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Volume 76 (2007)
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Volume 76, Issue 1
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
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Review
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Takayuki Kashiwagi, Naoki Hirotsu, Yuka Madoka, Taiichiro Ookawa, Ken ...2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 1-9
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLodging is the most important problem in rice production, because it causes yield loss through poor grain filling, lowers grain quality, and lowers the efficiency of mechanical harvesting. The improvement of lodging resistance involves three targets; dwarfing, increase in physical strength of stem, and increase in sturdiness of the lower part. This article reviews the current knowledge for improvement in lodging resistance in rice bleeding.View full abstractDownload PDF (1267K)
Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Masami Furuhata, Yuuhi Iwaki, Susumu Arima2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 10-17
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined the factors affecting seedling emergence and establishment of rice direct seeded in flooded paddy field using 128 rice cultivars. The emergence and establishment of the seedlings in a concrete-frame rice field drained after seeding the germinated seeds were investigated in relation to the elongation rate of coleoptile under anaerobic conditions. In the concrete-frame rice field, the rate of seedling emergence was positively correlated with the percentage of emerged seedlings at 14 days after seeding (DAS). The percentage of emerged seedlings at 14 DAS was positively correlated with the percentage of the second-leaf emerged and third-leaf emerged and these values were positively correlated with the dry weight of above ground parts. The elongation rate of coleoptile under anaerobic conditions was positively correlated with the emergence rate and percentage of emerged seedlings at 14 DAS in the concrete-frame rice field. These results suggest that the elongation rate of coleoptile under anaerobic conditions influences seedling emergence rate, and that early seedling emergence increases the percentage of emerged and established seedlings and also the early growth of rice direct seeded in flooded paddy fields.View full abstractDownload PDF (1056K) -
Akira Fukushima2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 18-27
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of timing of nitrogen topdressing on morphological traits were investigated in three rice varieties: Hinohikari, Takanari and Akenohoshi. Rice plants in the field were topdressed 39 days before heading (very early), 29 days before heading (early),19 days before heading (standard), and 8 days before heading (late). The number of differentiated spikelets per panicle was the largest for early topdressing, and the number of degenerated spikelets per panicle was the smallest for standard topdressing. As a result, the number of spikelets per panicle was the largest for early and standard topdressing. Leaf blades and sheaths were longer in the leaf position where the leaf was rapidly elongating at the time of topdressing. However the length of internode was not clearly affected by the topdressing timing. The leaf area index was increased by very early and early topdressing, but the top dry weight was not clearly affected by the timing of topdressing. The number of shoots per area was increased by very early topdressing, but the number of panicles per area was not different among very early, early and standard topdressing. The number of spikelets per area was the largest for early and standard topdressing. The responses to topdressing for the number of differentiated spikelets per panicle, the length of leaf blade, and the leaf area index were the largest in Takanari. These results suggest that it is important to distinguish varietal differences when measuring the morphological response to nitrogen topdressing.View full abstractDownload PDF (1112K) -
Sachiko Ikenaga, Nika Matsumoto, Tatsuya Inamura2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 28-36
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe source of the variation of yield and yield components of paddy rice was analyzed in the paddy-upland rotational fields (rice-wheat-soybean) and in the single-cropped paddy fields from 1998 to 2003. Yield variations were affected by spikelet number. Panicle number and spikelet number per panicle contributed to yield when spikelet number was less than 32800 m-2, and percentage of ripened grains and 1000-grain weight when spikelet number was 32800 m-2 or more. Spikelet number that was controlled by panicle number was influenced by soil mineralization that is different between/within paddy-upland rotational fields and single cropping field. We conclude that proper management of fertilization is essential to obtain adequate panicle number for the optimum yield of paddy-upland rotational fields and in single cropping fields separately.View full abstractDownload PDF (1163K) -
Tetsuya Iwabuchi, Kohei Tanaka, Yuji Matsue, Hitoshi Matsunaka, Suetsu ...2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 37-44
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of nitrogen topdressing at anthesis on the milling property, physical dough characteristics and bread-making quality of wheat were investigated with two cultivars, “Minaminokaori” and “Nishinokaori” in Northern Kyusyu. The protein content of grain increased as the amount of topdressed nitrogen increased, at a rate of about 1% per 2 g m-2 nitrogen topdressing, and the protein content reached 11.5% which is the standard value of protein content when 2 g m-2 was applied. Valorimeter value of farinogram increased as the amount of applied nitrogen increased. “Nishinokaori” had lower dough development time, valorimeter value of farinogram and extensogram characteristics than “Minaminokaori”. The volume-to-weight ratio of loaf increased when 4 g m-2 nitrogen was topdressed in “Minaminokaori”, but only slightly in “Nishinokaori”. “Nishinokaori” was considered to have a lower gluten index and sedimentation value, and therefore it had a lower quality of gluten than “Minaminokaori”. Bread score tended to be superior when the amount of applied nitrogen was increased, and the multiple regression analysis showed a large contribution of valorimeter value and protein content of the 60% extraction flour to bread score. Comparison of the variance component between the amount of nitrogen topdressing at anthesis and variety indicated that the protein content of 60% extraction flour greatly varied with the amount of topdressing, and that physical dough characteristics and the volume-to-weight ratio of loaf greatly varied with the variety.View full abstractDownload PDF (1021K) -
Hideki Sugimoto, Hisae Sugiyama, Megumi Morimoto, Atsuhiro Yamamoto2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 45-51
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSField experiments were conducted to observe the effects of seeding rate, sowing time, and incorporation timing of Chinese milk vetch (CMV) on the growth and yield of summer buckwheat. First, CMV was sown in late October 1998 at a rate of 3.0 gm-2 and incorporated into soil at 20, 10, and 2 days before buckwheat sowing. The amount of incorporated CMV increased with delayed incorporation timing, though there was no significant difference between the buckwheat yield with the incorporation timing. Next, CMV was sown in mid-October 1999 at the different seeding rates of 1.5 g, 3.0 g, and 6.0 gm-2 in the fields having different soil fertility levels. The amount of incorporated CMV and buckwheat yield in the infertile field were lower, though buckwheat yield was almost equal in the plots incorporated 3.0 g and 6.0 gm-2, but low in the plot of 1.5 gm-2. When CMV was sown in late November 2000, the amount of incorporated CMV and buckwheat yield were markedly low even at the seeding rate of 6 gm-2. It was revealed that seed should be sown by the end of October and the optimum seeding rate was 3.0 gm-2. When the amount of incorporated CMV was 5000 gm-2 or more at 2 days before buckwheat sowing, the reaped above ground part of CMV can be used as feed or green manure for other crops, because the stubble and underground part was sufficiently effective for improving buckwheat yield.View full abstractDownload PDF (926K) -
Takumi Anazawa, Tomohiko Yoshida, Haruna Kurita2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 52-58
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWild rice (Zizania palustris L.) can be used as a crop for a paddy field in fallow. Plant length of wild rice was longer than that of paddy rice. Panicle number of wild rice was large, which promises a high yield. In upland conditions, the amount of water and nutrients absorbed was insufficient and the wild rice died. The crop growth rate (CGR) was limited by leaf area index in the first half of the growth period and NAR tended to contribute to CGR in the latter half of the growth period. The maximum efficiency of solar energy utilization was 2.1%. The average yield of wild rice was 141kg/10a. Early maturing short-culmed populations of wild rice were selected by mass selection. Lysigenous aerenchyma was observed in roots, stems and leaves. Other traits of wild rice were generally in common to those of paddy rice. Pollen shedding reached its peak in the morning, but on cloudy days, its peak was later than on sunny days. The percentage of self-fertilization was 4.7%.View full abstractDownload PDF (895K) -
Kazuhiro Ujiie, Ryo Sasagawa, Ayaka Yamashita, Katsunori Isobe, Ryuich ...2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 59-64
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of the present study was to determine the proper seeding time of different types of quinoa varieties for a high grain yield in the climatic conditions of Southern Kanto District of Japan. The effects of day length and average daily temperature during the period following the flowering time on the grain growth was investigated in growth cabinets. The grain growth of the Valley type variety was severely suppressed under the long-day condition, while in the Sea-level type variety higher daily temperature promoted the grain growth. It was hypothesized, therefore, that the Valley type variety should be sown in summer to fit the grain filling period to the short-day season, and also that the Sea-level type variety should be sown in spring, to fit the grain-filling period to the high-temperature season in summer. To confirm these hypotheses, we sowed two types of quinoa varieties on the field in different seasons. The maximum yield was gained in the Sea-level type variety sown in March to May, followed by the Valley type variety sown in July. In the present study, proper seeding time for different types of quinoa varieties were well estimated by the experiment in which day length and temperature were artificially controlled in a growth cabinet.View full abstractDownload PDF (725K)
Quality and Processing
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Hiroichi Sato, Naofumi Yoshida, Hiroyuki Oya, Tomohiko Yoshida2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 65-70
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe heritability of gelatinization characteristics measured by RVA, thousand kernel weight and grain whiteness were examined in progenies of the cross between Koganemochi with high hardness of rice cake and Fukushima mochi 8 with superior cool weather tolerance and preharvest sprouting tolerance, to develop waxy rice with superior cultivation properties and processing properties for rice cake. The heritability of peak temperature and grain whiteness was high and that of maximum viscosity and breakdown was low. There was a negative genetic correlation between gelatinization temperature or peak temperature and thousand kernel weight, but the correlation coefficients were low. The genetic correlation of gelatinization temperature, and peak temperature with grain whiteness was considered to be nearly 0 because the genetic correlation value was negative and positive, when the traits were selected directly and indirectly, respectively. Gelatinization temperature and peak temperature showed positive correlations with cool weather tolerance, but the correlation coefficient was low. Gelatinization temperature, peak temperature and grain whiteness showed positive correlations with ripening temperature. Culm length and ear length showed negative correlations with ripening temperature. It was considered that the short-culmed cultivar with superior hardness of rice cake was capable to be developed, and that it was necessary to increase the population size in order to obtain cultivars with superior hardness of rice cake and superior cool weather tolerance. It is also necessary to consider the decrease of thousand kernel weight for selecting high gelatinization characteristics.View full abstractDownload PDF (775K) -
Ken-ichi Wakamatsu, Osamu Sasaki, Ichiro Uezono, Akio Tanaka2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 71-78
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInfluence of high temperature conditions during the ripening period of paddy rice on husked rice quality was examined. The incidences of white-back kernel and white-based kernel were high when average temperatures during the 20-day period after heading was 27°C or higher . Almost no such incidence was apparent below that temperature. Because the husked rice was thicker and the protein content was lower in white-back kernel than in milky white kernel, it is presumed that the effect of white-back kernel on taste deterioration would be less than that of milky white kernel. The grain weight tended to be lighter in the condition with average temperatures of 26°C or higher during the 30-day period after heading, whereas the whole grain ratio tended to decrease at 27°C or higher temperatures. Concerning the husked-rice quality, the temperature suitable for ripening was 24°C, at which temperature the maximum grain weight was observed. Differences among cultivars were found in the ratio of imperfect rice incidence, showing the cultivar difference in the pattern and severity of the incidence. Especially, cultivar differences were marked in the incidence of white-back and white-based kernel. Cultivars with “weak” ripening capability at high temperatures include Hinohikari, Koganebare, Hatsuboshi, and Mineasahi. They are all derived from Kiho, which has inferior ripening capability at high temperatures, suggesting that the ripening capability at high temperature was genetically controlled.View full abstractDownload PDF (1203K) -
Satoshi Nakatsu, Koji Sato, Hitoshi Sato, Hironobu Jinno2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 79-85
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAmylograph viscosity, an important index of wheat quality, is sometimes lowered by high α-amylase activity in grain caused by pre-harvest sprouting. In a new winter wheat variety, Kitanokaori, the percentage of pre-harvest sprouting, α-amylase activity and falling-number were investigated in the grains sampled at the maturing stage at 52 sites in Hokkaido from 2001 to 2005. Seven samples of wheat in the 2003 samples showed high α-amylase activity and low falling-number without pre-harvest sprouting. These phenomena were not observed in the major winter wheat variety, Hokusin. In Kitanokaori, falling-number at the maturing stage was not significantly correlated with precipitation and sunshine hours before the maturing stage, but significantly correlated with the mean temperature before the maturing stage, r=0.635 (p<0.01, n=52). Some of the Kitanokaori exposed to 17°C four weeks before the maturing stage ripened, and exhibited low falling-number. In the experiment under artificial temperature treatment, Kitanokaori grains ripened under a mean temperature of 15°C before the maturing stage showed relatively high α-amylase activity compared with the grains exposed to a mean temperature of 20°C. In artificial rainfall treatment after the maturing stage, percentage of germination and α-amylase activity were higher in Kitanokaori than in Hokusin. In conclusion, Kitanokaori grains were prone to activate α-amylase under a low temperature in the ripening period and to exhibit pre-harvest sprouting more frequently than the Hokusin variety.View full abstractDownload PDF (928K)
Genetic Resources and Evaluation
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Ko Harada, Van Huan Nguyen, Sugimoto Hideki2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 86-92
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFifty-four accessions of local soybean strains were collected from villages in the western part of the Shikoku Mountains and examined for morphological traits associated with growth, yield, seed size and seed shape. They included 25 yellow, 17 black, 2 brown and 10 green seed-coat color strains. Nested analysis of variance revealed large morphological variation among strains within the seed-coat color groups but hardly any significant difference among the color groups except seed weight. Significant positive correlations were found among growth and reproduction related characters except seed weight. Seed weight was negatively correlated with those characters, indicating a trade-off corresponding to the resource allocation to growth and maturation of seeds. There was a significant negative correlation between altitude of collection sites and seed shape (height/thickness), suggesting that altitude can be a factor causing diversification of seed morphology. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out on eleven morphological traits. No clustering in regional populations was shown on the plane determined by the first two principal components except in Hirota Village (old name), in Ehime Prefecture. There was a positive correlation between genotypic distance revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and phenotypic distance. However, a large phenotypic variation was observed even between genetically very closely related strains.View full abstractDownload PDF (845K) -
Shun-ichi Kobayashi, Tomohiko Yoshida2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 93-99
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this study was to classify bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) varieties by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and cluster analysis to select the varieties to be preserved. A total of 24 bottle gourd varieties including 5 varieties bred by Tochigi Prefecture were analyzed. Forty-four primers produced 31 scorable, variable RAPD markers within bottle gourd varieties. Only 4 polymorphic markers were produced in 10 varieties derived from Tochigi Prefecture. These results suggest that these 10 varieties are closely related with each other, but not with the introduced varieties. For preservation, the varieties derived from Tochigi Prefecture should be classified into each phenotype and then representative varieties preserved. Introduced varieties should be preserved for those from wide areas.View full abstractDownload PDF (1120K)
Crop Physiology and Cell Biology
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Masami Furuhata, Yuuhi Iwaki, Susumu Arima2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 100-107
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined how elongation characteristics of coleoptiles and sugar contents of seeds affect the seedling emergence and establishment of rice direct seeded in a flooded paddy field using 30 rice cultivars. Here, we examined the correlation of seedling emergence and establishment of rice, which was seeded after germination under drained conditions in containers with the elongation characteristics of coleoptiles and sugar content of seeds under anaerobic conditions. In the container experiments, rapid emergence of the coleoptiles, first leaves and second leaves increased the final percentage of emerged and established seedlings. Under anaerobic conditions, the earlier the elongation of coleoptiles the longer the final length of coleoptiles and the length of coleoptiles was positively correlated with the amounts of glucose in embryos and endosperm. Since the length of coleoptiles under anaerobic conditions was positively correlated with the final percentage of emerged seedlings in container experiments, the length of coleoptiles under anaerobic conditions was considered to be useful as an index for selecting cultivars suitable for direct seeding in a flooded paddy field.View full abstractDownload PDF (902K) -
Takeshi Ino, Hisashi Kato-Noguchi2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 108-111
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings of eight cultivars inhibited the growth of lettuce, cress and alfalfa seedlings when grown together. Growth inhibiting activities of these rice seedlings differed with the cultivars. All rice cultivars released momilactone B into culture solution, and their release levels differed among rice cultivars. There was a good correlation between the release levels of momilactone B from rice cultivars and the allelopathic activities of these rice cultivars. Thus, momilactone B may be important for the allelopathic activity of these rice cultivars.View full abstractDownload PDF (468K)
Modelling, Information and Environment
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Eiji Kanda, Yoichi Torigoe, Takashi Kobayashi2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 112-119
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 28, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe variation of developmental stages in rice-producing areas makes it difficult to estimate cool weather damage. We made a method to estimate the percentage of productive panicles and glumaceous flowers at a specific stage such as meiosis, in the areas around automated meteorological data acquisition system (AMeDAS) points. In this method, the variations of transplanting date and leaf age of seedlings in each area were used as the initial values. Usefulness of the method was verified by the 8 AMeDAS points and 3 cropping zones of Aomori Prefecture in 1999, 2001 and 2003. The mean error of the first, middle and last heading dates at the AMeDAS points was 2.4 days and that in the cropping zones was 2.8 days in 1999. In 2003, a year with cool-weather damage the mean error at the AMeDAS points and cropping zones was 7.8 days and 6.5 days, respectively. Especially, the mean error in the cropping zone and AMeDAS points on the Pacific Ocean side was larger than on the Japan Sea side. Because the water temperature was kept high by deep water management in the Pacific Ocean side, heading dates might be advanced. There was a correlation between cooling degree days and percentage sterility of productive panicles. In conclusion, we can estimate the variation of developmental stages in rice-producing areas by this method.View full abstractDownload PDF (1017K)
Mini Review
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[in Japanese]2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 120-123
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: July 03, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
[in Japanese]2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 124-127
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: July 03, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
[in Japanese]2007 Volume 76 Issue 1 Pages 128-130
Published: 2007
Released on J-STAGE: July 03, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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