Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
Volume 33, Issue 4
Displaying 1-37 of 37 articles from this issue
  • Yoshio HOZOYO, Keisabro ODA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 285-288
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Plants of Sekitorisai-No. 1 (brittle culm variety) and Haganamugi (stiff culm variety) were subjected to shading treatment at four different stages, ie. culm elongation stage, heading stage, milk stage, and paste stage. Effects of shading on culm growth was examined from the stand point of chemical composition of culm. Generally, it was observed that soluble nitrogen content was increased whereas content of cellulose and silica was decreased by shading. These changes can account for the lowering of culm strength caused by shading. Potassium was related slightly to the osmotic value of tissue juice, but it was not recognized to be directly related to the culm strength. The ratio of potassium to silica seems to express a physiological property of culm; the higher the ratio, the lower was the bending moment of culm.
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  • Yoshio HOZOYO, Keisabro ODA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 289-292
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Relation between the development of nodes and that of bending moment in nodes was researched. The bending moment in nodes was exceedingly larger than that in internodes. In the basal nodes, the bending moment showed the most large value, and in upper nodes it showed lower value. Cross section of nodes was considered as an ellipse, so we measured the long diameter and minor diameter. On the other hand, nodes were constituted by the culm and leaf sheath, so we measured the length of longitudinal direction of nodes including the leaf sheath. Consequently, those values became larger with the development of culms. The growth of culms reached to the maximum at the heading stage and afterward it declined. It was considered that the breaking of nodes in Haganemugi (stiff culm variety) related to shriveling of tissue in nodes and decline of bending moment in nodes. The ratio of bending moment in nodes to in internodes indicated the degree of stiffness of culms.
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  • Yoshio HOZOYO, Keisabro ODA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 293-296
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The effects of growth substances on development and bending moment of nodes were researched by tissues culture method using 6-rowed barley (Haganemugi, stiff culm variety, and Sekitorisai. No. 1, brittle culm variety). In this experiment, we used the following growth substances: α-naphthalene acetic acid, kinetin, and gibberellin. Morever, we used the water extracts of total plant or culms. The growth rate in the length of longitudinal direction of nodes was especially higher in Sekitorisai-No. 1 than in Haganemugi. On the other hand, in Haganemugi, the high growth rates in nodes length of the longitudinal direction of culm axis in the first and fifth nodes were observed. The nodes in Haganemugi have been same little growth rates. It was considered that the most effective substances were α-naphthalene acetic acid and kinetin, and gibberellin, the extract of total plant and that of culms were next to them.
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  • Yoshio HOZOYO, Keisabro ODA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 297-300
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The negative geotropism of nodes in 6-rowed barley (2 varieties were used : Haganemugi, stiff culm variety, and Sekitorisai-No. 1, brittle bulm variety) were studied in relation to the stimulus and temperatures. Generally, the reaction of negative geotropism was larger in Sekitorisai-No. 1, and more apparently in the basal node than in upper nodes. Stimulus was larger and temperature was higher, the reaction became larger. But in Haganemugi, the reaction was different in each node, so it was considered that the physiological states in each node were different in the variety. The negative geotropism of nodes continued untill the late growth stage, and especially so in the upper nodes. The reaction was disappeared by the treatment of α-naphthalene acetic acid in nodes. From the auto-recording diagram of the reaction, it was pointed out that the reaction began soon after the beginning of stimulus and a half of reaction finished in 36 hours after the beginning of reaction.
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  • Katsumi INADA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 301-308
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    For the purpose of estimating the deepness of green color and chlorophyll content per leaf area in intact leaves of crop plants, a type of chlorophyllo-meter was constructed, basing on the principle of a difference attenuance which corresponds the difference between the attenuance at 670 mμ attributable to chlorophyll contained in leaves and that at 750 mμ showing the basic absorption. From the photoelectric characters of chlorophyllo-meter, it was suggested that the reading (-log T) of the meter might be directly proportional to the quantity of chlorophyll present within the light path, provided that the leaf tissue is homogeneous and the chlorophyll content is less than a certain limit. The experimental results may clear the following points: (1) High correlations exist between the order of reading and that of deepness of green color judged by naked eye in rice leaves, particularly in case where the reading difference was greater than 10 per cent (Table 1). (2) Relation between the reading and chlorophyll content per leaf area was studied in several crop plants including rice, wheat, Italian rye grass and sweet potato. As the result, very high positive correlations were obtained within respective plant kind when the leaf parts determined were relatively homogeneous exclusive of the midrib or veins (Figs. 5 and 8B), while some lowering in the correlation was noticed when the midrib was placed in the center of light path in graminaceous plants (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8A). (3) Regression coefficient of chlorophyll content per leaf area to the reading differs widely according to the kind of plants. There was not, however, much difference in coefficient among the plants which are included in the same family (Fig. 9). It was concluded that the chlorophyllo-meter may be used for determining the deepness of green color and estimating the chlorophyll content per area in intact plant leaves.
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  • Katsumi INADA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 309-314
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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  • Katsumi INADA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 315-323
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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  • Hiroshi SUGE, Noboru YAMADA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 324-329
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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  • Hiroshi SUGE, Noboru YAMADA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 330-334
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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  • Ichiro TANAKA, Kazuma NOJIMA, Yoshimasa UEMURA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 335-343
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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  • Masayuki TODA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 344-350
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Some experiments on the artificial induction of injury, same to the one found at the region of Shigarami, were conducted by the author using a refrigerator. The results of the experiments were as follows: 1) The same type of the injury caused by the chilling at the region of Shigarami could be induced by treating wheat variety Norin No. 27 at the heading stage with a low temperature of 1-2°C. for 4 hours. 2) Only the ears at the heading stage among various stages were found to receive the greatest injury by the treatment. And the ears at a stage few days earlier orlater than the heading stage received no injury. 3) The threshold temperature by which the injury arises was somewhat different according to wheat varieties, physiological conditions of plant, and air moisture in the refrigerator. Under a certain condition, the occurrence of the injury required a low temperature 0°C.
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  • Masayuki TODA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 351-356
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The abnormal pollens which have empty cytoplasm were never observed somewhat before the heading stage of Norin No. 39 at the region of Shigarami in 1957, but were remarkably observed after the heading stage. Cytological studies on the injured ears produced by artificial induction were performed in 1962. 1) The abnormality of pollen similar to that in injured ears at the region of Shigarami was found out also in the injured ears induced by the artificial low temperature. 2) Types of the abnormal pollen could be mainly classified into two kinds, immature pollen and degenerated pollen. The immature pollen tended to arise, when the injurious low temperature was relatively severe. 3) The anthers in the injured florets contained the abnormal pollen generally in proportion of more than 50 %. 4) It seemed that the pollen abnormality is caused by gradual physiological processes acompanied with a decrease in the function of the anther, and neither from direct and quick actions of low temperature at the heading stage, nor from chromosomal aberrations at the PMC stage, and nor from abnormal swelling of the tapetum. 5) It was thought to be difficult to express the sensitive stage to low temperature with the cytological stage of pollen, but to be better to express it with the anther stage. The development of ovary in the injured glume stopped suddenly after the flowering stage, although it was normally performed until just before the flowering stage. All the injured glumes were re-opened in a few days after the flowering stage. And it was clear by the observation in use of the microscope that the injured grains were not fertilized. The injured grains induced by the refrigerator was nonfertilized ones similar to those induced by the natural conditions at the region of Shigarami.
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  • Masayuki TODA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 357-361
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    A comparison was performed between the theoretical values expressing the degree of the injury calculated from the experimental results and the observed values of that of wheat plants which suffered the chilling injury at the region of Shigarami. 1) The theoretical values were calculated from two numerical data the degree of the injury per every heading date obtained from the artificial low temperature treatment and also from the investigated results of heading status in the fields. 2) It was found that the theoretical values and the observed values agreed considerably, when the two values were applied to the experiments on the seeding period at the region of Shigarami. 3) This fact is thought to indicate that the quantitative estimation of the injury by the chilling may be possible.
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  • Masayuki TODA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 362-365
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    It has been pointed out that the sterile type caused by the chilling is universally found out in such provinces as San-in, Tokai-kinki, and Kanto, which have predominantly acidic soil.
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  • Takashi YASUNAGA, Yoshiko OMORI
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 366-370
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Optimum condition for measuring apparent viscosity of wheat flour suspention in lactic acid with McMichael type viscometer were reexamined to evaluate gluten quality with smaller amount of samples and more simple procedures than those used today. The procedure proposed on the base of this examination proved to be available for detecting and estimating those characteristics in dough, expressed as low resistance/extensibility on extensigram, which are seen very frequently on Japanese domestic wheat.
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  • Koichi TAJIMA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 371-374
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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  • Koichi TAJIMA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 375-378
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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  • Masaharu SHIMIZU
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 379-387
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The morghogenetic effects of gibberellin on rice plants were studied, providing several plots according to the time of gibberellin application. Gibberellin was applied at the concentration of 100 ppm and 500 ppm as foliar spray or soil treatment. Available results are as followings. 1) When gibberellin is applied at the stage of early vegetative growth, the number of tillers is increased and the leaf blade, leaf sheath and internode which are under the rapid elongation stages at that time, show marked elongation. 2) In the case of application at the stage of late vegetative growth, the date of young panicle differentiation is hastened distinctly, while the number of leaves is increased on the other hand. 3) When gibberellin is applied at the stage of young panicle differentiation, branches, especially the secondary ones and pedicels of the panicle show striking increments in number and consequently the number of spikelets is increased conspicuously, while the ratio of unfertilized spikelets grows larger than that of the control. 4) The date of heading is slightly promoted by the application at the just before heading time due to a rapid elongation of the upper internodes. 5) More cells and mitotic figures are observed in shoot apices and internodes of the treated plants than in those of the control. 6) Various abnormalities as shown in photograph No. 4 are caused by gibberellin application. From the results above mentioned followings are considered. The effect of gibberellin is not specific to the growth or differentiation of organs and tissues, but varies according to the physiological state of them at the moment of application. Referring to the growth of cell, the effect of gibberellin appears not only in cell elongation but also in cell multiplication and accelerates the meristematic activity. From the fact that branches and spikelets of the panicle treated show marked increases in number, gibberellin is thought to have some effect to advance the differentiation of vascular bundles in the panicle. Phenomena of the frequent appearance of bract leaf and well development of the primary branch at the first bract, suggest that gibberellin may have some physiological act in revelation and development of degenerate organs or tissues, though sometimes induces morphogenetic disorders.
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  • Nobuo CHONAN
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 388-393
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The mesophyll structure of leaves inserted at different levels of the main shoot of wheat plants were observed. In the leaves of wheat plant, most of the mesophyll cells, the arm-palisade cells, have several lateral protuberances developed at right angles to the leaf surface. The number of protuberances in a mesophyll cell increase from the lower to the upper leaves. The average cell length is longer in the upper leaves than that in the lower, and there are positive linear relationships between the number of protuberances and the cell length as far as the leaves in the same levels are concerned. The ratio of the protuberance length to the cell width is higher in the upper leaves. The diameter of protuberance is shorter in the upper leaves. In the leaves at lower levels, the protuberance diameter decreases from the base to the top of leaf portions, on the other hand, such a obvious relation is not seen in the upper leaves. The ratio of the cell surface to the cell volume is raised as the number of protuberances increase, and the number of cells per unit leaf area is increased from the lower to the upper leaves. Therefore, the total cell surface per unit leaf area is greater in the upper leaves, comparing with that in the lower leaves. Generalizing from the observations in this study, it may be concluded that the upper leaves have a relatively more strongly developed arm-palisade tissue than the lower leaves.
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  • Hiroyoshi CHUJO
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 394-398
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    To make clear the varietal difference in critical daylength of short day vernalization response of barley, sixteen naked varieties and seventeen covered varieties of barley were treated for three weeks under 8, 11, 14, and 20 hour daylength. Almost all the varieties showed the pronounced short day vernalization effect under 8 hour daylength. Under 11 and 14 hour daylength, however, there was difference in short day vernalization effect among the varieties. The varieties were classified into three grades, i. e. A, B, and C on their short day vernalization response under S, 11, and 14 hour daylength compared with that under 20 hour daylength. The trend of short day vernalization response of the varieties under 11 of 14 hour daylength which depended on their critical daylength was not parallel with that under 8 hour daylength. The schematic curve of short day vernalization response under different daylength was discussed.
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  • Masami HIMEDA, Seiichi IZUMI
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 399-402
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The experiment was performed to find out the effect of irregular disposition of drill-seeded rice plants upon yield in direct sowing culture. Row of 1 m length was divided into ten equal sections (10 cm row) and number of plants in them was varied. Co-efficient of variation (cv) of number of plants in 10 cm row was used as the index of irregular disposition and five plots of cv 0 %, 30 %, 60 %, 100 %, and 150 %, were established. 1. The more irregular disposition of plants was, the more decrease in grain weight (per unit area) was. It's degree was more remarkable in Fujiminori (early maturing and panicle type variety) than in Manryo (medium maturing and medium tiller type variety). 2. Decrease of grain weight was caused by that of number of panicles (per unit area). In Fujiminori, number of panicles decreased according as irregularity in disposition of plants increased. grain weight per panicle being remained unchanged. Therefore grain weight decreased in proportion to increase in irregularity of plant disposition. In Manryo, however, grain weight per panicle increased though number of panicles decreased. Accordingly decrease of grain weight compared with the plot of cv 0 % was not observed in plots of cv 30∼100 %. 3. In Fujiminori, decrease of grain weight with irregular disposition of plants was more marked in the case of low seeding density than in that of high one. In Manryo, however, the difference of the effect of irregular disposition on grain weight caused by different spacing densities was not clear.
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  • Yoshimichi NAGASE, shohei TAKEMURA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 403-408
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The relations among planting time, plant population and irrigation in corn culture were investigated in order to appraise the practicability of irrigation in an early and a late season culture, in 1962. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) Weight of stover per are was decreased strikingly in late planting and increased with dense population and by irrigation. The effect of irrigation which appeared on the length of internode was larger in high population from early growing period. (2) The interval between tasseling and silking time and the percentage of barren plants were decreased by irrigation and were increased by late planting, and increased strikingly with increasing plant population in late planting. The irrigation lessened remarkably their increase by late planting and high population. (3) The number of kernels per m2 was increased by irrigation and was decreased by late planting. In early planting, the number of kernels per m2 increased as increasing plant population in both irrigated and non-irrigated plots. But in late planting, the number of kernels per m2 decreased with increasing population in the case of non-irrigation and increased with population rise in the case of irrigation. The irrigation lessened the decrease by late planting. The reason of different effects of dense population between irrigation and non-irrigation was considered as follows. Irrigation decreases the percent of barren plants and sustains the increasing of number of ears per are by high population and in addition lessens strikingly the decrease of number of kernels per ear by high population throuth the increase of length of ear and the decrease of variation of ear size. (4) Weight of 1, 000 kernels was increased by irrigation and was decreased by late planting and decreased with increasing plant population. The quality of grain was deteriorated by late planting, and was scarcely practical value except the case of low population level in irrigated plots. (5) The yields of grain showed similar tendency to kernel numbers per m2. The yields of grain were increased remarkably by irrigation and were decreased notably by late planting. In early planting, the yields of grain increased with population rise in both irrigated and non-irrigated plots, however, in late planting, decreased with increasing plant population in the case of non-irrigation, but increased with population rise to the population of 833 plants per are in the case of irrigation. On the yields of grain, the interactions of irrigation × plating time (0.1 % level) and irrigation × plant population in late planting (1 % level) were significant. (6) By the above results, it was made clear that 1) high grain yields of corn in early season culture are obtained by irrigation and higher plant population, and 2) late season culture of corn (planting early in July) is unvaluable in the case of non-irrigation but considerable high yields and relative good quality of grain are obtained in the cese of irrigation at low population level.
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  • Kazuyuki WATANABE, Toshio KODAMA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 409-413
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Experiments were made to probe the effects which the soils of different bulk densities would have on the conditions of crop plants in their early growth stage. 1) The authers, using a kind of crop plants, examined the effects which the soils of different bulk densities would have on their conditions observed in their early stage of growth. As a result, it was known that the effects in question are different according to the kind of crop plants. As a matter of fact, the growth of such kinds as soybean, buckwheat, Japanese radish, Chinese cabbage, cucumber and pumpkin was hampered considerably, whereas no remarkable growth-inhibiting effects were observed in the case of sorghum, upland rice and paddy rice under the high bulk density of soil. It was also observed that the growth of the roots of crop plants in its early stage was liable to be affected by the soil of high bulk density much more than that of the upper parts of such plants. 2) The germinating capacities of various types of crop plant seeds in water were compared with one another to probe the effects the controlled supply of oxygen would have on such capacities at the germinating time. The result was that those crop plants which had attained good germinating and growing conditions even under the controlled supply of oxygen were mostly those which were not easily affected by the relatively high bulk density of soil (in this case, correlation coefficient γ= + 0.62). 3) The effects which the soils of different structures would have on the early-stage growth of crop plants were examined by the use of the soils which were aggregated under the effect of soil conditioners, together with their original soils. Those crop plants whose growth conditions were considerably improved by the aggregated soil were Japanese radish and buckwheat, and no such effect was observed in the case of paddy rice and barnyard millet. 4) In studying the effects which the soils of different bulk densities and under different aerating conditions would have on the early-stage growth of crop plants, it was found that the effects in question were different on the kind of the crop plants used. That is, the growth of sweet potato plant and soybean was liable to be affected adversely when soil aeration was not good. In the case of corn, the growth was affected more by the soil strength than by the soil aerating conditions. As for upland rice, its growth was less affected by such soil physical conditions than three other crop plants.
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  • Kazuyuki WATANABE, Toshio KODAMA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 414-417
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Using upland rice, soybean, sweet potato, soiling corn and cucumber as specimens, the authors studied the effects of the soils of different bulk densities and moisture contents (in this experiment, brown-colored volcanic ash soil was used) would have on the growth and yield of crop plants. The result was that the effects of the varying soil physical conditions due to the difference in its bulk density and moisture content were different depending on the kind of the crop plants used. But in all the kinds, conditions were largely influenced by the magnitude of the soil air capacity. In fact, the yield was lowered when the capacity in question was extremely small (or when the soil bulk density or moisture content was relatively high). In this case, the rate of decrease in the yield differed according to the kind of crop plants-the rate was high in the case of sweet potato plants (weight of tuberous roots), cucumber plants (number of fruits) and soybean plants (weight of grains), and was relatively low in the case of upland rice (weight of grains) and soiling corn (weight of parts protruding above the ground). In the authors' experiment, the yield of crop plants increased with the rise of the soil air capacity. When this capacity rose beyond a certain level, however, the moisture content of the soil decreased correspondingly, and as a result, the yield was lowered. This phenomenon was especially evident in the case of upland rice, and was least noticeable in soiling corn. Thus, the soil air capacity favorably affecting the yield of crop plants differed according to their kinds. The influence of the soil air capacity at various levels on the total weight of crop plants was, generally speaking, similar to such influence on their yield. In the case of sweet potato plants, however, the soil air capacity required for the growth of their upper parts was different from that required for the growth of their tuberous roots. That is to say, the soil air capacity, when decreased, had less unfavorable effects on the growth of the upper parts than on the growth of the tuberous roots. This goes to show that the effects of diffects of different soil air capacities differ from one part of the crop plant to another.
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  • Kazuyuki WATANABE, Toshio KODAMA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 418-422
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The authors clarified the relationship between the type of soil and various soil-managing methods (control of soil bulk density, moisture content, height of ridges and amount of fertilizers), on one hand, and the soil air capacity and the soil air composition, on the other, and studied the effects these factors would have on the growth and yield of the sweet potato plant. 1) The soil air capacity was found to decrease when the soil bulk density became higher or when the soil moisture content became larger. Also, the capacity in question was larger where the height of ridges was larger, than where the height in question was smaller. In terms of the type of soil, the capacity was smaller in the alluvial soil and larger in the volcanic ash soil. As for the change in the soil air capacity after tilling, the capacity decreased considerably in the alluvial soil with the lapse of time, while it decreased very slowly in the sandy soil. The air capacity of the volcanic ash soil was affected also by the soil-managing methods to a greater extent than that of the sandy soil. 2) In the brown-colored volcanic ash soil, the composition of air contained in it is closely related with its air capacity. The O2 concentration in the air in question was lowered when the soil air capacity became smaller, and the CO2 concentration in it increased under the same condition. But the effect was different depending on the type of soil a significant correlationship was observed between the soil air capacity and the CO2 concentration in the soil air in the case of the alluvia soil and the volcanic ash soil, but no such correlationship was noticed in the case of the sandy soil and the aggregated alluvial soil. 3) With regard to the relationship between the soil air capacity and the composition of soil air, on one hand, and the growth and yield of the sweet potato plant, on the other, the growth of the upper parts of the plants was male active when the CO2 concentration in the soil air was increased, whereas the growth of the tuberous roots was checked under the same condition, and as a result, the weight of the tuberous roots was reduced. All this goes to show that the soil air capacity needed to assure the growth of the upper parts of the plant is different from that required for the growth of the tuberous roots, and that therefore the different soil air capacities have their respective influences on the distribution of the substances produced through photosynthesis among the upper and underground parts of the plant.
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  • Shin-ichiro KAWATA, Hidejiro SHIBAYAMA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 423-431
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    In rice plants the lateral root originates in the pericyclic cells of the crown root opposite to a protophloem and between two protoxylems. Before the initiation of such root primordium the nuclei in a group of pericyclic cells gather in a certain zone (Fig. 3B, "R") and the density of the protoplasm around it becomes higher (Fig. 3). Similar phenomenon is also found in the adjacent endodermal cells (Fig. 4 and 5). After that, this group of the pericyclic cells undergoes anticlinal division (Fig. 6) followed by periclinal division (Fig. 7-10). The same phenomenon is also observed in the cells of the endodermis (Fig. 12 and 13). In this stage, the cells derived from such division in the endodermis are divided into two sets, one forms "Tasche" and the second forms the epidermis of the basal part of the lateral root primordium (Fig. 12, 13 and 17.20). In the crown roots of rice plants two kinds of lateral roots are recognized, one is thicker in diameter than the other. The thick one is different from the thin one in, the number of cell layers in the cortex, and the organization in the stele. Both primodia in the early stage are much alike anatomically, but at a certain stage of development they are markedly different in thickness (Fig. 17-20). This difference is mainly contributed to the periclinal division which takes place in the endodermis of one more than the other.
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  • Juro FUKUI, Mutsuo OJIMA, Iwao WATANABE
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 432-436
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The studies were carried out in an attempt to make contribution to the establishment of principles regarding seed production of soybean plants, by elucidating the photosynthetic properties. Measurement of photosynthesis was performed with intact leaves under artificial light. The following results were obtained. Under saturating light condition, photosynthetic activity of soybean leaves increased slowly and reached maximum value at about 60∼120 minutes after insertion in chamber. Apparent photosynthesis and respiration were measured with seedlings at various temperatures ranging from 5 to 40°C. Within the range from 15 to 30°C, temperature little affected the apparent photosynthetic rate, though slight depression was obsered above 26°C up to 30°C. While outside the range from 15 to 30°C, temperature depressed the activity the more severely the more it diverged the range. The optimum temperature of true photosynthesis was found at about 26°C.
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  • Mutsuo OJIMA, Juro FUKUI, Iwao WATANABE
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 437-442
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Using the intact leaves of non-nodulated soybean variety, T 201, the effect of three nutrient elements supply on the photosynthetic rate of leaves was investigated. And then, using the mature intact leaves of soybean variety, Norin No. 2, the apparent photosynthetic rate was continuously measured for 24 hours under constant temperature, light intensity, using the out door air as CO2 source. The following results were obtained. 1. Soybean plants were supplied with different amount levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. It was found that nitrogen gave limiting influence to photosynthesis and the photosynthetic rate was promoted with increasing nitrogen content in leaves. While the rate of photosynthesis was scarcely affected by phosphorus, potassium and water content. In most case, respiratory rate showed a close correlation with photosynthetic rate. 2. The photosynthetic rate of leaves attained to the highest value at the time of completion of leaf expansion. The highest value continued for about one week, and afterward activity declined gradually. 3. The diurnal fluctuation in the photosynthesis of leaves showed a close relationship with CO2 concentration in air. But, even when kept under constant temperature, light intensity and CO2 concentration, it was observed that there existed the endogenous rhythm of photosynthetic rate which declined at night and recovered in the morning.
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  • Keishi URANO, Yasutaka TAKIZAWA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 443-449
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Four corn varieties, each representing early, medium and late maturity were sown respectively at various times from April 30 to August 5, and their fresh weight was investigated in 1959 and 1960 at the kikyogahara Branch of Nagano Agricultural Experiment Station. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Fresh weight of early maturing variety planted somewhat late is comparatively heavier than that planted at the other dates. While, fresh weight of late maturing variety planted earlier is heavier than that planted at the other dates. Increase in culm length shows a tendency similar to that of fresh weight throughout the growth period. In this respect, medium maturing variety shows the intermediate tendency between those of early and late maturing varieties. 2. Days from emergence to tassel differentiation are less in the cases of later planting. The time of tassel differentiation of early maturing variety is earlier than those of later maturing ones. The tassel of early variety initiates before the lowest internode begins to elongate. The duration of the lowest internode elongation is constant among varieties, if they are seeded at the same time. 3. Days from emergence to tassel differentiation or to the time of the lowest node elongation are affected by mean temperature and are scarcely affected by day length during the course of plant growth. 4. The fresh weight at the time of young tassel formation is varied according to planting time and also to varieties. 5. Fresh weight of plants during the time from the lowest ioternode elongation to tasselling is affected by temperature in the case of early maturing variety, while those of the medium and late maturing variety are affected by day length as well as by temperature. Extreme late maturing varieties are affected mainly by photoperiod. The earlier the tassel differentiation begins the less fresh weight is. 6. In early maturing variety, the degree of elongation of the lower internodes is remarkable when planted somewhat late. When planted extremely late, the elongation of the upper internode is inhibited by low temperatre and the number of nodes decreases. The elongetion rates of upper internode ate affected ramarkably by low temperature in the case of late maturing varieties planted rate, while the elongation of lower internode is promoted in the preceeding warm condition. Therefore in later maturing variety, the culm length of earlier planted one is longer than that of later planted one.
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  • keishi URANO, Susumu SAKAGUCHI
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 450-453
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Early and late maturing varieties of corn plants were planted during the period from April 30 to July 6. The following conclusions were drawn out from this experiment. The grain yield of early maturing variety planted somewhat late is comparatively more than that planted at the other times of the season. On the other hand, grain yield of late maturing variety planted earlier is more than that of late planted ones. In the case of early maturing variety, dry matter weight per plant is less in the earlier planted one than those in somewhat late planted ones throughout the growth period. In the case of late maturing variety, during the early stage of growth period, accumulation of dry matter in early planted one is more than those in the later planted ones. During the time from early stage of growth period to silking, increase in dry matter weight of early planted one shows the tendency almost similar to that in the later planted ones. After silking, increase in dry matter weight of early planted one is accelerated more than that in the later planted ones. Increase in nitrogen and carbohydrate content seemes to be similar to that in dry matter weight throughout the growth period. Early maturing variety is insensitive to day length. Therefor, once the plant has accomplished its basic vegetative growth, tassel primordium differentiates even under long day regime. Assimilated carbohydrates are accumulated in grains under ideal condition throughout the ripening period in early as well as in middle planted ones, however, vegetative growth of the former is less strong than that of the latter, because the former plant has grown under lower temperature than the others during the course of vegetative growth. In consequence, amount of carbohydrate accumulated in grains is less in early planting. Plant growth and yield of early maturing variety planted late are less than those planted at the other time of season due to the same reason as the case of late maturing varieties planted late. On the other hand, late maturing variety is sensitive to day length. Tassel primordium does not differentiate untill day length become shorter, so amount of vegetative growth is more than that of early maturing variety. In late planting, however shorter day length restricts vegetative growth and lower temperature during ripening period degresses photosynthesis and accumulation of cabohydrate in grains, and these bring decrease in yield finally. Grain yield is better when seeds are planted earlier.
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  • Akio OSADA, Yoshio MURATA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 454-459
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The varietal differences of photosynthetic activity among rice varieties and their relationship to dry-matter-production were studied with twelve varieties at seedling and maximum tillering stages, the results being as follows: (1) Relatively stable varietal difference was found with varieties tested through young and adult plants grown under different cultivating conditions. It was also observed that early maturing varieties tended to have higher activities than late maturing ones. (2) Photosynthetic activities of varieties at the former growth stage were determined by protein-nitrogen content on unit leaf area. (3) When leaf area was not too big or solar radiation was abundant, relative growth rates of varieties were determined by photosynthetic rate on unit leaf area through net assimilation rate.
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  • Akio OSADA, Yoshio MURATA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 460-466
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In ripening period, rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area, respiratory activity, leaf area, dry-matter-production, grain yield and yield components of six rice varieties grown under different nitrogen levels were determined in reference to adaptability for heavy manuring. Results obtained are as follows: (1) Under high nitrogen level, the rate of photosynthesis was greater in varieties more suitable for heavy manuring than in less suitable ones. On the other hand, the rate of increase in respiration and leaf area were greater in less ones. (2) When solar radiation was scarce promotion of dry-matter-increase during ripening period by increasing supply of nitrogen was higher in suitable varieties. (3) Further, as the more general characters of rice varieties : When solar radiation was not scarce, varietal difference in dry-matter-increase and panicle weight were governed mainly by photosynthetic activity. (4) It was seen through all the varieties tested that the percentage of ripened grains was determined chiefiy by the ratio of photosynthetic rate on unit leaf area to the product of leaf area and the number of total spikelets both on unit field area.
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  • Atsuhiko KUMURA, Isao NANIWA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 467-472
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Soybean plants, var Shirohara-Sai No. 1 were cultivated under field condition, and the various, characters related to photosynthesis and respiration were observed at about two weeks intervals. The results obtained are as follows; (1) Total area of green leaves increases upto the begining of ripening and then decreases because of senescence. (2) Photosynthetic activity (photosynthetic rate per unit area of leaf) of individual leaves of main stem increases with the development of the leaves and after attaining a maximum value, declines with progress of senescence. These processes proceed successively from lower leaves to upper leaves. However, in several upper leaves, senescence occurs simultaneously with advancement of maturation irrespective of the time of formation. The maximum value of photosynthetic activity of each leaf rises with the rise of the position of leaf on the main stem. (3) Photosynthetic activity of the leaves of main stem is higher than that of the leaves of branches. (4) Total photosynthetic capacity of leaves (sum of photosynthetic rate of individual leaves on plant) increases with growth upto the begining of ripening and then decreases. (5) Green pods have somewhat photosynthetic capacity but is small compared to that of the leaves. (6) Green part of stem has photosynthetic capacity, too, but of lower rate than that of pods. (7) Respiratory activity (respiration rate per unit weight of tissue) is highest in leaf, lowest in stem and intermediate in root. Respiratory activity of young pods is very high, but with progress of ripening it declines rapidly. (8) At the first half of the growth period, respiratory capacity (total amount of respiration of each part of plant) is largest in leaves and is relatively small in other parts. At the second half of the growth, both pods and leaves are predominant in respiratory capacity.
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  • Atsuhiko KUMURA
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 473-481
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The influence of light intensity on photosynthetic rate of soybean plant population was studied with reference to light receiving aspect of the assimilation system. In this investigation, light condition was limited to the case where the intensity varies only by the change in weather condition. The case where horizontal light intensity varies with the variation in the angle of incidence, was eliminated to simplify the analysis of the problem. Light-photosynthesis relation was observed with the population as well as with single leaves. Light receiving aspect of the assimilation system was investigated by measuring the light intensity on the surface of the individual leaves under various light conditions. Then the photosynthetic response of the population to light intensity was analyzed on the basis of light-photosynthesis relation of single leaves and the light receiving pattern of the whole assimilation system. The results obtained are as follows; (1) The photosynthetic rate of single leaf increases rapidly with the increase in light intensity upto 15 Klx and then more slowly upto 25 Klx. Above this the photosynthetic rate is almost constant or rises only slightly. (2) Also in the photosynthesis of the population, light saturation was observed in general. (3) Under the condition in which the population is not so luxuriant and the spatial arrangement of the leaves is simple, light saturation is brought about by the saturation of individual leaves of whole assimilation system. Under full luxuriant condition, however, light saturation of population photosynthesis is not based on the saturation of individual leaves but on the mode of light receiving in the assimilation system, that is, any increase in the intensity of incident light beyond a certain limit will result only in a corresponding increase in the illumination of the already saturated upper leaves, while the unsaturated lower leaves remain practically unaffected.
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  • Koji ITO
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 482-486
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The method of measuring the photosynthesis with detached leaves of sugar beet plant was investigated, and some fundamental problems on measurement of photosynthesis were also examined. The results are summarized as follows. (1) The photosynthesis of leaf blade was not affected by cutting the petiole under the condition of air temperature ranging from 18°C to 28°C and of normal air humidity. (2) In order to maintain the photosynthetic ability of detached leaf as high as before excision, it was necessary to supply water to leaf blade from the cut end of petiole. And it was effective in maintenance of photosynthetic ability for a longer period, to keep the inside of the leaf chamber in high humidity and moderate temperature. (3) The leaf temperature under light intensity of about 40 Klx could be kept at the same level as the air temperature in the leaf chamber, by the placement of a water filter of adequate thickness between the light sourse and chamber. (4) There was a linear relationship between relative photosynthetic intensity and mean CO2 concentration in the leaf chamber. This relationship was represented by the following formula; P=0.482·C-44.5, where P=relative photosynthetic intensity (P=100 at C=300ppm), and C=CO2 concentration in the chamber. (5) The diurnal variation in photosynthetic ability was hardly detected.
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  • Koji ITO
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 487-491
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The abilities and some characters in photosynthesis and respiration of single leaf of sugar beet plant were studied with leaves of different positions. The intensity of photosynthesis was measured under a condition of almost constant CO2 concentration of about 300 ppm. The results are summarized as follows. (1) Total photosynthetic and respiratory abilities of top parts of a plant increase at a little lower rate than that of the increment of total leaf area and total dry weight, respectively. (2) Photosynthetic ability per unit leaf area is highest in leaves of middle position, and is lower in leaves of upper and lower positions. On the other hand, respiratory ability per unit leaf dry weight is highest in leaves of upper position, and is lowest in leaves of lower position. As for the photosynthetic ability per leaf, the leaves of middle position have the highest photosynthetic ability because of their large leaf area as well as their high photosynthetic ability per unit leaf area. The respiratory ability in the leaves of middle position is higher than that of any other leaves because of their heavier dry weight. (3) The temperature coefficient (Q10) of respiration is about 1.8 at the temperature ranging from 20°C to 35°C. This value is a little smaller at the temperature ranging from 10°C to 20°C. (4) Photosynthesis is hardly affected by temperature ranging from 10°C to 35°C, which is an ordinary temperature condition in culture field of sugar beet plant. (5) Light response curve of photosynthesis is saturation curve, having a saturation point at the light intensity of about 30 Klx. (6) These characters of leaves mentioned in (3), (4), and (5), are not appreciably different from leaves of different positions and of different growth stages of plant during about five months after sowing.
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  • Koji ITO
    1965 Volume 33 Issue 4 Pages 492-498
    Published: June 15, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effect of light on the photosynthesis in the community of sugar beet plants was studied from the view point of intensity of light received by the individual leaves of the community. The results obtained are as follows. (1) Light response curves of photosynthesis in community obtained by calculation on the basis of light intensity on the surface of individual leaves and light response curves of photosynthesis of individual leaves, showed the same tendency as those obtained by direct measurement on photosynthesis of community. (2) These light response curves are light saturation curves, having a saturation point at the horizontal light intensity of ca. 40 Klx. The similar fact is seen in the communities of different leaf area indices (LAI) ranging from 0.9 to 5.6. Light receiving coefficient (ρ) under the incident horizontal light intensity where the photosynthesis shows saturation phenomenon, is lower than 1, and the higher the LAI of community, the lower the ρ. (3) When the horizontal light intensity of incident light becomes higher, some leaves in community receive more and more intense light. However, there remain some leaves on which light intensity does not increase, regardless of the increment of incident light intensity. Even though horizontal light inetnsity gets higher than 30 or 40 Klx, the area of leaves that receive light intensity below the saturation point, does not decrease, and their mean light intensity does not increases either. Consequently photosynthetic rates of these leaves remain at low level. On the other hand, accompanying with the increase of incident light intensity, the photo synthetic intensity of another leaves will become higher untill light intensity of these leaves reaches at saturation point of single leaves. These circumstances cause the light saturation phenomenon in photosynthesis in community. (4) The percentage of leaves whose photosynthetic intensity remains at low level, increases as the LAI of community becomes higher, resulting in the lower ρ in the community of larger LAI.
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