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Volume 45 (1976)
- Issue 4 Pages 523-
- Issue 3 Pages 381-
- Issue 2 Pages 213-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 45, Issue 3
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Harue TAIRA, Hirokadzu TAIRA, Norihiko KAIZUMA, Juro FUKUI, Shigeo MAT ...1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 381-393
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInvestigations have been carried out to determine the varietal differences on the seed weight (dry weight), protein content (moisture free basis) and sulfur-containing amino acid content in protein (N×6.25) of 1110 samples of soybean seeds grown at Kariwano Akita in 1970. On all the samples, the range, mean value and coefficient of variation of seed weight and chemical constituents were as follows: weight of 100 seeds 2.6 g to 47.0 g, 20.4 g, 35.59%, protein 29.81% to 53.29%, 39.82%, 7.71%, methionine 0.78% to 1.34%, 1.03%, 9.71%, cystine 0.85% to 2.36%, 1.40%, 17.14% and total sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine-cystine) 1.66% to 3.52%, 2.43%, 11.93%. As compared with the value of previous paper, it was observed that the results were low in the mean value of protein content, and high in the coefficient of variation of cystine content. On the mean value of each group divided by the place of origin of the variety, weight of 100 seeds was the smallest in Southeast Asia (10.0 g) and the largest in Tohoku (24.2 g). Protein content was the lowest in Europe (35.98%) and the highest in Southeast Asia (43.35%). Methionine content was the lowest in Chugoku (0.93%) and the highest in Southeast Asia (1.14%). Cystine content was the lowest in Hokkaido (1.32%) and the highest in Europe (2.02%). The content of total sulfur-containing amino acids was the lowest in Chugoku (2.30%) and the highest in Europe (3.13%). With regard to the correlation between varietal characters and weight of 100 seeds or chemical constituents in all samples, the date of maturity and growing period had a positive correlation with weight of 100 seeds, and negative correlations with methionine, cystine and total sulfur-containing amino acids content weight of 100 seeds was negatively correlated with methionine, cystine and total sulfur-containing amino acids content. On the other hand, a low positive correlation was shown between weight of 100 seeds and protein content. On the chemical constituent pairs, protein content was negatively correlated with methionine, cystine and total sulfur-containing amino acids content. Positive correlations were observed between sulfur-containing amino acid pairs.View full abstractDownload PDF (1254K) -
Tadao KATAYAMA1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 394-400
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Yukio KUJIRA, Mikio KANDA1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 401-408
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aim of the study was mainly to elucidate the difference in the top-root interdependence between different plant types (Erect and weep-type), from the population point of view. Materials used were Allium fistalosum L. for Erect-type and A. tuberosum Rotel for weep-type. 3 to 4 weeks after sowing, seedlings, about 10 cm in plant height, were planted in a wooden pots (25 cm × 25 cm × 25 cm) filled by the Hewitt's nutrient solution. As the treatments, 2 planting densities, 3 cm × 3 cm and 6 cm × 6 cm, and 2 nutrient levels, 1/2 and 1/5 Hewitt's solution, were employed in the experiment. Sampling was made 4 times at 2 week intervals during the experimental period after planting. Plant height, cumulative leaf blade length, maximum root length, cumulative root length, number of primary roots, top and root dry weight, and root activity were measured at every sampling occasions. As an index showing the root activity, α-Naphtylamine (α-NA) oxidizing activity in roots was ripplied. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Plant dry weight was affected more markedly by the planting density in E-type (A. fistalosum L.) over the period of experiment. In W-type (A. tuberosum Rotel), however, the nutrient level had more serious influence upon the plant growth in the latter stage of growth. 2. A high positive correlation between plant dry weight and root dry weight, cumulative root length, maximum root length were recognized in every treatment in both plant types. 3. The values of the T/R ratio in every plot was increased gradually in advance with growth in E-type (A. fistalosum L.), and was, on the contrary, decreased in W-type (A. tuberosum Rotel). 4. Calculated coefficient of allometric relative growth rate (α) was α>1 in E-type (A. fistalosum L.) and was α<1 in W-type (A. tuberosum Rotel). 5. α-NA oxidizing activity in roots decreascd in advance with growth in every treatment and it's value was higher in lower nutrient level and lower planting density.View full abstractDownload PDF (799K) -
Takashi HARAKI, Hironaga NISHIKAWA1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 409-415
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGrowth responses to light wavelengths and their variations under different growing conditions were examined using plastic films to filter sunlight, whose transmission of electromagnetic waved in the visible region was the same. 1. The greatest effect on plant height and dry matter production was induced by red light and that on the ratio of top dry weight to plant height and width of leaf blade was induced by blue light. A highly significant negative correlation between plant height and the transmission rate in the 400-500 nm region was observed. 2. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll content of tops were increased by blue light and TAC content was increased by red light. 3. Red light stimulated the photosynthetic activity but the increase of photosynthetic activity in seedlings grown under blue light was higher than under red light after the removal of films used for the light treatments. 4. The effect of red light on plant height and top dry weight was greater with the application of nitrogen fertilizer than with the addition of phosphorus and potassium ones. 5. With constant air temperature in the light period, the difference in the length of the 2nd leaf sheath between red and blue light became greater with increasing air temperature during the night period. 6. With less transmission in the visible region, the difference in chlorophyll content and plant height between red and blue light treated plants became less. 7. Although rice seedling growth responded to light wavelength differences, the degree of response varied under different growing conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (761K) -
Takashi HARAKI, Hironaga NISHIKAWA1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 416-421
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study deals with the effect of various light wavelengths on chlorosis of the leaves of rice seedlings treated with darkness in the promoting germination state and greened under high solar radiation of 529 and 550 cal·cm-2·day-1. 1. Under condition of 529 cal·cm-2·day-1 solar radiation in the greening stage, blue and green film inhibited chlorosis, while red and purple had no effect. 2. With higher transmission rate in the visible region and with lower B/R ratio of light, the degree of chlorosis was increased, but the chlorophyll content was decreased. 3. With high solar raditttion of 550 cal·cm-2·day-1, a significant positive correlation between the degree of chlorosis and the transmission rate of light in the 600-700 nm region was observed. 4. The transmission rates through a single layer of etiolated 1st leaf and of greened 2nd leaf sheath were 83% and 140%, respectively. The spectral transmission of both the etiolated 1st leaf of 600-700 nm light and the greened 2nd leaf sheath of 500-600 nm light were relatively high. The decrease of transmission rates rather than the changes of spectral transmissions in leaves seemed to contribute to the inhibition of chlorosis.View full abstractDownload PDF (693K) -
Takashi HARAKI, Hironaga NISHIKAWA1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 422-428
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Blue light treatment using blue film over the plants in the nursery stage increased both the number of tillers and the top dry weight 37 days after transplanting, while red light slightly stimulated the formation of tillers. 2. Under solar radiation of 403 cal·cm-2·day-1 during the nursery stage, the highest increase in growth during the early stage after transplanting was obtained when the transmission rate in the visible region was 60% and B/R ratio, as expressed by the relative value of transmission energy in the 400-500 nm region to that in the 600-700 nm region, was 2.33. Because in some years solar radiation becomes lower, it is desirable to have films to cover plants whose transmission rates are as high as 70% and to make the B/R ratio as high as possible in the range from 1.78 to 2.33. 3. For the purpose of promoting growth during the early stage after transplanting, nitrogen content of the tops needs to remain balanced with the ratio of top dry weight to plant height. The seedlings grown under blue light were seen to have such a desirable balance. 4. Not only in the standard raising system (germinating-greening-hardening), but also in the omission system with germinating and hardening only, blue light had a good effect on the growth after transplanting. In the omission system, the effect of blue light was much enhanced when the period of promoting germination was prolonged to 3 or 4 days.View full abstractDownload PDF (729K) -
Takashi ORITANI, Ryuji YOSHIDA1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 429-435
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Shin-ichiro KAWATA, Wonil CHUNG1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 436-442
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe formation of the root hair in the lateral roots of rice plants has not yet been ascertained. This investigation was carried on to ascertain the root hair formation in lateral roots. The root hairs were formed in the secondary (Figs. 1 and 2), tertiary (Fig. 3), fourth (Fig. 4) and the fifth lateral roots (Fig. 5). Generally, the epidermal cells of the lateral roots were composed of two types; the short cells and the long cells. And the root hairs of the lateral roots were formed in the short cell, as in the crown roots - primary roots. The root hairs in the sixth lateral roots were not observed, but there appeared two types of the epidermal cells; short epidermal cells and long epidermal cells (Fig. 6). It was also found that when the diameter of the lateral roots was thick, the root hair formation and their growth in the lateral roots was accelerated than in the case when diameter of the lateral roots was thin. As regards the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on root hair formation and their growth in the lateral roots, it was also found that the root hair formation and their trowth in the lateral roots was accelerated, as compared with that nitrogen fertilizer of high level were given to the rice plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (1558K) -
Kanoe SATO1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 443-449
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn early cultivar "Wase-Furisode" was used as a material plant. Characters of vegetative growth under the combinations of two photoperiods (LD: 14 hr, SD: 9 hr) and five temperature regimes (day-night, 35/30, 30/25, 25/20, 20/15, and 15/10°C) were compared both at the same chronicle date (the 16th day of treatments, A-plot) and at the same growth stage (6.5 trifoliate stage, B-plot). The results are summarized as follows: 1) Both shedding of cotyledons and flowering were hastened as the temperature increased, but the former occurred at the two trifoliate leaf stage and the latter at the stage of five trifoliate, in spite of the different earliness under different conditions. 2) At A-plot, stem height, leaf area, and total dry weight per plant increased with increasing temperatures and under LD condition. Nodule weight was greatest at 30/25° and decreased with decreasing temperatures. Leaf appearance rates increased with increasing temperatures and were greater under LD than under SD at lower temperatures. Water content (%) and SLW of lamina increased with decreased temperatures, the former being higher under SD and the latter under LD than under the respective opposed day-lengths. Lamina to stem ratio had a tendency to increase at lower temperatures and was greater under SD. Top to root ratio increased with increased temperature, being little affected by photoperiod. 3) At B-plot, the qualitative characters such as SLW, lamina to stem ratio, top to root ratio changed similarly as at A-plot, but water content of lamina decreased with decreasing temperatures. Stem height and mean internode length reached a maximum at 25/20° under LD, but increased with increasing temperatures under SD. Leaf area reached a maximum at 30/25°, while total dry weight, stem weight per 1 cm length tended to increase with decreasing temperatures, being very small at 35/30°. Nodule weight per plant and nodule size became greater as the temperature decreased. In general, branching occurred more abundantly and at lower nodes as the temperature decreased. 4) At A-plot, RGR had the keen correlations with both RLGR and NAR (r=0.978 and r=0.960, respectively), but at B-plot it correlated strongly only with RLGR (r=0.967). Correlations between total dry weight and nodule weight (r=0.920), roots weight and nodule weight (r=0.921) were also very strong at B-plot. 5) From the results obtained, it may be concluded that the optimum temperatures for vegetative growth of soybean plant are 30-35° day temperature or 32-33° mean daily temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (690K) -
Kanoe SATO1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 450-455
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDried materials obtained in the previous study were analyzed for nitrogen, TAC (total sugar and crude starch) (A, B-plot), and other mineral elements (B-plot), to compare the accumulation and distribution of elements with those of dry matter as influenced by photoperiod and temperature: 1) At A-plot, dry matter accumulation and C/N (TAC/Tot-N) ratio of whole plant increased with increase of temperature, while at B-plot they increased with decrease of temperature. At both plots, nitrogen concentrations of plant parts changed in a reverse proportion to their dry weights and Sol-N/Tot-N ratios in lamina increased with decrease of temperature. 2) In general, the concentrations of P, K, Ca plus Mg, Fe, Mn all decreased with decrease of temperature, except that of P in stem which was lowest at 25°-20° and that of K in roots which increased with decrease of temperature. The concentrations of all elements were a little lower under long-day than under short-day. 3) The dry matter production parallelled the elements absorption although the former changed in a wider range than the latter by the temperature treatments. At higher temperatures relatively more Fe and Mn accumulated than dry matter while at lower temperatures almost all elements accumulated relatively less than dry matter. 4) T/R ratio in dry weight decreased with decrease of temperature, while LM/ST ratio in dry weight increased with decrease of it. The accumulation ratios of each element in tops to roots changed in an almost similar way as T/R ratio in dry matter as far as N, P and K are concerned. N and Ca plus Mg accumulated relatively more in the tops as compared with dry matter accumulation, while K, Fe and Mn, especially the latter two, remained much in the roots with a little transport into the tops. P accumulation paralleled dry matter accumulation. 5) LM/ST ratios of K, and Ca plus Mg accumulation were both in parallel with that of dry matter, while those of N, and P were higher than that of dry matter when temperatures were high, indicating a higher rates of accumulation of these elements in lamina at high temperatures.View full abstractDownload PDF (635K) -
Kanoe SATO, Akiko ANDO1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 456-463
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGrowth responses of reed canarygrass to differential temperatures (Day/Night, 35/30, 30/25, 25/20, 20/15, 15/10°C) combined with two photoperiods (16 hr, LD; 9 hr, SD) under natural day light were studied. 5 plants were sampled at the same calender date, after 25 days of treatment (A-plot), and the other 5 plants were sampled at the same leaf stage, When 11.4 leaves expanded on the main-stem of each treatment (B-plot), to compare the growth and the nitrogen and carbohydrate accumulations. 1) Leaf formation was most promoted at 30/25°C and was more rapid under LD than under SD. The optimun temperatures for plant height, stem elongation, tiller number were lower than 30/25°C. At A-plot, dry matter production reached a peak at 20/15°C under LD, 25/20°C under SD, respectively and greater under LD than SD, while at B-Plot, it was greatest at 20/15°C under LD and 15/10°C under SD, respectively. 2) Under LD combined with high temperatures, stem elongation of shoot was promoted and the underground growth was suppressed resulting in greater Aboveground/Underground ratios, while under SD combined with lower temperatures the ratios became smaller, resulting from a checked shoot growth and a promoted rhizome elongation and longer underground stems which emerged from underground nodes and elongated at a greater angle to a perpendicular with a longer pathway to ground surface. 3) Tiller numbers at A-plot, were greater under LD than under SD, and greatest at 25/20°C under LD and at 20/15°C under SD, respectively, while at B-plot, they were greatest at lower temperatures such as 15/10°C or 20/15°C under both photoperiods. Rhizome numbers at A-plot were greater at higher temperatures under LD, while at B-plot they became greater at lower temperatures under SD. 4) Crude protein concentration was highest at 15/10°C under LD or 20/ 15°C under SD. At the optimun temperatures for dry matter production (20/15°C, 25/20°C), it was higher under SD. In general, TAC concentration increased with decrease of temperature and was high under SD. 5) At A-plot, crude protein accumulation in aboveground parts increased with increase of temperature, while that of underground parts tended to increase with decrease of temperature, reaching a maximum at 20/ 15°C. At B-plot, on the contrary, the accumulation increased with decrease of temperature in both above- and under-ground parts and was a little greater under LD than under SD. TAC accumulation increased with decrease of temperature and was greater under SD in all plant parts at both A- and B-plots, being especially conspicuous in underground parts. 6) These changes in growth pattern and reserve material accumulations in response to environmental conditions were discussed in relation to seasonal forage production, regrowth after cutting, and forage quality.View full abstractDownload PDF (841K) -
Kanoe SATO, Akiko ANDO1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 464-470
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSReed canarygrass plants propagated from a clone were cut at ground level (A) and at 10 cm stubble height (B) and their regrowth in terms of dry matter and nitrogen and carbohydrate accumulations in plant parts were measured weekly until 5 weeks after cutting. The aboveground dry weight of plot A couldn't reach that of B during the five week regrowth period. However, some merits were demonstrated by cutting at ground level. Firstly, the number of vigorous tillers emerged from the axils of underground and ground surface nodes was increased at the middle period of regrowth, and these tillers newly produced their own roots which actively absorbed nutrients (nitrogen), thus raising the net assimilating rates. Secondly, the assimilates were dominantly distributed to new leaf formation, increasing the ratio of leaf-blade to stem plus leaf-sheath and the leaf area ratio. Thus, the RGR of plot A was greater than that of plot B. In contrast, the plants in plot B produced many tillers from the axils at high nodes near the cutting surface, which did not produce their own roots and depended on the old roots of their mother tillers for nutrient and water absorption, thus being very small and weak in regrowth. Further, the number of vigrous tillers such as extensively emerged in plot A was very small in plot B. These different patterns of regrowth by different cutting heights are peculiar as compared with other cool season grasses which are sensitive to lower cutting heights. Therefore, reed canarygrass may be safely cut closer to the ground surface to get herbages of higher palatability and digestibility.View full abstractDownload PDF (706K) -
Shin-ichiro KAWATA, Manabu KATANO1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 471-483
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe direction of the crown root growth of rice plants cultured in a pot and in a paddy field was observed. In case of the culture in a 1/2, 000 a Wagner pot (diameter: 255 mm), the direction of the crown root growth was observed by a method of measuring a length of each crown root cut off vertically by a tin cylinder (diameter: 150 mm) (Fig. 1). In this case, it was found that each crown root grew in a linear pattern (Fig. 2), and it was certain that a length of the crown root having grown horizontally would be much shorter than that having grown vertically (Fig. 1). Meanwhile, in case of the culture in the paddy field with higher grain yield, the direction of the crown root was observed by means of an improved monolith method (Fig. 3). As a result of these observations, we could classify the crown roots of rice plants cultured both in the Wagner pot and in the paddy field into the following three types according to their growing directions. (1) The upper primary roots grew horizontally, regardless of the position on a stem of the "shoot unit" they emerged. (2) The lower primary roots grew in various directions, i.e. horizontally, oblique downwards and vertically. (3) Most of the primary roots emerging from the prophyll "shoot unit" of a tiller grew vertically, even when the tiller bud was dormant (Fig. 9). Here, a shoot of rice plants is designated as comprising the following two types of "shoot units" (Fig.4A). One is a "shoot unit" that consists of a leaf blade, a leaf sheath, a stem portion with upper and lower primary roots and a basal tiller bud (Fig. 4B, also refer to Kawata et al.3)). The other is a prophyll "shoot unit", located singly at the base of each tiller, that consists of a prophyll and an adjacent lower stem portion with primary roots and lacks a basal tiller bud (Fig. 4C). There was a remarkable difference in the growing direction of the lower primary roots depending on whether the plants were cultured in the pot or in the paddy field. Namely, the lower primary roots mostly grew horizontally in the pot, while they grew oblique downwards or vertically in the paddy field. There was generally no correlation between the diameter and the growing direction of the crown roots. Why did the direction of the crown root growth of rice plants vary in the above-mentioned three types? The results of our observation in this respect gave us many suggestions on the possible geotropic responses in the roots and further investigations are required to continue.View full abstractDownload PDF (1148K) -
Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI1976 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages 484-488
Published: September 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was carried out to survey the way of chemical regulation of plumule growth of japonica rice when seeded deeply in direct sowing culture. The seeds of japonica rice, Oryza sativa L., var. Sasanishiki, were soaked in deionized water at 25°C for 2 days. The immersed seeds were air-dried on a filter paper for several minutes, and then coated with lanolin paste containing a mixture of 0.1% (w/w) abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA3), or with lanolin proper as a control. The coated seeds were sown in soil-packed pots at the seeding depth of 0.7, 4 and 6 cm. No fertilizer was added to soil. These pots were kept in the growth chamber (30°C; white light from fluorescent lamps, 500 lx). In the case of the controls, the percentage of seedling emergence was only 36 in the deep (6 cm) seeding plot versus 100 in the shallow (0.7 cm) seeding ones. The emerged seedlings in the former plot showed the characteristic of etiolation, i.e. elongated internodes and yellow slender leaves, although its mesocotyl length was less than 3 mm. On the other hand, when treated with the 0.1% ABA and GA3 mixture the seedlings penetrated the soil by the vigorous mesocotyl growth until their coleoptilar tips experienced light, and developed non-etiolated leaves. As a result, the percentage of seedling emergence reached two times of control (fig. 1-2). To test the effect of the seed-coating on the successive growth and yield in a direct sowing culture, the coated seeds with or without a mixture of 0.1% ABA and GA3 were sown in soil-packed Wagner pots (1/5000a) at depth of 0.7 and 6 cm. Then they were allowed to grow in the open-air conditions till harvest. The tiller number in the deep sowing plot was much smaller than in the shallow one, whereas the treatment with a ABA and GA3 mixture increased the tiller number in the deep sowing plot. In this experiment, however, no significant differences among plots were found in grain yield (Table 1). In conclusion, these results suggest a possibility to regulate the plumule growth of rice seedlings in direct sowing culture by the seed-coating with a mixture of exogenous growth substances.View full abstractDownload PDF (574K)
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