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Volume 52 (1983)
- Issue 4 Pages 423-
- Issue 3 Pages 259-
- Issue 2 Pages 135-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 52, Issue 4
Displaying 1-25 of 25 articles from this issue
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Ryoichi MATSUNAGA, Shigeo MATSUMOTO, Itaru SHIMANO, Shinzi SHIMADA1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 423-429
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperiments were conducted in order to determine whether varietal differences in nitrogen response of soybean plants were associated with their nodulation. For this study, four pairs of nodulating and nonnodulating soybean isolines (Tol-1 and Tol-0, A62-1 and A62-2, Norin No. 2 and Tozan No. 89, and T202 and T201, the former is nodulating and the latter is nonnodulating) in Experiment I and five nodulating soybeans (Koganedaizu, Norin No. 2, Orihime, Tachisuzunari and T202) in Experiment II were planted under sand culture conditions. Nutrient solution 500 ml containing sufficient quantities of essential elements except nitrogen were applied to each plastic pot filled with 4.5 kg sand twice every week during the growth period. The concentration of nitrogen in the solutions ranged from 12.5 to 400 ppm (Table 1). The following results were obtained. 1) At higher concentration of nitrogen, more vegetative growth and higher seed yield were obtained in nonnodulating soybeans except Tol-0. The maximum vegetative growth of Tol-0 was almost attained at 50 ppm nitrogen (Tables 3 and 4). 2) Each isogenic pair of nodulating and nonnodulating soybeans except a pair of Norin No. 2 and Tozan No. 89 showed no significant differences in vegetative growth and seed yield at 400 ppm nitrogen (Tables 2, 3 and 4). 3) More vegetative growth of nodulating soybeans except T202 and Tachisuzunari was observed at high concentration of nitrogen (200 and 400 ppm) than at low concentration of nitrogen (12.5 and 50 ppm) (Tables 3 and 5). Maximum seed yields of Tol-1 and A62-1 were obtained at 400 ppm nitrogen and that of Koganedaizu at 200 ppm nitrogen, while those of Norin No. 2, Tachisuzunari and Orihime at lower concentration of nitrogen than 200 ppm (Tables 4 and 6). The former varieties, which responded well to nitrogen application, had low seed yields at low concentration of nitrogen and did not surpass those of latter varieties even at high concentration of nitrogen. 4) Norin No. 2 and Tachisuzunari had more nodule number and dry weight at low concentration of nitrogen at early and late growth stages than the other varieties (Table 7). 5) The amount of accumulated nitrogen at the early pod filling stage increased with higher applied nitrogen concentration in all nodulating soybeans. At low concentration of nitrogen it was larger in varieties which did not respond well to nitrogen application than in varieties which responded well (Table 9).View full abstractDownload PDF (776K) -
Masahiko HIRATA, Ryuichi ISHII, Atsuhiko KUMURA, Yoshio MURATA1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 430-434
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Hideo TSUCHIYA, Osamu KINOSHITA1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 435-446
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo lowland rice cultivars, Yamahoushi (panicle-weight type) and Kinki No. 33 (panicle-number type), were grown in three cropping seasons (early, normal and late plantings) at three levels of planting density (40, 20 and 10 hill/m2) in 1968. Yamahoushi was square-planted and Kinki No. 33 was planted both in square and in low. Canopy structure was characterized by (1) total biomass of the aerial parts of plant and (2) vertical distribution of leaf blade determined by "the stratifying clip method" and was expressed as the percentage of leaf dry weight in each stratum to the total leaf dry weight. Sampling was done at four growth stages, that is, the active-tillering, young panicle formation, heading and maturing stage, respectively. The canopy profile (the space between the soil surface and the top of plants) was evenly divided into five strata and the stratifying clip method was applied to each stratum. The relationships between yield and total biomass and those between yield and vertical distribution of leaf blade were examined by principal component analysis. The first and second component axes obtained by the analysis (Table 1) were rotated to derive axes which are easier to understand and enable a more convenient comparison of the contributions of the strata (Table 2, Fig. 1). In general, the angle (degree) of rotation of axes on a plane, say θ is difined as θ=45°-ε/2, which maximizes f(θ) given by f(θ)=Σ^^p__(i=1) (αiAicsθ+αiBi sin θ)2+Σ^^q__(j=1)(-βjAj sin θ+βjBj cos θ)2. The formula for the parameter ε in the former equation is ε=tan-1[Σ^^p__(i=1)(αiAi)2+Σ^^q__(j=1)(βjBj)2-Σ^^p__(i=1)(αiBi)2-Σ^^q__(j=1)(βjAj)2] ÷(2Σ^^p__(i=1)αi2AiBi-2Σ^^q__(j=1)βj2AjBj), where subscript i (=1, 2, ‥, p) designate the variables to be located on or approached to one of the rotated axes, subscript j. (=1, 2, ‥, q) showing the variables to be located on the other axis. Symbols Ai and Bi stand for the factor loadings of variable i for the first and second principal components, respectively, αi being the weight which is determened according to agronomical importance. Symbols Aj, Bj and βj are similarly defined for variable j. In the present experiment, the group of variable i consists of the two leaf strata, No. 2 and 4, and the group of j contains only one leaf stratum, No.3. The weights αi and βj were assumed to be unity for brevity. θ was calculated to be -8.62°. Using the factor scores in the two axes derived by the rotation (F1 and F2), the vertical distribution of leaf weight percentage (leaf stratified structure) and the relation between yield and these scores were investigated. The results are summarized as follows: 1. As F1 score increased, the leaf weight percentage of the upper stratum increased, whereas that of the lower stratum decreased. As F2 score increased, the leaf weight percentage of the middle stratum decreased. After rotation of the axes, the tendencies found in these factors were clearer than in the original principal components (Fig. 2). These two factors explained approximately 90% of total variation (Table 2). 2. Leaf weight percentage in the upper stratum became larger as plants grew. [the rest omitted]View full abstractDownload PDF (1213K) -
Toshiro OTA1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 447-451
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe soil culture of rice seedling was designed to confirm the growth-promoting effect of gibberellins in crop residuals. Fully ripened pericarps of Cuba beans and detached cotyledons of kidney beans were used as the source of gibberellins. A considerable amount of acidic ethyl acetate soluble gibberellins was detected even in the ripened pericarps of Cuba beans which have been air-dried for about one year after harvest (Fig. 1). In detached cotyledons of kidney beans (Kentucky Wonder, a tall variety), a considerable amount of gibberellins was also detected in both acidic ethyl acetate and n-Butanol fractions (Fig. 3). All the materials were added to the soil in petri dish after being milled, and germinated seeds of Tanginbozu, a dwarf rice variety, were sown in the beds. The growth of the second leaf sheath was found to accelerated by adding those materials to the soil (Figs. 2, 4, 5). The bound type gibberellins were found to convert into free type in soil, while free type ones are comparatively unchangable in the soil (Fig. 3). Gibberellin activity in cotyledons is relatively greater in tall variety of kidney bean than in dwarf one. The growth of the second leaf sheath in rice seedling was hardly accelerated when the cotyledons of the dwarf variety was added (Figs. 4, 5). As shown above the effect of endogenous gibberellins contained in plant residuals can be observed by such a simple method employed in this experiment.View full abstractDownload PDF (657K) -
Yukindo TSUNO, Zen LAZIMAR1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 452-460
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Toshiro HORINO, Takashi HARAKI, Noriharu AE1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 461-467
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVarietal differences in contents and balance of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in kernels of thirty-six cultivars of eleven cereals (Rice, Wheat, Barley, Two-rowed barley, Corn, Sorghum, Job's tears, Proso millet, Barnyard millet, Foxtail millet and Finger millet) were investigated. The dry-ashed materials of whole kernels of 36 cultivars were analyzed by a colorimetric procedure for P, a flame photometry for K and an atomic absorption spectrometry for Mg. P, K and Mg contents of each cereal were almost equal to those of previous studies. (Table 2). Mg/K chemical equivalent ratio as a predictor of grain quality was examined with the 36 cultivars. Most of the cereals used for human consumption (except wheat, barley and two-rowed barley) marked the ratio within 1.25 to 2.0 approximately. These cereals contain more magnesium than potassium in chemical equivalence. Other cereals used for feed marked comparatively low ratio, i.e. approximately 0.9 to 1.25 (Fig. 1). Further studies will be needed on wheat, barley and two-rowed barley to classify by mineral balance, because these cereals contain more calcium than in others.View full abstractDownload PDF (728K) -
Masahiko ICHII, Yoshibumi IWAMOTO1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 468-474
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Choji KAWASHIMA1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 475-483
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to ascertain the previous consideration, the finishing time of crown roots elongation was investigated by using rice cultivars with different number of leaves on the main stem. Roots elongation finished about a week before the heading stage in cultivar Reiho which had twenty-two leaves on the main stem (Fig. 1, A and through discussion). The roots of cultivar Toyonishiki whose number of leaves on the main stem was sixteen reached their maximum length at the heading stage. In cultivar Ishikari with ten leaves on the main stem, the elongation of most roots ceased thirteen days after the heading stage. The difference in the finishing time of root elongation was not due to the difference of the elongating duration but to the difference of the time of the root appearance, that is, the difference of the number of days preceding the heading stage or that of the plant age in leaf number. And this difference was brought about by the difference of the number of shoot units without crown roots. From the result obtained here and the number of shoot units without crown roots reported before, it is considered that the roots of a rice cultivar with more than eighteen or nineteen leaves on the main stem tend to stop their elongation before the heading stage and that in a rice cultivar having less than twelve or thirteen leaves on the main stem root elongation ceases long after that stage, while in a rice cultivar which has the intermediate number of leaves between those mentioned above, root elongation may finish at about the heading stage. Several differences were found in the root elongation features of three cultivars as follows. 1. In cultivar Reiho and Toyonishiki, root elongation finished earlier and the final root length was much shorter in the upper roots than in the lower ones of the same shoot unit. But in cultivar Ishikari, root elongation ceased almost at the same time and the maximum length did not so differ between the upper roots and the lower ones in every shoot unit. 2. In cultivar Ishikari, vigorous elongation occured even in the roots of the secondary uppermost shoot unit with crown roots. 3. The roots of cultivar Reiho were the longest of all the longest lower roots in each of three cultivars. The latter one or two features would be of advantage to increase in the number of crown roots which continue to elongate till relatively late growth stage or to widen the root distribution extent. In the roots which developed from any shoot unit of three cultivars, the appearance of the secondary roots were terminated at about the finishing time of the primary root elongation and at the same time the tertiary root had begun to be formed on the most distal secondary root which develop the tertiary root. This indicates that the difference exists in the root development at the ripening stage among rice cultivars with different number of leaves on the main stem.View full abstractDownload PDF (888K) -
Yukindo TSUNO, Tetsuro TANIYAMA, Hermanus SUPRAPTO1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 484-492
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Bui Chi TRUNG, Shigekata YOSHIDA1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 493-499
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Yoshitaka ONO, Tateo NAKANISHI1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 500-507
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe traced the progress of the leaf-emergence on the main stem of sugarcane plants and examined relationships between seasonal changes in the leaf-emergence and climatic factors, effective heat unit summation for unfolding leaf turning point of leaf-emergence rate and leaf number at the beginning time of floral induction. Four varieties, F160, NCo310, H37-1933 and H32-8560, were used as materials and were planted monthly from June in 1980 to May in 1981 in Ishigaki Island, southwesternmost island of Japan. Results obtained were as follows. 1. Quadratic regression relationships were found between mean soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm and days from planting to first emergence (Fig. 2). By those equations obtained in the four varieties, it was estimated that the optimum soil temperature minimizing the days to the first emergence was 31°to 33°C. 2. The seasonal changes showed in the progress of the leaf-emergence on the main stem were summarized as follows: May to September; period of rapid increase in the leaf-emergence rate, October to November; period of gradual increase in the rate, December to February; period of slight increase in the rate, March to April; period of gradual increase in the rate (Fig. 3). 3. Mean air temperature was significantly correlated with leaf-emergence rate during unfolding 20 leaves on the main stem (Fig. 5, Table 1). Using linear regression equation (y=ax-b) obtained between the leaf-emergence rate (y) and mean air temperature (x), it was derived that lower limit of effective temperature and effective heat unit summation for unfolding leaf were given b/a and l/a, respectively. In three varieties of F160, NCo310 and H37-1933, the lower limit of effective temperature and effective heat unit summation were 11.1-11.4°C and 81.3-90.9°C, respectively. Those in H32-8560 were 9.9°C and 106.4°C, respectively (Table 2). 4. The leaf-emergence rate on heading stems during two months before unfolding flag leaf was faster than that on non-heading stems during the same period (Fig. 4). Therefore, it was suggested that turning point of the leaf-emergence rate existed about two months before unfolding the flag leaf when coincided with time of flower bud differentiation. 5. In the plants of NCo310 and H37-l933 planted in June and July of 1980, some stems headed by January in 1931, others did not. The difference of heading among stems is considered to arise from plant age at the beginning time of floral induction, when is estimated to be at the beginning of September in Ishigaki Island. From relationships between leaf number on the stem at the beginning of September and heading percent by January in 1981, it was satisfactory to consider that plant age in the leaf number at the time of ripness to flower was 6 in H37-l933 and was 15 in NCo310 (Table 3).View full abstractDownload PDF (888K) -
Naganori KAERIYMA, Koou YAMAZAKI1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 508-514
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe formation of rooting zone in soil was investigated by a simple rhizotron-like apparatus, in which acrylic plates were used as translucent walls. The primary roots emerge acropetally from the stem which consists of successive "shoot unit"s. And the primary roots emerging early in the development from the lower "shoot unit"s tended to elongate horizontally, while those emerging from the upper "shoot unit"s tended to elongate obliquely and much later vertically. Therefore, the rooting zone in soil was formed as follows. The rooting zone primarily occupied horizontal part of thc soil. And continuously, accompanying the growth of the plant, the rooting zone spreaded obliquely from the base of the plant, and much later vertically. The mean elongation rate of the primary roots was estimated as 33 mm per day, and the maximum value was 110 mm per day. Though the mean elongation rate showed little difference among most primary roots examined, the elongation rate of those emerging later and elongating vertically was small.View full abstractDownload PDF (713K) -
Hajime SATO, Kanji GOTOH1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 515-520
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Toshiaki MATSUDA, Harunosuke KAWAHARA, Nobuo CHONAN1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 521-528
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis report presents a result of histological observations on breaking process and slip planes formation in the fourth internode of rice culm, var. Koshihikari, with a polished thin section method. This method was devised in order to prepare microscopic thin sections of hard plant tissues with no artifact. The procedure is described as follows. Small specimens were dehydrated through ethanol series, and the ethanol was substituted with methyl methacrylate, which was polymerized later in gelatin capsule. Then, one side of the embedded specimen was disclosed with a grinder and emery papers, and was polished with abrasive cloth soaked in chromium oxide suspension. Subsequently, the polished side was stuck on a slide glass with epoxy resin, which was polymerized later, and the specimen was thinned to 5-20 μm thick, and was polished by the same means as mentioned above. Breaking process of the internode observed with the polished thin sections and a polarizing microscope is shown as follows. In the concave side of bent internodes, (1) first of all, a small number of slip planes arise in the cell walls of the cortical fibers (Fig. 1), (2) subsequently, many small creases and several chaps appear on the internodal surface (Figs. 2 and 3), (3) the cortical fiber cells begin to bend and the slip planes increase notably (Fig. 4), and when the internodes are broken, (4) the cortical fiber cells bend remarkably and separate from each other at middle lamella, and at the same time, the epidermal cells separate from the cortical fibers (Figs. 5 and 6), and (6) fundamental parenchyma cells are broken lastly (Fig. 5). The slip planes in the wall of the cortical fiber cells were formed on S helices crossing at almost right angles with Z helices of cellulose microfibrils in the S2 layer, which run parallel to the long axes of pits (Figs. 7 and 8). It is considered, therefore, that the slip planes of the internode are microscopic folds or crinkles in the S2 layer of secondary cell wall caused by compressive stress of bending load, as previously reported on wood cell walls by WARDROP et all and KEITH et al. The number of slip planes increased gradually with repeat of culm bending by wind and rain in the ripening period (Table 1). It is supposed, therefore, that the slip planes, small creases and chaps are the important factors of so-called fatigue of the lower internodes, and that thc short cells and large papillae on the epidermis function as the powerfull resistants to bending stress. From these results, the following conclusion can be deduced that the thickness of epidermis-cortical fiber compound and its cell walls, fiber cell length and sufficient depositions of silicic acid and lignin are the important factors to increase breaking resistance of the lower internodes.View full abstractDownload PDF (1028K) -
Kiyochika HOSHIKAWA1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 529-533
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the endosperm of two-rowed barley, thick, 3-4 cell layers' aleurone layers are formed in the peripheral, but they are not formed in the particular area facing to the nucellar projection (Fig. 1). Almost all cells of one to five layers in the area, which is lacking in aleurone, differentiated to the transfer cells on 6-8 days after anthesis. At first, slight and many wall ingrowth appeared and the cell walls were looked like the teeth of a saw (Figs. 3 and 4). About a week after, the individual tooth elongated and, as remarkably developed, it became sometimes to bridge-like form across the cell (Figs. 5 and 6). Well developed transfer cells abound in the front area just opposite to nucellar projection. However, it is noticeable that a few highly- developed transfer cells were found in group (showed with arrow in Fig. 7) in both sides of the front area. In the last stage of ripening, the transfer cells were filled up with reserve substances, therefore, the characteristic wall ingrowth became not distinguishable (Fig. 9). The area of transfer cells facing to nucellar projection seems to play an important role in the translocation of reserve substances into endosperm in two-rowed barley which the endosperm is encircled with mulch-layers and thick-walled aleurone cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (933K) -
Yoji TAKEOKA, Kiyotaka KONDO, Peter B. KAUFMAN1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 534-543
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Yoji TAKEOKA, 0samu MATSUMURA, Peter B. KAUFMAN1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 544-550
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Shigenori MORITA, Koou YAMAZAKI, Shin-ichiro KAWATA1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 551-554
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRelationships between the growth direction of primary roots and their anatomical characters in cross sections were examined in rice plants. A close relationship was found between the root diameter and the stele diameter (r=0.966). And also there was a high correlation between the stele diameter and the phloem pole number (r=0.767). From the detail examination, however, it is shown that the latter regression line was variable depending on the growth direction of roots respectively. Then, as an index of the ratio of the stele diameter to the phloem pole number, the interphloem distance (=stele diameter×3.14/phloem pole number) was examined, and a relatively high correlation was found between the growth direction of the primary roots and their interphloem distance (r=0.702). From the observations described above it is suggested that the interphloem distance is, at least in this case, one important key to solve the problems of the root growth direction.View full abstractDownload PDF (542K) -
Koichi YOSHIDA, Fumio NOMURA, Kanji GOTOH1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 555-561
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFlowering of soybean plants continues for a cosiderably long period. This experiment was conducted to make clear the significance of intra-plant flowering date in yielding process of soybeans. Characteristics of pod and seed development were investigated under the field condition with nine varieties differing in growth habit, maturity and seed size (Table 1). Flowers were distinguished by five days interval by painting a different color to a calyx. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Flowering period was classified into 3 (I-III) or 4 (I-IV) groups in six determinate types, 6 (I-VI) in one semi-indeterminate and 6 or 7 (I-VII) in two indeterminate types. All flowers of the last flowering group were aborted except three determinate varieties with 3 flowering groups (Fig. 1). 2. Pod length and pod width attained their maximum values within 20 to 30 days after flowering irrespective of variety and flowering group. There were little effects of flowering date on pod width at maturity. Although thickness of pod, and length, width and thickness of seed increased until near maturity, differences in sizes of seed among flowering groups became very small during dehydration process (Fig. 2). 3. During seed filling period and at maturity, sizes of pod and seed from the last flowering group (III) tended to be small compared with those from the earlier ones (I, II) in determinate types, whereas those from the earliest (I or I, II) and the last (V or VI) flowering group tended to be small in semi-indeterminate and indeterminate types (Fig. 2). These tendencies were more clearly shown in dry weight of pod and seed (Fig. 3). 4. Sigmoid curves were obtained for seed dry matter changes of each flowering group. The slope and duration of linear phase differed among varieties and flowering groups. Rate of dry matter accumulation (RDA) of seed in a large-seeded variety was of lineal phase differed among varieties and flowering groups. Rate of dry matter generally higher than that in a small-seeded variety. In determinate types, seed from the last flowering group had low RDA or short effective filling period (EFP), whereas in semi-indeterminate or indeterminate types, the earliest-flowered seed had low RDA and the last had short EFP (Table 2).View full abstractDownload PDF (734K) -
Shigenori MORITA, Koou YAMAZAKI, Shin-ichiro KAWATA1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 562-566
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. In previous paper it was shown that the interphloem distance (=stele diameter×3.14/phloem pole number) was closely correlated to the growth direction of primary roots in rice plants. Then the interphloem distance was examined in this paper and high correlations were found between the interphloem distance and the number as well as the tangential width of interphloem pericycle cells. These relationships suggest that the interphloem distance may also be related to the number and the cross sectional area of other stele cells. 2. From the examination of the cross sectional area of the stele it was found that the stele area was more highly correlated to the total phloem area than to the mean phloem area or to the phloem pole number (total phloem area=mean phloem area×phloem pole number). These facts show that the roots of the same diameter may have variable pairs of the mean phloem area and the phloem pole number though the total phloem area are almost the same. And it is suggested, therefore, that the conductive capacities of the phloem in total are not always the same even if the root diameters are constant. 3. The relationships between the growth direction of primary roots and their morphological and functional characters were examined last. And the growth direction of primary roots, in general, was found to be more highly correlated to their conductive capacities than to other morphological characters of the roots. Here, the conductive capacities of each roots were estimated from the mean phloem area and the phloem pole number by means of Poiseuille's law. From these observations it is suggested that the root growth direction might be influenced by the amount of assimilates translocated from the shoot through the phloem.View full abstractDownload PDF (638K) -
Koichi YOSHIDA, Fumio NOMURA, Kanji GOTOH1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 567-573
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo evaluate the significance of intra-plant flowering date in yielding process of soybeans, number of flowers, podding efficiency, nodal distribution of pods on the main stem and yield components originated from different flowering dates within a plant were investigated. The experiment was conducted under the field condition with six determinate, one semi-indeterminate and two indeterminate varieties. Flowering period of each variety was classified by five days interval into three to seven groups by painting a different color to a calyx. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Total number of flowers per plant was widely varied among varieties. In semi-indeterminate and indeterminate types a peak of flowering was in the middle of flowering period while in determinate types most of flowering occurred in the first ten days of flowering. Podding efficiency also varied 20 to 62% among varieties. It tended to be the earlier the flowering date, the lower the abscission level, although the podding efficiency of the earliest flowering group in indeterminate types was somewhat low (Table 1 and Fig. 1). 2. Nodal distribution profiles of pods on the main stem were different among types of growth habit and among varieties of determinate types. However, most pods in the upper and middle portion of the main stem showed a tendency to be originated from the full-flowering period (Fig. 2). 3. Seed numbers per pod of the flowering groups with high podding efficiency tended to be larger and those from the later-flowered groups were small. Seventy percent and more seeds produced per plant were originated from the first ten days of flowering in determinate types and from the fifteen days in the middle of flowering period in semi-indeterminate and indeterminate types (Table 2). 4. Seed size in the flowering period described above was also larger than the other flowering period. Coefficients of variation of individual seed size were not always related to the date of flowering group, although they differed among flowering groups (Table 3). 5. As a result, the greater parts of seed yield (70-80% in early-matured variety and 90% and more in others) originated from the first ten days of flowering in determinate types and from the fifteen days in the middle of flowering period in semi-indeterminate and indeterminate types (Fig. 3). Therefore, these periods might be called "effective flowering period (EFLP)" for soybean seed production.View full abstractDownload PDF (750K) -
Tadashi HIRASAWA, Toshimitsu ARAKI, Eiichi MATSUDA, Kuni ISHIHARA1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 574-581
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was reported in previous paper that water absorption could not catch transpiration up in the day time of a fine day even though the rice plant was grown under submerged soil condition, and consequently stomata closed considerably. Moreover, it was considered that there was a relationship between the decreasing of stomatal aperture of leaf blade in a day time and potential of root water absorption which was related to age and activity of the roots. In this paper, we investigated root activity which related to potential of root water absorption by measuring the exudation rate from the base of the leaf blade in paying attention to the leaf position and plant growth stages. 1. Except the flag leaf the higher the leaf position, the higher the exudation rate; the older the leaf age, the lesser the exudation rate regardless of growth stages (Fig. 1, 2 and 3). 2. The exudation rate from the base of the flag leaf increased if the culm was kept horizontally (Fig. 2D). Also rooting from the upper nodes by molding promoted the exudation rate of the flag leaf (Fig. 4 and Table 1). Thus we assumed that the exudation rate of the flag leaf was affected by both factors; water pressure related to the position of the flag leaf and abscence of roots on the upper nodes. 3. After the heading stage the exudation rate of upper four or five leaves decreased conspicuously (Fig. 3). The root pressure estimated from water potential of culture solution in which exudation was ceased was 2.1-2.4 bar before the booting stage, but it decreased to 0.7 bar in the early ripening stage (Fig. 5 and 6, and Table 2). From both the results mentioned above and the fact that treating roots with NaN3 inhibited exudation (Fig. 7), it was assumed that the decreasing rate of exudation due to leaf age may be related to the decrease of activity in roots physiologically connected with the leaf, and that the decreasing rate after the heading stage may be due to aging of all roots. Furthermore, it was presumed that root activity which related to potential of root water absorption participated in leaf water maintenance during intensive transpiration.View full abstractDownload PDF (840K) -
Yasunori KODA, Yozo 0KAZAWA1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 582-591
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Yasunori KODA, Yozo 0KAZAWA1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 592-597
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Tetsuo SATAKE, Setsuo KOIKE1983 Volume 52 Issue 4 Pages 598-600
Published: December 05, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (436K)
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