type), (2) fixed type : the seedling fixed although a part of roots emerged on the ground (FX type), (3) floating 1 type : the seedling fixed although the seed was floating (FL-1 type), and (4) floating 2 type : the seedling was floating (FL-2 type). The plant length, total dry matter weight and seedling strength (shoot dry-matter weight/plant length) at the early growth stage tended to be smaller in FL-1 and FL-2 types in each cultivar. There was no significant difference in plant length among the four types after the maximum tiller number stage. Contrarily, the total dry matter weight and stem number per plant of FL-1 and FL-2 types were lower than those of PE and FX types. The low yield of FL-1 and FL-2 types was mainly attributed to a small number of spikelets per plant with a small number of panicles per plant. Besides, there were no distinct differences in 1000-grain-weight and percentage of ripened grains among the four types at harvest. As described above, the insufficient fixation of root into the ground at the 3rd leaf stage decreased stem number, which accounted for the small number of panicles and the low yield.View full abstractDownload PDF (1024K)
Crop Physiology and Cell Biology
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Yoshihiko HIRAI, Yoshio KOJIMA, Kentarou NUMA, Makoto TSUDAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 185-191
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe reduction of the dark respiration at the ripening stage may increase the dry-matter production and yield in rice. The effects of spikelet removal on dark respiration and dry-matter production were examined under 4 levels of shading. The spikelets were removed to reduce the number of grains to zero, 1/3 or 2/3 of the intact plants. Control plants were left intact. The rate of gross photosynthesis (Pg) and panicle dry weight increased as light intensity increased and was higher in the plants with a larger number of grains. The dark respiration of the panicle was mainly related to the dry-matter increase of the panicles regardless of the number of grains. The rate of translocation from the leaf blade and stem to the panicle increased as the number of grains increased, but the dark respiration of the leaf blade and stem did not change. Thus the dark respiration per dry-matter translocated to the panicle was small in the plants with a large number of grains. The increase in Pg and decrease in the ratio of the dark respiration in the leaf blade and stem to Pg were responsible for the higher panicle dry weight in the plant with a large number of grains. It was concluded that in the plant with a large number of grains, the high Pg and the low consumption of carbohydrates in the leaf blade and stem contributed to the improvement of the growth efficiency and yield.View full abstractDownload PDF (552K) -
Yoshiaki WATANABE, Shigenori MIURA, Tomoyuki YUKAWA, Shigehito TAKENAK ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 192-195
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study researched how the age of winter barley affects the plant’s resistance to snow injury. Two experiments were conducted for the study. The first experiment focused on the change in resistance to snow rot disease, and the second experiment tested plant viability under cold, dark, and wet conditions. The resistance of the third-leaf stage plant to snow rot disease was higher than that of the first- or second-leaf stage plant. The penetration and development of snow rot disease were restricted to the young leaf blade of the old plants. The high resistance of the young leaf might be one of the reasons for the high resistance observed in old plants. The viability of the old plants under cold, dark, and wet conditions was higher than that of young plants. The resistance to snow rot disease and the viability under cold, dark, and wet conditions of the plant in the first-leaf unfolded stage were higher than that of the plant in the first-leaf stage. These results demonstrat that both resistance to snow rot disease and viability under cold, dark, and wet conditions are causes for change in resistance to snow injury with plant age.View full abstractDownload PDF (398K)
Modelling, Information Technology and Environment
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Genichi HIRAI, Tatsuya INAMURA, Toshikatsu OKUMURA, Kaoru ASHIDA, Osam ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 196-202
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of atmospheric humidity on vegetative growth of paddy and upland rice were compared. A low atmospheric humidity (60%RH) significantly decreased the dry-matter production in paddy rice but not in upland rice. In paddy rice, exposure to low atmospheric humidity significantly increased the stomatal density in leaves, stomatal aperture and the ratio of stomatal apparatus to leaf area. Thus, stomatal opening was only slightly decreased by the low humidity, resulting in a striking increase in transpiration rate per unit leaf area and marked reduction in water potential of leaf blade. On the other hand, in upland rice, stomatal density and stomatal apparatus area were not influenced by exposure to a low humidity and the ratio of stomatal apparatus area to leaf area was not influenced by atmospheric humidity up to 60%RH. In paddy rice, the relative leaf expansion rate was significantly reduced by exposure to a low humidity, but in upland rice, it was not. Thus, in the present study the low atmospheric humidity reduced the leaf expansion rate without reducing the net assimilation rate in paddy rice, but not in upland rice. This may be why the effect of atmospheric humidity on growth and dry-matter production differed between paddy and upland rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (557K) -
Osamu UCHIKAWA, Yusuke FUKUSHIMA, Yuji MATSUEArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 203-209
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relationships between soybean and meteorological conditions were statistically analyzed from 1985 to 2000, in order to establish cultivation techniques that improve the yield of soybean in Northern Kyushu. Simple correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the yield and 100-grain weight, grain number per m2 or ripening pod number ripening per m2. Multiple regression analysis, however, showed no significant positive correlation between the yield and pod number. Multiple regression analysis also showed no linear relationship between the yield and yield components, or meteorological conditions of three periods. The yield, 100-grain weight and grain number per m2 showed a quadratic correlation with air temperature. The optimum mean daily air temperature from flowering to grain thickening stage for 100-grain weight and grain number per m2 was about 25°C. A strong positive relationship was detected between the 7-day total precipitation around the flowering and the pod number under dry conditions with a preciptation of less than 130 mm.View full abstractDownload PDF (517K) -
Mitsuyoshi UEDAArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 210-215
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe constancy of the heat unit accumulation needed for the heading of sorghum cultivar P956 was examined for the simple heat unit accumulation method, the effective heat unit accumulation Method I in which a temperature above 10°C was accumulated, and the effective heat unit accumulation Method II in which the temperature above the minimum growth temperature was accumulated. The minimum growth temperature was calculated by the least squares method from the relation between the days after sowing and the simple heat unit accumulation until the heading date. The results showed that the coefficient of variation, showing the accuracy of the application, was 9.7 to 8.0 % for P956 and the constancy was inferior. In addition, the heading date was predicted by preparing the multiple regression formula using the average temperature and day length after sowing. The results showed that the standard deviation of differences in days between the observed and the estimated by the multiple regression formula, using the temperature for ten days after sowing and the day length at sowing time as variables, was 2.8 days for P956 and the heading date was accurately predicted by this formula.View full abstractDownload PDF (546K)
Research and Technical Note
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Tomoyuki YUKAWA, Yasuo OHSHITA, Jiro WATANABEArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 216-218
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe new cultivation method of spring wheat sowing before continuous snow cover has many advantages, such as increase of yield and avoidance of scab, but has the flaw of uncertainty of overwintering. Since our previous paper showed that the decrease of overwintering of spring wheat sown before continuous snow cover was caused by snow mold diseases, we examined the effect on overwintering of some fungicides against snow mold sprayed on soil surface after sowing or coated on seeds in this report. Spraying of the fungicide (fluazinam) showed a variable effect. On the other hand, coating seeds with the fungicide clearly improved the overwintering ability. Though the most effective amount of coating was 2.5% of seed weight, we could decrease the effective amount of the fungicide by mixing with calcium peroxide including gypsum. We concluded that coating seeds with the fungicide improves the overwintering ability of spring wheat sown before continuous snow cover.View full abstractDownload PDF (663K) -
Yukitsugu TAKAHASHI, Yasuhumi SATO, Hiroshi MAEHARA, Toshihiro ISHIZEK ...Article type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 219-226
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe had many sterile florets in barley in 1998 and 1999 in Gunma. This damage was different from that caused by young panicle freezing owing to low temperatures. We thought that the pollen was damaged by the low temperature around heading time, resulting in the sterility. The damage of wheat was relatively small, and a genotypic difference was observed for the occurrence of sterility among barley cultivars.View full abstractDownload PDF (927K) -
Jun HOSOI, Katsu IMAIArticle type: Others
Subject area: Others
2003 Volume 72 Issue 2 Pages 227-228
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: May 28, 2004
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe adventitious roots of edible canna (Canna edulis Ker-Gawl.), are classified as the ‘vertical’ roots, which penetrate deep in soil, and the ‘horizontal’ roots, which run shallow underground. Most of the vertical roots are comprised of the basal ones, which generate in pairs at the nodal part of rhizome. From the viewpoint of functional differentiation of the two types of roots, their respiration rates were compared at different stages of growth, distances from stock and direction of root elongation by the use of a gas-phase oxygen electrode system. Root respiration rates decreased with age, but a difference between the two types of roots was not observed except in the early growth stage. Root activity, such as nutrient absorption in this crop, was considered to be performed mainly by a large quantity of horizontal roots rather than the qualitative difference between horizontal and vertical roots.View full abstractDownload PDF (180K)
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