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Volume 70, Issue 4
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Tadashi HIRASAWA2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 477-488
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
Ryouji SASAKI, Takeshi HORIE, Kazunobu TORIYAMA, Yoichi SHIBATA2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 489-498
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree rice cultivars, Koshihikari, Koshijiwase, and Kinuhikari, were cultivated in a paddy field under similar fertilizer management practices from 1988 to 1994, and factors affecting the yearly fluctuations in the culm lengths of rice were examined. The culm lengths at the ripening stage were positively correlated with the leaf area indexes (LAI) at the neck node differentiation stage (NNDS) in the three cultivars. The longer lengths of culm were explained by the positive correlation between the lengths of lower internodes at ripening stage and LAI at NNDS. The varietal difference in the regression coefficient of culm length to LAI at NNDS was observed; the coefficient of Kinuhikari, which is a short culm variety, was 5.3 cm/LAI, and those of Koshihikari and Koshijiwase were 11.4 and 16.1 cm/LAI, respectively. This suggests that the sensitivity of elongation of lower internodes and culm to high LAI was lower for Kinuhikari than for Koshihikari and Koshijiwase. The SPAD values at NNDS were positively correlated with the calm length. However, the correlation coefficient was lower for Kinuhikari than for Koshihikari and Koshijiwase. The LAT at NNDS showed negative correlation with the amount of precipitation during the month before flooding. These results indicated that the yearly fluctuation of LAT at NNDS was affected by the air-drying effect on ammonification, which caused the yearly fluctuations of culm length to occur.View full abstractDownload PDF (1460K) -
Akira FUKUSHIMA, Osamu KUSUDA, Masami FURUHATA2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 499-504
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDevelopmental process of spike in winter type wheat Iwainodaichi sown early and its relationships with spike traits such as spikelet number, floret number, grain number, mean grain weight and grain weight per spike were compared with those in Iwainodaichi sown later and spring type wheat Chikugoizumi. Spikelet number per spike of Iwainodaichi was larger than that of Chikugoizumi, probably due to the longer duration from sowing to terminal spikelet formation, which determines the number of spikelets. Floret number per spikelet of Iwainodaichi tended to be smaller than that of Chikugoizumi perhaps due to the shorter duration from terminal spikelet formation to anthesis, which determines the number of florets. As a result, floret number per spike of Iwainodaichi was larger than that of Chikugoizumi. Grain number per spike of Iwainodaichi was larger in the plants sown in 1998 but smaller in the plants sown in 1999 than that of Chikugoizumi, since the ripening ratio of Iwainodaichi was smaller than that of Chikugoizumi sown in 1999. Grain number per spike was also smaller the earlier the sowing. Spike traits of Iwainodaichi sown early were different from those of Chikugoizumi and those of Iwainodaichi sown later, and some of those traits were related to the developmental process of spike. Grain weight per spike of Iwainodaichi sown early, however, was not different from that of Chikugoizumi or from that of Iwainodaichi sown later, since some of those spike traits were negatively correlated.View full abstractDownload PDF (897K) -
Atsushi SAWAGUCHI, Michinori SATO2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 505-509
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPreviously we found that suitable seeding days for early winter sowing of spring wheat was about 20-25 days before the start of continuous snow covering. In the present study, we examined the effect of several germination restraint chemicals (Silicon, Acetic acid vinyl, etc.) and seeding density on the yield to endure a higher yielding than spring seeding. Using these chemicals we could increase the number of overwintering plants, and obtained a high yield with a good quality even when seeded earlier than the standard seeding days. As a result, we judged that 178 or more of the overwintering plants per m necessary to obtain over 95% of the potential yield. When the seeding density was 1.5 times or 2 times as high as the standard density for spring wheat (340 grains per in, the ear number was higher than the standard. However, the ear length and 1000 -grain weight were lower, so that the yield with a higher seeding density was similar to that with a standard seeding density. The overwintering rate was 40-89% even when seeded on suitable days. From these results, we concluded that seeding at a density of 445 grains per m sufficient to obtain 95% of the potential yield, because 178 plants per m of 445 plants) is expected to overwinter after seeding at this density.View full abstractDownload PDF (743K) -
Yuji MUKASA, Naoki OGATA2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 510-514
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relationship between early growth and seed characters was examined in 69 three-way crossed hybrid lines and three varieties. In all plants examined, total dry weight of the plants in the early growth period tended to be larger, the heavier the true seed weight and the shorter the average germination period. The effect of germination period on early growth was larger than that of true seed weight on the basis of standard deviation, and the true seed weight mainly affected the growth of the very early growth period. In hybrid lines, the true seed weight was largely affected by single-crossed seed-parent lines rather than pollen-parent lines including tetraploids, and their interactions were small. On the other hand, no significant correlation was observed between true seed weight of seed-parent lines, whose seeds were produced on the bolting stem of cytoplasmic male -sterility lines, and their descendant hybrid lines, whose seeds were produced on single-crossed seed parent lines. The hybrid lines generally had a heavier true seed weight than their seed-parent lines. It was considered that heterosis effect of the first cross between cytoplasmic male-sterility lines and male-sterility-maintaining lines was expressed in the true seed weight of three-way-crossed hybrid lines. The three-way cross method might be suitable for breeding of a large true-seed variety in sugar beet.View full abstractDownload PDF (858K) -
Yumiko SAN-OH, Taiichiro OOKAWA, Namie AIZAWA, Tadashi HIRASAWA2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 515-524
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeeds of rice cultivars, Nipponbare, Takanari and Chugoku 153 were broadcasted in the submerged paddy field at different densities. The density of seedlings after establishment was in the range of about 60 to 240 plants m-2 Nipponbareand Chugoku 153, and about 40 to 130 plants m-2 Takanari. Serious lodging occurred in Nipponbare at the ripening stage due to bending at the base of the stem, and the degree of lodging tended to be larger in the stand with a higher density. The lodging was slight in Chugoku 153 and Takanari. A close correlation was observed between the degree of lodging and the reduction in grain yield. In the direct-sown plants without serious lodging, the grain yield was comparable to or even larger than the conventionally transplanted plants. The flexural rigidity of the stem at basal internode, which affects the lodging due to the stem bending, was larger in Chugoku 153 and Takanari. The larger flexural rigidity was caused by both of culm and leaf sheath in Chugoku 153 and mainly by culm in Takanari. In Nipponbare, the flexural rigidity of the stem was the smallest due to the smaller fiexural rigidity of the culm with smaller moment of inertia of area. The larger culm fiexural rigidity resulted from the larger Young's modulus in the stand with lower density and smaller degree of lodging in Nipponbare. These results indicate that a larger moment of inertia of area and Young's modulus are important characters for increasing the flexural rigidity of the culm.View full abstractDownload PDF (1403K) -
Tadanobu MAEDA2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 525-529
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFrom 1991 to 2000, a rice cultivar, Koshihikari, was grown in the field, where either farmyard manure or chemical fertilizer was continuously applied. A minimal amount of herbicide and pesticide were applied only once after transplanting. Grain yield in the field with farmyard manure application alone was low owing to fewer spikes per plant. Farmyard manure may not supply enough nutrients for the production of enough tillers and spikes even by continuous application. Yield in the field with farmyard manure plus a small amount of chemical fertilizer was the highest though it fluctuated year by year. In the field with continuous application of a small amount chemical fertilizer without farmyard manure, spike number gradually decreased after several years, suggesting the lowering of soil fertility. In the field with continuous application of heavy fertilizer without farmyard manure, the yield was as high as that in the field with continuous application of farmyard manure together with a small amount of chemical fertilizer. It is concluded that continuous application of 200kg/a farmyard manure cannot raise the soil fertility enough to produce enough tillers and spikes for a high yield, but if a small amount of chemical fertilizer was applied together, we can obtain a relatively high yield without suffering from heavy panicle blast.View full abstractDownload PDF (815K) -
Kuniyuki SAITOH, Toshiro KURODA, Seiichi KUMANO2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 530-540
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of organic fertilization (cow and chicken manure) and pesticide application on the yield of rice (cultivar Nipponbare) were examined for ten years from 1990 to 1999 in the paddy field of Okayama University. On average, the yield on organic fertilized and pesticide-free plot (only barnyard grasses were eradicated .by hand) was 10% lower than that of chemical fertilized and pesticide applied plot because of the decease in the number of panicles. This reduction might be due to the competition with weeds especially monochoria for nutrients. Although infection of sheath blight was observed, this disease did not cause a serious damage to the rice yield. In late Sept. in 1990, 1991 and 1997 the hopper burn by the brown planthopper occurred in the pesticide-free plot. However, it brought no reduction in yield because hopper burn occurred just before the harvesting. Yield-reduction may be diminished by using the early-maturing cultivar. Close correlation was observed between population densities of leafhoppers and spiders, the major predators, and it was considered that the increase in the density of spiders did not affect the survival rates of leafhoppers. Yearly fertilization of manure increased the total carbon and nitrogen concentration of the soil, i.e., soil fertility. In this experiment, rice was grown by pesticide-free organic cultivation with only about 10% yield-reduction. A possibility of cultural and biological control of weeds and insects was discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1490K) -
Satoshi YOSHINAGA, Kenzo WAKIMOTO, Kohei TASAKA, Ken-ichi MATSUSHIMA, ...2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 541-547
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe growth characteristics of hill-seeded rice were compared with those of broadcast-seeded rice to establish the submerged direct seeding cultivation using a newly developed 'Shooting hill-seeder'. The hill-seeded rice suffered from severe growth competition among individuals at an earlier growth stage, and showed a decrease in tillering and dry matter production until the maximum-tillering stage. The nitrogen uptake at the panicle-initiation stage was higher in hill-seeded rice, because the growth reduction at the early growth stage resulted in higher nitrogen content during the period between maximum-tillering and full-heading stage. However, a higher nitrogen uptake did not increase the number of spikelets in hill-seeded rice because of a greater decrease in the nitrogen content during the period between maximum-tillering stage and panicle-initiation stage as compared with that in broadcast-seeded rice. Furthermore, in the hill-seeded rice, a higher LAI at the maturing stage and higher photosynthetic rate due to higher nitrogen content of leaf blade at the full-heading stage seemed to result in an increase of dry matter production during the ripening period. These results suggest that the number of spikelets is increased by the improvement of nitrogen application resulting in an increase in yield of hill-seeded rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (1018K) -
Yoshifumi TAMURA2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 548-553
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of temperature, shade, and nitrogen application on the growth and contents of bioactive compounds in Plantago lanceolata L. were investigated by using two cultivars in a controlled environment. The cultivars that were grown at 15°C/10°C day/night temperatures were higher in top dry-matter weight, top dry-matter content, and the contents of acteoside, the phenylehtanoid glycosides, compared to those that were grown at 20°C/18°C temperatures. On the other hand, the contents of catalpol and aucubin, the iridoid glucosides, were higher in the plants grown at 20°C/18°C temperatures. It is assumed that the response of the accumulation of the compounds to temperature is different between phenylehtanoid and iridoid glucosides. Plants grown under shading treatment were lower in number of leaves per plant, top dry matter weights, and top dry matter contents, though they were higher in plant height. The contents of aucubin and acteoside were extremely lower in plants grown in the shade. It is apparent that shade represses the growth and accumulation of aucubin and acteoside in the cultivars of Plantago lanceolata L. Nitrogen application enhances the growth of the cultivars, especially the top fresh weight; on the other hand, it significantly diminished the top dry-matter content. The contents of aucubin and acteoside were apparently lower in the plants treated with nitrogen than in those that did not receive it.View full abstractDownload PDF (923K) -
Akihito Kusutani, Kazuyoshi UEDA, Takuya HASHIMOTO, Masahiro MOROKUMA, ...2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 554-560
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of the selection for leaf color in early generations on the grain-protein content and some other brewing characteristics in late generation was investigated in the crosses of Ooseto with Yamadanishiki and Ooseto with Matuyamamii. The leaf color (SPAD) values at heading time in the F2 population showed a normal distribution. The broad-sense heritabilities of leaf color estimated from F2 variance were 0.517 in the cross of Ooseto with Yamadanishiki and 0.397 in the cross of Ooseto with Matuyamamii. The selection for leaf color at heading time toward dark color (H group) and light color (L group) was continued from the F2 generation to F5 generation. In F6 lines, the mean value of the protein content of the H group was significantly higher than that of the L group. Plant length was longer and 1000 grain weight was lighter in the H group than in the L group. Days from transplanting to heading was shorter and the percentage of white core rice was higher in the H group. There was a significant correlation between the leaf color and the protein content. However, some lines in the H group had a higher protein content than the others at the same level of leaf color. The F5-F6 parent-offspring correlation of the leaf color was significant. From those results, it is considered that the leaf color at heading time in early generation can be used as a criterion for the selection for protein content.View full abstractDownload PDF (999K) -
Zhijian YANG, Osamu SASAKI, Tomohide SHIMOTASHIRO, Akinori NAKAGAMA2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 561-567
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Hunan Province in China, where double cropping of Indica rice is common, low-temperature damage on seedlings during the nursery period becomes a main problem in the first cropping. We examined the effect of low temperatures (8, 11 and 14°C) on the root growth and the bleeding rate of the seedlings during raising stage. Indica (Zhe9248, Xiang24), Japonica I (Koshihikari) and Japonica II (Tanshinwase, Hayayuki), which are characterized by their different low-temperature resistances, were used. The root growth and the bleeding rates of Indica and Japonica I were always inferior to those of Japonicall at each low temperature tested. In particular, it was noted that the bleeding rates of Indica and Japonica I have decreased promptly at treatment under 11°C but the bleeding rate of Japonica II was relatively high even at 8°C. It showed that the root growth and bleeding rate of the plants tested recovered when they were reset to the normal temperature (20°C) . The recoveries of the root growth and bleeding rate of Japonica II were higher than those of Indica and Japonica I. The degrees of recovery in both traits revealed their close relationship with the quantity of bleeding rate under the preceding low-temperature condition. Based on these results, the low-bleeding rate under the low temperature may be responsible for the inferior recovery of the root growth and the bleeding rate of Indica and Japonica I in comparison to Japonica II.View full abstractDownload PDF (1092K) -
Tomoyuki YUKAWA, Yasuo OHSHITA, Hirotoshi AWAZAKI, Jiro WATANABE2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 568-574
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been known that spring wheat sown immediately before continuous snow cover has higher quality and yield than that sown in spring in the heavy snowfall areas of Hokkaido. To increase the stability of the overwintering of spring wheat sown before continuous snow cover, some limiting factors for overwintering and improvement of wintering ability were studied. The number of germinated seeds increased from the 30th day under snow, and thereafter seminal root and coleoptile elongated. Though the seeds reached their germination percentage measured at 20°C before the 40th day under snow, the percentage of overwintering plants after snow thaw largely decreased. Under snow, snow mold (Typhura ishikariensis) on plants sown before continuous snow cover was observed, which seems to affect the overwintering ability. Germinating seeds at 20°or 2°C before sowing did not improve their overwintering ability. A low germination percentage did not affect overwintering ability, but a smaller number of plants and number of panicle per area decreased grain yield. These results suggest that overwintering ability was not related with the germination process, but it was limited by injury after germination under snow. Overwintering ability was improved by the use of large seeds, more than 2.2mm in diameter, which also affected rapid growth after snow thaw and increased grain yield. It was suggested that large seeds containing much nutrient can enhance plant growth under snow and especially regrowth after snow thaw.View full abstractDownload PDF (1641K) -
Masayuki KADOWAKI, Fumitake KUBOTA, Kazuyuki SAITOU2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 575-579
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe sink and source balance in a sweet potato plant was artificially changed by exogenously injecting a 6% sucrose solution into the cut end of the stem, and its effect on the photosynthate transport from leaves to roots were studied. The results obtained were as follows : The 13CO2 feeding experiment revealed that the sucrose injection enhanced the distribution ratio of photosynthate in roots. The injection directly before the commencement stage of root tuberization was the most effective in increment of root production, with a significant increase in the activity of adenosine 5'-diphosphate glucose pyrophophorylase (AGPase) . On the other hand, little effect was shown in a plant injected past this stage. It may be considered that the sucrose solution fed at the adequate growth stage quickly moved down to increase the sugar concentration in roots, and this acted as a trigger for increase in the activities of enzymes such as AGPase related to starch synthesis and then enhancement of the sink activity. This may lead to the promotion of photosynthate transport to roots and increase of root yield. Our experimental results suggest that the timely enhancement of source activity is important to activate the sink function of sweet potato roots.View full abstractDownload PDF (750K) -
Yoshiharu WADA, Maya SUZUKI, San-Iku YUN, Kunio MIURA, Kazuyuki WATANA ...2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 580-587
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSince rice is highly susceptible crops to water stress, it is important to improve drought resistance to increase and stabilize the rice yield under upland cultivation conditions. This study was conducted to elucidate the morphological and physiological characteristics related to drought resistance in diverse rice germplasm. Six cultivars including Japonica, Indica and Japonica-Indica hybrid cultivars were grown in a pot, suffering the same soil water deficit conditions at a vegetative growth stage. The reduction in leaf area growth and in dry matter production under water stress was smaller in IR36 and two Japonica -Indica hybrid cultivars, Suweon 287 and Suweon 290 than Japonica and Indica upland cultivars, Toyohatamochi and IRAT109. The reduction in leaf photosynthetic rate was also smaller in Suweon 287 and Suweon 290. IR36, Suweon 287 and Suweon 290 showed a semi dwarf morphological characteristic with a large tiller number. The partitioning of the net production directed much to roots and less to leaves under the water stress conditions in all cultivars tested. IR36 and Suweon 287 partitioned more net production to leaf sheaths. Suweon 287 showed good recovery after rewatering and partitioned much assimilates to roots after released from water stress.View full abstractDownload PDF (1084K) -
Yasunori ICHINOSE, Tatsuo KUWABARA, Kanenori TAKATA, Zenta NISHIO, Aki ...2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 588-594
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined the possibility to estimate the maximum viscosity (MV) of wheat flour by a multilayered film dry chemistry system. The trial slide was developed for the detection of α-amylase activity of wheat flour by using 4-Nitrophenyl -α'-D-maltoheptaoside-4, 6-o-ethylidene (EPS) as a substrate. The MV, falling number, and α-amylase activity were measured in various flours and whole wheat flour prepared by mixing grains of germinated and ungerminated grains in Chihoku -komugi and Hokushin, which are the main varieties in Hokkaido. There were significant correlations between the log of α-amylase activity and the log of MV, falling number value in flour and whole wheat flour, the MV and falling number value of flour and whole wheat flour in both varieties decreased when a -amylase activity increased. Therefore these results indicated that the multilayered film dry chemistry system can estimate the MV of wheat. To examine an application of a dry chemistry system for the practical evaluation of wheat, the falling number value and α-amylase activity of whole wheat flour in Hokushin collected at harvest-ripeness in fields were measured. The a -amylase activity in whole wheat flour also correlated with the falling number value (r= -O.672). The 310mU/g in α-amylase activity was equivalent to falling number 300 sec. These results indicate that the multilayered film dry chemistry system can be used as a useful method for the selection of wheat with low α-amylase activity and a high falling number value in field conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (886K) -
Kazue MIZUTA2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 595-598
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSN, P and K input into paddy fields from irrigation water in Fukuoka Prefecture were estimated from the data of N, P and K content in irrigation water X reported amount of irrigation water. Total N input was 21-30 kg/ha. The variation among regions was large and total N input in Chikugo was larger than in other regions. Total N input after booting was 10 kg/ha. Inorganic N input throughout the cultivation period was 11-15 kg/ha and that after booting was 5 kg/ha. Input of total P throughout the cultivation period was 1.5-2.2 kg/ha and that of P04-P was 0.8-1.2 kg/ha. K input was 29-42 kg/ha.View full abstractDownload PDF (557K) -
[in Japanese]2001 Volume 70 Issue 4 Pages 599-603
Published: December 05, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (849K)
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