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Volume 29 (1960 - 196･･･
- Issue 4 Pages 387-
- Issue 3 Pages 323-
- Issue 2 Pages 191-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 29, Issue 3
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
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Koji SHIRATORI, Yoshijiro MATSUOKA, Naoharu MATSUMOTO, Hisanori TAHARA1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 323-325
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice seedlings of each of several varieties all grown on an upland nursery and an irrigated nursery were transplanted on ill-drained paddy fields at 18 localities in Chiba Prefecture, the planting technique being followed equally through all localities, and the growing behaviors of those plants were investigated. The results obtained are as follows; 1) Generally speaking, the crops of rice from the upland seedlings were better than those from the irrigated seedlings, especially when planted on sandy ill-drained fields. 2) The increase, however, owed rather to the increase in the straw weight than to that in the ear number. In the ealier period of growing, the stem number and weight of dry matter of upland seeded plants were larger than those of lowland seeded ones, but after the period of young ear forming, the differences became small. Therefore the authors consider that one of the properties peculiar to upland seedlings is their ability of increasing the dry matter of the whole plant during its vegetetive growth and that only when the effect lasts till its ripening period, the crop of the grain will increase. 3) The top-leaf ratio in the upland seeded plant was larger than that in the irrigated ones till the young ear forming period, but the difference between them decreased after heading. Therefore the authors believe that the superiority of the upland seeded plant in dry matter producing ability is related to the promoted growth its Ieaves or some physiological function of them. 4) The weight of individual ear of the upland seeded plants was not proved heavier than that of the lowland seeded ones. Whether the fact depended on the increase in the ear number of the former or on its original properties was not clear.View full abstractDownload PDF (476K) -
Isamu BABA, Koichi TAJIMA1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 326-328
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies have been made on a kind of "Akagare" (I) which is characterized, as the frrst sign, by the appearance of reddish brown spots at the leaf tips. This work has dealt with another type of "Akagare" (II) which occurs on ill-drained paddy soil with excessive humus and is characterized by the occurrence of leaf chlorosis, prior to the appearance of reddish brown discoloration of the leaf. The result of experiments is as follows: 1) Similar trends were observed in the types I and II concerning the causative environmental conditions, seasonal changes in the occurrence of the disease, and abnormalities in the metabolism of affected plants, except that the type II showed a lower response to potash than the type I. 2) Those varieties having a high content of sugar+starch showed a higher root activity such as oxidizing ability of α-Naphthylamine and reducing ability of TTC. They had, as a result, showed a higher resistance to both those types as compared with those having a low content. 3) Both chlorosis and reddish brown discoloration of leaf were sometimes observed when certain harmful organic acids such as butyric, acetic, formic or lactic acids were added to soil or to culture solution. 4) From the above facts and the previously reported works, it is assumed that the occurrence of the type I should be caused mainly by potash deficiency itself in plant, while the occurrence of the type II be mainly caused by intrusion of some harnrful substances (organic acids, excessive Fe, H2S, etc.) into plant. Both types, however, take place through the same disturbance of normal metabolism in plant as shown in Fig 4. Namely, peroxidase activity is enhanced with the turn of respiratory process from the cytochrome oxidase system to another system where H202 is produced. At the same time, Warburg-Dickens-system is activated with the inhibition in glycolysis, acompanying an active production of polyphenols. As a result, polyphenols are oxidized to quinones by peroxidase and combound with amino acids. This leads to the production of melanin-like substances, causing the reddish brown discoloration of the leaf.View full abstractDownload PDF (514K) -
Noboru YAMADA, Yasuo OTA, Hiroshi NAKAMURA1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 329-333
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Sumitaka ASAKUMA, Tomoki IWASHITA1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 334-336
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. In Kagoshima Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station, 38 varieties of Paddy Rice were sown on July 5, 1958, and the sunshine was limited by victorial lawn. By this treatment daily maximum temperature was about 4°C lower than natural temperature and the heading of many varieties was accelerated. From this result it is distinct that the heading of rice is restrained under the natural condition in the warm districts as Kagoshima. 2. When the varieties were sown every month from March to July, the later was the date of seeding, the shorter was the period from seeding to heading. But in some varieties, the number of days from seeding to heading increased conversely in the June seeding in comparison with the May seeding in spite of the temperature of growing period was higher. And these reversals of number of days from seeding to heading were more remarkable in the green house than in the field, and in Oshima (locates in Km south of Kagoshima) than in Kagoshima. The varieties that showed the reversal of the number of days are not sensible to short day, and on the other hand, the difference of photoperiod between the growing peiod of May seeding and that of July seedig is very small. From these reasons it is conceivable that the high temperature and sensibility to high temperature are responsible for the reversal of the length of growth period. In these varieties whose heading time was accelerated by limiting sunshine, and number of days from seeding to heading was prolonged in the warmost growing time, the heading time of plant sown on July 1st was delayed by 4 to 10 days in the green house than in the field. From these results it is clear that these varieties are commonly sensible to high temperature. On the contry, when the varieties insensible to high temperature were sown on July 1st the heading time both in green house and in field was the same. These facts indicate the existence of the "excessive high temperature to their heading". 3. The delay of the heading time by high temperature mainly depend upon the delay of the time of differentiation of panicle primordium. 4. In the green house the time of differentiation of panicle primordium delayed more than two weeks as compared with the plants in the field, but the speed of leaf emergence was equal in both conditions. So the speed of leaf emergence and the advance of the inner condition to the differentiation of panicle primordium are greatly different in the sensibility to high tmperature. The whole number of leaves are decided by the mutual relation between the speed of leaf emergence and the length of periods from germination to the differentiation of panicle primordium, and they are considered to react separately to the environments.View full abstractDownload PDF (532K) -
Kazuo NAGATO, Morie EBATA, Yasuhiro KONO1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 337-340
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to study the adaptability to high temperature in ripening periods, following experiments were carried out. (1) Thirty varieties of lowland rice were cultivated in early and late season, and the daily process of kernel development, carbohydrate contents in leaves and culms, parcentages of partially-chalky kernels and milk-white kernels, and thickness of bran layer were investigated. In the ripening periods, the max. temperature or min. temp. was 28∼36°C or 21∼261°C in early cultivation, while in late cultivation it was 25∼32°C or 19∼24°C respectively. (2) Three varieties were treated in an air-conditioned room with night temperature of 30°C and 23°C through out the ripening periods (AH, AL) or for 10 days after heading (H, L), and investigations were done as in (1). The results are summarized as follows: 1. High temp. accelerated the kernel development and maturation. The maturation was too fast to be fully filled up by carbohydrate, so that the considerable amount of carbohydrate remained in leaves and culms. This tendency to prematurity caused the occurence of partially-chalky kernels and milk-white kernels and the increase of thickness of bran layer and also of layer of aleurone cells. 2. These facts came out remarkably in some varieties but did not in other varieties, on account of the varietal difference in adaptability to high temperature in ripening periods, for instance, variety Ou-225 was affected scarcely when night temperature was 25∼26°C but fairly affected at 30°C, whereas, variety Fujisaka-5 was affected to greater extent at 25∼26°C and severely at 30°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (639K) -
Kazuma NOJIMA, Ichiro TANAKA1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 341-344
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) Since most of water soluble oxygen penetrating into the soil, is consumed by microorganisms in the soil layer 0 to 2cm in depth, the supply of oxygen to deeper layers is reduced to a large extent. 2) Total sulphide and free-CO2 in the soil water decreased through percolation, while they increase gradually to the same level as in the check plot after percolation is stopped. 3) The germination percentage of rice seed and the shoot length under the soil water of the percolated plot are superior to those in the check. 4) Water percolation showed practically no effects on the growth and yield of rice as far as the experiment concerned.View full abstractDownload PDF (677K) -
Shin-ichiro KAWATA, Kuni ISHIHIRA1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 345-349
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecently it has been found that in cultivation of rice plants, the vertical water percolation in the paddy soils is an important factor to obtain higher yields. But the effects of water percolation on the growth and the morphogenetical appearances the rice plants manifest, especially roots, under these conditions have not been ascertained. The experiment was carried out to find the effect of the vertical percolation of water on the root hair formation and their growth. The following results were obtained in this experiment. When the water percolated vertically, in the paddy soils at about the speed of 3cm a day, the root hair formation and their growth was accelerated, especially on the part near the root tip. On the contrary when the water did not percolate in the soils, the number of root hairs formed was less and they showed poor growth resembling papilla and furthermore there was no root hair formation near the root tip. It was assumed that the surface area of the roots was increased by water percolation. This experiment also confirms the result of previous experiment (KAWATA and ISHIHARA, 1959) that the root hairs were principally formed in the short cells of the epidermis with polarity under both the percolated and non-percolated soil condition. The oxidation-reduction potential of the water percolated and non-percolated soils was not significantly different. So some other factors related to the oxidation-reduction potential may be responsible for retarding the root formation and their growth. And such factors may be eliminated from paddy soils by water percolation.View full abstractDownload PDF (963K) -
Junichiro IYAMA, Yoshio MURATA1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 350-352
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA series of experiments was carried out with various crops. The crops used were barley, wheat, groundnut, soybean and paddy rice. The aim of the experiments was to know of the exact influence of soil moisture deficit upon the photosynthesis of the plants, as well as to compare the characteristics of the crops in their response to soil moisture. 1. Decrease in soil moisture exerted its first effect on the stem or leaf sheath, keeping the water content of the leaf blade as high as possible. However, when the soil moisture decreased near by down to the permanent wilting point, the water content of the leaf blade began at last to decrease, accompanying with a decrease in photosynthetic rate. 2. The decrease in photosynthetic rate began just before the first sign of wilting of the plant appeared and became severe as wilting proceeded. From these results it was concluded that soil moisture exerted its influence on photosynthesis through its effect upon the water content in the leaf blade. As to the characteristics of each crop, it was deduced that the difference in the ability of the plant to keep water in the leaf blade against the soil moisture deficit was the main factor for determining the response of the crop. The ability of the crops examined was in the following order; groundnut>barley>wheat>soybean>paddy rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (485K) -
Seiichi IZUMI, Masami HIMEDA, Toshiaki OIKAWA, Toshio NOMOTO1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 353-355
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe authors have reported in their previous papers that the growth of rice plant was different by affect by tilling with a power-tiller compared to that with a plow and a harrow. The amount of NH3-N increased and the soil became reductive, because, power-tiller tilling made small clods in the soil more than a plow and a harrow. Such a phenomena was promoted under higher temperatures and on paddy soil which was apt to become reductive. As the results of NH3-N increase, (A) the number of spikelet per hill increases, (B) occasionally ripening of grain is retarded, with the increase in the number of spikelet per hill, (D) ripering of grain is protracted by reductive conditions of the soil, (C) those effects become more intense when the soil is reductive from early growing stages. According to the mutual relations of the facts guessed above the growth of rice plant in the paddy field tilled with a power-tiller and in that tilled with a plow and a harrow was observed as follows: In the low temperature year: The yield of grain increased mostly on behalf of the effect of A in the paddy soil which did not become reductive conspicuously; in case of paddy soil which was apt to be reductive, the yield of grain did not increase because of the effects of B and D. In the high temperature year: In case of paddy soil, which does not become reductive, the increase in yield of grain was arrested chiefly in behalf of the effects of A and B, and partly because of D; when the soil is apt to become reductive, the yield of grain decreased on behalf of the effects of D or C; moreover, in case of soil where it is apt become to reductive from an early stage, the yield of grain decreased on behalf of the effects D and C. The number of brown rice grains produced according to lowering of Eh value in the soil, during the stage of young ear formation when Eh6 value was kept higher than at 100 mV. On the contrary, when Eh6 value ran below 100 mV, the number of brown rice grains yielded decreased in accordance to lowering of Eh value in the soil.View full abstractDownload PDF (530K) -
Taichi FURUKAWA, Hirotsugu KOSHIO1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 356-358
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSo-called "Kareure-phenomenon of barley" is characterized by the following symptoms; ears change in white colour and are forced to die prematurely soon after heading time, increasing the number of the affected ears with maturation. The phenomenon appears under the conditions of (1) defficiency in magnesium and potassium, or (2) defficiency in magnesium and excess of nitrogen in relation to potassium, during the period following spike initiation. Side by side with these nutritional predispositions, high air temperature accompanied with strong sunshine during the later period of plant growth is indispensable to the occurrence of the phenomenon. Soon after heading, preceeding to the occurrence of the above-mentioned typical phenomenon, the following symptoms can be observed: roots are changed brown, and within the tissue of stele and vessels of roots some yellowish brown substances deposit and in some cases, abnormal and sudden wilting of the flag leaf, or the second leaf takes place.View full abstractDownload PDF (561K) -
Shigehisa KIYOSAWA, Kazuko KIYOSAWA1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 359-361
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Hiroshi KURIHARA, Tuguo SUZUKI1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 362-364
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to obtain some fundamental information for potato cultivation, this experiment was performed to study responses of the plant to temperature during its growing season. Judging from the mode of the top growth in earlier and later stages each, divided at the flowering time of the 1st cluster, the development of which closely relates to the tuber yield, we distinguished 4 types, namely, A) normal-normal, B) normal-abnormal, C) abnormal-normal, and D) abnormal-abnormal. The types A, B and C are all common in Japan, and main factors deciding the type are the localitiy and the growing season, which are closely related with air temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (544K) -
Yusaku IKEHATA, Hisashi TSUBOI, Shoichi ANDO1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 365-368
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIII. The growth of leaf (1) Elongating process of the leaves resembled to Robertson's autocatalytic curve. Leaf weight increased regularly according to the leaf level from base to top, attained to maximum at several nodes on middle level, then decreased towards top. (2) Emergence of the leaf at higher levels than XIIth almost coincided with that of lateral shoot from the node three nodes lower in the main stem. (3) The size of leaf was largest in main stem, and became smaller according to the proceeding of growth period. The living period and the developing period has been shortened as the size became smaller. IV. Development of top and subterranean part and water absorption (1) Elongation of plant has begun progressively about three weeks later from the 2nd and the 3rd harvest. (2) The number of stems attained to maximum in late March, then decreased during the 1st growth period. In the 2nd and 3rd period it increased remarkably during about three weeks after every harvest, (3) The new rhizomes were formed first at early or middle April in Var. Sanbi, but later in other varieties observed. The number of new rhizomes decreased markedly after every harvest, as they grew to new stems, then increased with plant growth. (4) After every harvest roots degenerated for a while, being more seriously after the 1st harvest. Roots developed comparatively shallow depth in the 3rd period. (5) Water absorption was remarkable in the middle and the later stage of the 2nd period corresponing to the plant growth. But it did not increase in proportion to the leaf development in the later stage of the 3rd period. From the results stated in the reports I∼IV, the authors has devided every growth period into the following several stages. 1st growth period: Sprouting stage-Lateral shoot developing stage-Elongating stage 2nd and 3rd period: New stem developing stage-Elongating stage-Floral budding stage-Flowering stage.View full abstractDownload PDF (654K) -
Shigemichi WAKABAYASI1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 369-372
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe writer investigated the cause of yellowing of Konjac plant which frequently occurs in the field, and demonstrated the cause to be due to a certain virus according to the cormgrafting or some other experiments. He also discussed the environmental factors of Konjac culture in relation to frequent occurrence of the disease. The disease was proved not to be seed-transmissible, and to never build up X-bodies. The deformity of leaves was also confirmed to be induced by the disease on the basis of the data of his experiments and practical survey. The leaves of the diseased Konjac are generally short in height, and the leaf-stalks are light green and indistinctly spotted. The leaf colour is pale in general, and frequently shows mosaic. The leaf-blade badly grows, and droops like an umbrella, showing depauperation. The mosaic of yellow and green is occasionally observed on the leaf surface. The corm decreases in yield as the disease develops worse symptom.View full abstractDownload PDF (908K) -
Hiroko FUCHINOUE1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 373-378
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeveral studies were performed from 1956 to 1960 to know the change of the characters of younger Tea leaf caused by various rate of shading of sunshine. 1) The surface area of the leaf was decreased with shading in many cases, but with 20% of full daylight intensity, it was increased occasionally. 2) The leaf thickness was remarkably decreased in proportion to the light intensity caused by shading. Among the leaf tissues, Spongy parenchyma was most remarkably affected by shading, followed by palisade parenchyma. The forrn and density of the cells in these tissues were changed also to some degree. 3) The leaf color became dark by shading because of the increase of chlorophyl quantity. 4) It required about one week for plants receiving 20% illumination and about two weeks for those receiving 30∼50% illumination to cause morphological change of the leaf. But it was not changed with more than 60∼70 % illumination for a month. 5) These changes were more remarkably caused in younger stage of Tea bud.View full abstractDownload PDF (531K) -
Shingo ITO, Hiroshi TAKENAGA, Toshiyuki MIURA, Nobuichi MOROOKA1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 376-378
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn connection with fission products, it is nescessary to pay an attention for the radioactive contamination of crop plants and soils and is also a very important problem from the standpoint of the public health and of vegetation to prevent the absorption of such dangerous elements. In last year, we presented the report on absorption and distribution of Sr90≷ by roots of lowland rice and wheat plants, and ITO and TAKENAGA reported also that physiological responses of Sr&alt;90-ion in beet plants might differ completely from Ca45-ion, namely Ca45 was always transported into interveinal tissues and Sr90 in the leaf margin portion throughout veins. On the other hand, the growth of plants cultivated in the nutrient solution containing Ca45 was greater than in case of Sr90. Accumulation in leaf, of Ca45 being absorbed by roots have been also investigated prevlously by SAYRE, BIDDULPHl, LANGSTON using other plans. In the present paper, the investigations on foliar application of Ca45 or Sr90 to beet leaves are reported as follows: 1). On July 25th, foliar application of Sr90 to a certain portion of the lower surface of decided leaf was carried out when sugar beet seedlings (Honiku No.192) grown uniformly were transferred to the aerated nutrient solutions shown in Table 1. 2) Foliar applied Sr90 was unable to be translocated to other leaves and roots when seedling was growing in nutrient solution containing Ca equivalent to 100, 60 or 20% of the standard concentration of Ca of Hoagland's nutrient system, but, in case of 0% Ca, being replaced completely with Sr, this labeled element was transported to roots and to the upper leaves related to phyllotaxes as shown in Fig. 4 and 5 and excreted gradually into the external nutrient solution through the roots since the eighth day of this experiment. At last, it became to unable to recognize existence of Sr90 in whole plant at the 12th day. 3) After foliar application of Ca45 and Sr90, the former was pervaded in interveinal tissues, and the latter was translocated along veins as shown in Fig. 1. By the abbve results, it became clear that necessity of Ca for the growth of plants is more dominated than Sr, though Ca and Sr are thought to be similar regarding various physiological reactions in past.View full abstractDownload PDF (653K) -
Toshio KODAMA, Shinji SUZUKI, Toshiaki ASHIZAWA1961 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 379-381
Published: April 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe growth and yields of crop plants on deeply tilled upland fields are not always better than those on ordinarily treated fields. Such a failure may be due to various unfavorable factors induced by deep tillage, among which the leading one should be that the some inferior characters of the subsoil is admixed with the top soil by deep tillage. We studied how to improve such bad characters of subsoil in these experinLents on a volcanic ash soil. The subsoil researched was found to be deficient in nutritive elements, especially in P2O5 and in N. In order to bring good yields of plants on such a subsoil, it was necessary to fertilize with increased amounts of P2O5 and N. On the other hand, weathering practices of the subsoil such as freezing and melting or air drying were very useful for improving the subsoil. And good yields were considered to be expected by tillage of the field in autumn and weathering during a cold winter.View full abstractDownload PDF (499K)
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