All issues
Volume 58 (1989)
- Issue 4 Pages 495-
- Issue 3 Pages 279-
- Issue 2 Pages 159-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 58, Issue 2
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|
-
Takeshi IKEDA1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 159-163
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis experiment started from the observation that the cross section of a rice hill was ellipse in shape. When two rice plants cv. Koshihikari were transplanted in a 1/2000 are Wagner pot, the rice hill were arranged in four combinations, considering major and minor axes of a rice hill. The bending angles of each main culm at windward and leeward were measured to wind directions and wind speeds. Moreover, lodging levels in small rice communities grown in concrete pots were observed under natural conditions. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Plant length was about 80 cm at heading, and the number of culms was about 30 per hill just before maturation. 2) Bending angles of main culms in the hill positioned at windward can be divided largely into two groups, that is those of arrangements c and b in Fig. 1 were large and those of arrangements a and d were small. Those in the hill positioned at leeward tended to be large in arrangement a and small in c. The bending angles of arrangement b tended to be large at windward and leeward. 3) Estimating the relative values of plant height and the spreading of culms under natural conditions as 100, the value of plant height reduced with increased wind speed dropping to about 75% of the initial value at 12.5 m/s. Differences among four treatments was not found in relation to plant height. Whereas in case of the spreading of culms, three different results were obtained according to the different treatments: in arrangements a and d it was narrow, widened at first then narrowed in b, and in c the culms kept on spreading widely. 4) The lodging level was the largest when the major axis of hills was parallel to the main wind direction in small rice communities under natural conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (546K) -
Noriyuki KOMATSU, Hyoue TSUGAWA, Kin-ichi NISHIKAWA, Munetoshi TANGE1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 164-170
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of planting density on nitrogen fixation activity (acetylene reduction activity, ARA), yield and yield components of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were evaluated in the field experiment consisting of four density levels of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 plants/m2. Nitrogen fixation activity per m2 reached a peak at the pod-setting stage in densities below 25 plants/m2, and reached a peak at the flowering stage in densities above 50 plants/m2. The rapid reduction in nitrogen fixation activity per m2 in densities above 50 plants/m2 resulted from reduced specific nitrogen fixation activity (ARA per g nodule fresh weight). It is considered that nitrogen deficiency occured in the plants grown in higher density plots during the late growing season since the majority of ARA were distributed in the first half of the growth period. Therefore, seed weight was smaller in higher density plots because of insufficient thickening of seeds due to overluxuriant growth. The number of nodes, pods and seeds increased in the higher density plots, though 100 seed weight and nitrogen production efficiency decreased.View full abstractDownload PDF (767K) -
Sachio NISHIBE, Masato SATOH, Motoyuki MORI, Akihiro ISODA, Kimio NAKA ...1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 171-179
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFour main potato cultivars were grown under field conditions for five years to assess the relationship between dry matter production and climatic conditions. Photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by crops during the experimental period (ΔPAR) was the largest in 1984, and smaller in 1983, 1985 and 1986. Mean efficiencies of dry matter production per ΔPAR (EPAR) were smaller in 1982. Accumulated dry weight were proportional to accumulated ΔPAR, although some deviations from the regression line of accumulated ΔPAR and dry weight existed in 1983. Crop growth rates (CGR) were correlated positively with ΔPAR and EPAR during the period from emergence to June 30, and with EPAR during the periods after July. Throughout the growing season, tuber growth rate (TGR) was correlated positively with CGR and EPAR. In the first half of the growing season, the air temperature was related to the leaf growth rate (LGR) and TGR. Radiation influenced specific leaf area (SLA) resulting in rapid expansion of leaf area in cloudy seasons. Tuberization seemed to be very sensitive to water stress, which would make percentages of tuber dry weight larger. In the latter half of the season, there was no marked relationship between the climatic conditions and the growth parameters. At the end of the season, however, sink-source ratio (tuber dry weight/shoot dry weight) tended to increase with increasing accumulated incoming radiation, and to decrease with increasing accumulated air temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (883K) -
Kenji AKITA, Naomichi TANAKA, Munetoshi TANGE1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 180-185
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was carried out to clarify the effect of controlled rhizophere sizes on various characteristics of each organ at the heading and maturing stage in paddy rice plants (Oryza sativa L., cv. Nipponbare). Investigations were also made on nitrogen accumulation and translocation of 15N top-dressing into each organ with three different types of nitrogen supply, namely, basal-dressing, top-dressing 1 (at the panicle formation stage) and 2 (at the reduction division stage). The dry weight and nitrogen cencentration of each organ increased with increasing rhizosphere size at all growth stages. Recovery of 15N content from top-dressing plots was higher than that from basal-dressing. In top-dressing plots, the latter showed higher 15N recovery rate. Further, in basal and top-dressing at the panicle formation stage, the ratio of 15N recovery increased with increasing rhizosphere size, but rice plants which received top-dressing at the reduction division stage showed no effect of rhizosphere sizes. The ratio of nitrogen distribution at the heading stage in the leaf blade of the plants in the basal-dressing plot increased with increasing rhizosphere sizes. Whereas it was low in the case of nitrogen top-dressed at the reduction division stage. On the other hand an adverse effect was observed in the culm. Further, the ratio of nitrogen distribution in the root of basal-dressing plot was higher than that of top-dressing and it increased with decreasing rhizosphere sizes. At the maturing stage, nitrogen was translocated into the ear from other organs, and the ratio of nitrogen distribution in the ears of the basal-dressing plots was higher than in the top-dressing plots.View full abstractDownload PDF (797K) -
Kenji AKITA, Naomichi TANAKA, Munetoshi TANGE1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 186-191
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the inter-hill competition at the maturing stage. Using the tracer 15N method. The growth characteristics of rice plants (Oryza Sativa L., cv. Suweon no. 258 and TKM-6) grown in pots of different sizes were examined. The top dry weights of two varieties, TKM and Suweon planted on the same hill were 82.84% and 16-18%, respectively. In Suweon, the ratio of culm dry weight did not change with rhizosphere size, but the ratio of leaf blade dry weight to the total weight increased with decreasing rhizosphere size; whereas the ratio of the dying organ dry weight showed an opposite behaviour. The percentage of nitrogen content increased with increasing rhizosphere sizes in two varieties, with a greater increase in Suweon. The percentage of nitrogen contents in TKM was higher than that in Suweon in smaller rhizospheres, but in larger rhizospheres Suweon showed a higher percentage of nitrogen than in TKM. The ratio of recovery of 15N top-dressing in basal-dressing plot was 51-79%, at the panicle formation stage plot, 51-59%, and at the reduction division stage plot, 63-78%. Further-more, lager pots and later nitrogen supply showed a high nitrogen content. The ratios of 15N content in the two varieties in basal-dressing plot were 74-84%, and top-dressing at the tillering stage save 76-83%. With TKM top-dressing at the reduction division stage, they were 80-85%, a very high rate of recovery of nitrogen. Partition of 15N content of ears in each top-dressig time in the basal-dressing plot was 37-62%, the tillering stage 53-71%, at the panicle formation stage 63-67%, and at the reduction division stage 54-67%. These results revealed that smaller rhizospheres led to a cleary high partition of nitrogen.View full abstractDownload PDF (671K) -
Hiroshi NAKANO, Iwao WATANABE, Kosei TABUCHI1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 192-197
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of (NH4)2SO4 top-dressing at the flowering stage to soybeans were investigated in view of its nitrogen fixation and assimilation. Possibility of estimating nitrogen fixation by time course measurement of C2H2 reduction assay was also examined with top-dressed soybeans. Soybeans were grown in soil-N free sand culture. The integrated value over time course of C2H2 reduction activity was calculated and fixed. N was measured with a 15N isotope dilution technique. The conversion factor from C2H2 reduction to nitrogen fixation was determined as 1.05. Supplemental-N at flowering decreased C2H2 reduction activity of soybeans grown in pot with soil. This was mainly because nodule formation and nodule development were checked severely. Their nitrogen fixation was estimated via C2H2 reduction assay with the aforementioned conversion factor in the soybeans top-dressed. Decrease of their nitrogen fixation was considerably high. The uptake of supplemental-N, however, was larger than the decrease of nitrogen fixation due to top-dressing. This gap increased as increasing the rate of supplemental-N. At the rate of 3.78 gN/plant, for instance, the uptake was 1.60 gN/plant in favorable contrast to the decrease of fixed-N of 1.0 gN/plant. The increment in the sum of the fixed-N and absorbed supplemental-N was nearly corresponded to that in the total assimilated-N in the soybeans top-dressed. Thus, this quantitative analysis appeared to provide a good estimation of nitrogen fixation.View full abstractDownload PDF (736K) -
Takashi OHTSUKA, Masumi KATSUTA, Yasuo OTA, Hitoshi SAKA1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 198-203
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInvestigations were made on the effect of isoprothiolane (diisopropyl-1, 3-dithiolan-2-ylidene malonate, IPT) on the ripening of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under the low temperature conditions. The similar experiment was repeated 4 times in rice cultivation season every year from 1984 to 1987. Two varieties were used: Nipponbare and Koshihikari. Twenty seeds were directly sown in 1/5, 000a plastic pot (except for 1984.) and grown in a greenhouse. At 9, 12 days before heading or at the heading time, IPT 12% granule (FUJI-ONE(R)) at 200∼800 g/a was applied to rice plants in the pot under a flooded condition. The plants were tansferred to a growth chamber and kept under natural or atrficial day-light at 20/13°C (day/night)to cause cool! weather damage to them. Their panicles were collected at regular intervals. Grains were weighted on each rachis-branch. In 1985, both transpiration rate and color in the flag leaf were measured at 4 weeks after heading. The experimental results accumulated in four experiments in four years show that IPT had a promotive effect on grain weight, particularly the inferior grain weight until about 3 weeks after heading under the low temperature condition. After 6 weeks heading however, its effect decreased. IPT also increased the transpiration rate of the leaf blade at 4 weeks after heading.View full abstractDownload PDF (705K) -
Hiroshi NAKANO, Eizo MAEDA1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 204-211
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe formation of pollen callus was induced when rice anthers, which contained microspores in the mid-uninucleate and late-uninucleate stage, were cultured. The ultrastructure of the microspores was also examined in the anthers in vivo. The amount of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum in the microspores increased and their nuclei and nucleoli enlarged from the early stage to the mid-uninucleate and late-uninucleate stages, resulting in an increase of the cell activities. Morphology of plastids changed from ring-shaped plastids and plastids containing starch grains to ordinary proplastids. Microbodies also appeared in the microspores. Cell organelles in the tapetal cells of the anther wall gradually underwent degenerative changes during this period. After the favorable stage for anther inoculation in vitro, the pollen cells showed the first pollen mitosis and the vegetative cells started to differentiate into mature storage cells which accumulated starch grains. However, the ultrastructure of the tapetal cells did not change significantly during this period. Based on these results, it was suggested that the above-mentioned ultrastructural changes reflected the ability of the rice pollen cells to undergo dedifferentiation in anther culture.View full abstractDownload PDF (1859K) -
Tohru KOBATA, Shinichi TAKAMI1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 212-216
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was designed to compare leaf water potential (LWP) and grain yield responses to drought imposed during the grain-filling stage in several Japonica dryland (upland) and wetland (paddy) rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.). Six rice cultivars (5 dryland, one wetland) were each grown in two upland plots. The irrigation of the one plot was discontinued on August 15, while the remaining plot received irrigation as before. Heading occurred between 0 and 12 days after the cessation of irrigation. Thereafter, the LWP for both plots was monitored at midday. Traditional dryland cultivars had a higher ability of maintenance and recovery of LWP than improved dryland and wetland cultivars. The dry-matter production of the shoot and the grain of the main culm decreased with decreasing LWP in all the cultivars tested. Furthermore, there was a close correlation between the grain yield of the main culm and of the whole plant. The result therefore suggests that the maintenance of LWP may be one of the most important factors for the grain yield under drought during the grain-filling stage.View full abstractDownload PDF (576K) -
Katsuyuki KATAYAMA, Shigemi AKITA1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 217-224
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of exogenously applied GA3 on rice seedling growth were analyzed by using 3 indica and 3 japonia varieties and the following results were obtained. (i) The increase of exogenously applied GA3 concentration reduced leaf and root growth of most test cultivars. GA3 increased the growth of sheath through enhanced partitioning of photosynthate to sheath. (ii) Increased NAR due to increased sink activity of sheath by the exogenous application of GA3 was one of the major factor for promoting initial growth of rice by GA3 treatment. (iii) Varietal difference in the initial growth in the control was positively related with leaf area developing ability. On the other hand, initial growth promotion by exogenous GA3 was due to increased NAR and not to increased leaf area. Thus, the difference in endogenous GA3 concentration might not be a major factor for controlling differential initial growth among rice varieties.View full abstractDownload PDF (711K) -
Genshichi WADA, Darryl V. ARAGONES, Rowena C. ARAGONES1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 225-231
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe amount of N in plants increased exponentially at the early growth stage (y=abx) and linearly at the middle and late growth stages (y=a+bx). The crossing point of the two equations coincided with the maximum tiller number stage. Narrow spacing shortened the exponential phase. On the other hand, wide spacing and slow release fertilizer lengthened the exponential phase. Parameter 'b' at the linear phase was not affected by spacing and rate of basal fertilizer. However, it varied with the kind of basal N and with soil chemical characteristics. Sink size and potential sink size were correlated with the amount of N in the plant at the late spikelet initiation and flowering stages. However, contribution of N in the plant to sink formation varied with spacing and growth duration of varieties. This can be explained by the duration of the vegetative lag phase of the plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (679K) -
Masaaki OKA, Kokichi HINATA1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 232-239
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSComputer image analysis of a side-view photograph of a plant was applied to compare the plant type between eight new and seven old Japanese rice cultivars grown in a paddy field. Photographs of these cultivars were taken at heading time (stage 1) and three weeks after the heading (stage 2). The distribution of shoot density (percentage of shoot (leaf+stem+panicle) presence in a unit area) was shown by contour lines as seen in a map. The morphological shape was characteristic to each cultivar and stage, and the difference of the shape of cultivars became more prominent after the heading. The characteristics of cultivars were compared by numerical parameters calculated from the density map. In the old cultivars the shape expanded at the upper part or at the lower-middle part, while new ones had less expanded part, though Koshihikari was an exceptional case. The old cultivars showed prominently dispersing nature at stage 2, while the new ones did not disperse. As for the leaf angle, the new cultivars had more vertical leaves at the upper part than old ones at stage 2. The morphological characteristics of each cultivar and their difference at the heading time and after heading were well displayed by the present Plant-Profile-Processing method (PPP method).View full abstractDownload PDF (844K) -
Tetsuo SATAKE1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 240-245
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPotted rice plants were grown in the phytotron with different water temperatures in a range from 18 to 25°C during the period from the spikelet differentiation stage to just before the young microspore stage (most critical stage to cool temperature), then cooled at 12°C for 3 days at the critical stage to test their cool tolerance. The cool tolerance was enhanced by raising water temperature and the enhancement in Cool tolerance was Closely associated with an increase in the number of engorged pollen grains per anther at anthesis. The increase in the pollen number per anther caused an increase in the number of pollen shedding on the stigma, resulting in enhancement in the percentage of fertilization. The increase in the engorged pollen grains at anthesis by raising water temperature was primarily originated from an increased differentiation of microspores. A raise of the water temperature during the critical stage also caused an increase in engorged pollen grains at anthesis. In this case, the increase in the number of pollen grains resulted from a decreased abortion of microspores. On the basis of these results, causal sequence from deep water irrigation at the booting stage to enhancement in spikelet fertility was discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (648K) -
Guang-Cen HE, Kiyoshi KOGURE, Hiroshi SUZUKI1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 246-252
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice plant (Japonica c.v. Koshihikari) was exposed to 14CO2 during the ripening period. The autoradiography of brown rice grains showed that the 14C-labeled assimilates distributed throughout the whole grains fed till the 5th day after heading, then the reserve material accumulated first in the inner portion and late in turn to the outer layer. Total radioactivity rose from the 5th day before heading till the 18th day after heading, then dropped as the grains ripened. Most of the radioactivity was incorporated into starch with the maximum on the 18th day after heading. The incorporation of 14C into proteins, lipids and cell walls was more active in the early ripening stage for building the skeleton of endosperm cells and for preparation of starch synthesis. Radioactivity in the low molecular materials increased with ripening, because synthesis of the assimilates into starch slowed down.View full abstractDownload PDF (844K) -
Guang-Cen HE, Kiyoshi KOGURE, Hiroshi SUZUKI1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 253-259
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe brown rice grains (Japonica c.v. Koshihikari) fed with 14CO2 in different ripening stages were separated into the outer layer and inner portion by the wet-milling method, and starch granules were prepared. The specific radioactivity was higher in the inner portion starch when 14CO2 was fed in the early ripening stage, but in the outer layer starch in the late ripening stage. Specific radioactivity of amylose and amylopectin was similar in the inner portion starch when 14CO2 was fed in the early ripening stage. As grains ripened, however, the specific radioactivity of amylose became higher than that of amylopectin. No difference was found in the specific radioactivity between the inner chains and exterior chains of starch molecules. Most of the 14C fed in the early ripening stage existed in the portion resistant to glucoamylase and hydrochloric acid, and that in the late ripening stage was found in the digested fraction.View full abstractDownload PDF (811K) -
[in Japanese]1989 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 260-261
Published: June 05, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (374K)
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|