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Volume 46 (1977)
- Issue 4 Pages 461-
- Issue 3 Pages 335-
- Issue 2 Pages 147-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 46, Issue 4
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Eiichi KITAMURA, Kazuhisa KATO, Shiuichi MIYAZAKI1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 461-467
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOn the relation between the moisture content and the storable term of rough rice, the materials which were cultured by different methods or harvested by different machines were studied. According to the deterioration developed on the rice surface in newly threshed fresh rough rice in storage, deteriorated rice grains were classified into three groups, the spotted rice, the opaque rice and the rotten rice. The storable term was shown by the time during which the total of deteriorated grain was less than 5%. 1. The suitability for storage of rough rice obtained from cultivation in the same condition of soil and climate was not affected by variety, the time of maturity or the stage to maturity, lodging, harvest machine or cropping district. (Fig 1, 2, 5, 6, 8) 2. The relation between the moisture content of rough rice and its storable term for ordinaly rice harvested in a fine year was as follows. The rice of moisture content 18% could be stored for 30 days without changes, the rice of 19% kept 20 days, of 20% kept 15 days, of 21% kept 7-10 days, of 22% kept 7days, of 23% kept 1-3 days. (11 of capacity, at 10-25°C of room temperature. Fig. 2) 3. The climatical environment from flowering time to mature stage considerably affected the suitability for storage of paddy, and the paddy from the fine climate districts or the fine years were better than in the rainy district ot in the rainy years.(Fig. 3, 7) 4. The late harvested rough rice in high moisture conditions was of worse suitability for storage than ordinary harvested, because in some of the stored rice, it had changed to the opaque. (Fig. 4)View full abstractDownload PDF (872K) -
Eiichi KITAMURA, Kazuhisa KATO1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 468-473
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOn the deterioration in the storage term of newly threshed fresh rough rice, the causes for the development of spotted rice and opaque rice were studied. 1. In the case of mixing storage of newly threshed rough rice and panicles in high moisture, the former developed many spotted grains but the latter did not. Consquently, the development of spotted rice related directly with the threshing process. (Table 1) 2. The surface of the brown rice from the newly threshed paddy suffered much mechanical damage by the threshing teeth, and in the majority of these grains, the spot developed at the site and in the same form as the damaged point. (Table 2) 3. The matured panicles sterilized at the heading time and non-sterilized were threshed when they were fresh, and then stored in high moisture conditions. The former had fewer spotted grains than the latter, and there was mold development in the spotted parts of the grains. (Table 3, 4) 4. When the newly threshed rough rice was stored until heavily deteriorated, the percent of spotted rice was a little less than the percent of the mechanically damaged grain. (Table 6) 5. Therefore, the cause for the quantity of spotted rice is explained by the following three factors: the mechanical damage on the grain surface, the mold propagation and the moisture condition. 6. When the high moisture rough rice above 20% was stored for many days, the opaque grains developed slowly without mechanical damage to the grain surface or mold in the paddy. In the final period of storage, the dry matter weight of the grain decreased and some of these grains were infected with aspergillus. In cases when the more mechanically damaged grains were stored, they had more opaque grains than the non-damaged and the much less opaque rice appeared in low temperature (8°C) than in high (32°C) in storage. (Table 7, 8, 9)View full abstractDownload PDF (712K) -
Fukushi SEKIYA1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 474-482
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn anatomical study was carried out on the differentiation and growth process of the tiller primordium and tiller bud in rice seedlings. The differentiation of the tiller primordium in rice seedlings is due to the repeated periclinal divisions of the initial cell which is placed in the inner side of the dermatogen cells at the base of shoot apex on the main stem (Fig. 1, 2), and before the base of the leaf margin of a leaf primordium grows as far as the opposite side of the shoot apex, the tiller primordium appears at the base of the shoot apex (Fig. 3, 4). And after that the base of the leaf margin develops surrounding the upper part of the tiller primordium (Fig. 1C, 3, 5 and 7A). The tiller primordium differentiates firstly a prophyll, and then the first leaf primordium in tiller bud appears at the position of 90 degrees opposite to the prophyll, and it forms itself into a complete tiller bud. The second leaf primordium in the tiller bud differentiates at 180 degrees opposite to the first leaf primordium, thereafter the leaf primordia of the tiller bud differentiate alternately (Fig. 6). Taken the leaf which emerges from the leaf sheath of the main stem as standard (N), the (N-1) node and the (N-3) node tiller bud differentiate the two leaf primordia in one leaf-emergence-period, and then the first leaf of the (N-3) node tiller bud appears out of the leaf sheath of the main stem (Fig. 7).View full abstractDownload PDF (2221K) -
Harue TAIRA, Hirokadzu TAIRA, Masataka SAITO1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 483-491
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to determine the effect of size of seed removed seed coat, variety, and crop year on the mineral composition, the potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium content was determined in 12 varieties in 1970 and 13 varieties in 1971 at the experimental field. The variety, as compared with the size of seed, was more influential on all the mineral content on dry basis and in ash. When the size of seed decreased, however, the calcium content on dry basis and in ash increased. On the effect of variety and crop year, the magnesium and calcium content on dry basis and the calcium content in ash were influenced by both of them and the phosphorus in ash by the latter. On 100 seeds on dry basis, the content of minerals was decreased with the decrease of size of seed.View full abstractDownload PDF (921K) -
Yasunori KODA, Yozo OKAZAWA1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 492-498
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Mitsumasa SATOH, Katsuo OHYAMA1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 499-503
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe current year's shoot from the stump of a grafted nursery plant raised in a pot was pruned leaving the basal 3 to 5 cm on July 20. In the process of regrowth after pruning the following items were investigated 8 times for the period July 20 to August 28. They were dry weight of a storage organ formed of a stump and roots, that of newly developed lateral shoots, amylase activity in the bark of a stump, and carbohydrates content in a storage organ. Dry weight of a storage organ declined for a while after pruning, and then turned to an increase on the 20th day after pruning, whereas dry weight of lateral shoots which commenced to develop on the 9th day showed a tendency toward rapid increase on the 15th day (Fig. 1). Amylase activity in the bark of a stump increased to about 150% of the initial level on the 3rd and 6th day, when lateral buds remained dormant visually and then returned to the initial level on the 13th day (Fig. 2). Soluble sugars content in a stump as well as roots showed little change for 9 days after pruning, decreased to a minimum on the 13th day when new shoots began to grow and afterwards turned to an increase (Table 1). Starch content in a stump and roots exhibited remarkable decrease after pruning and turned to an increase after showing a minimum on the 20th to 30th day (Table 2). The amount of sugars in a storage organ decreased to 70% of the initial level on the 13th day, while that of starch less than 20% on the 20th day. In addition, the period required for sugars to turn to an increase was shorter than that required for starch (Fig. 3). From these results, some discussion was given on factors which could affect amylase activity in the bark of a stump after shoot pruning.View full abstractDownload PDF (587K) -
Katsuyoshi NOGUCHI, Kanenori NAKAYAMA, Minoru TAKABAYASHI1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 504-509
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe experiments reported here were designed to determine the effects of different cropping systems on the weed community. The cropping systems were wheat -upland rice, -peanut, -soybean and -corn (2 years continuous cropping) which were generally put into practice as inter-cropping system in the Kanto plain. Weed community consisted of large crab-grass (Digitaria adscendens Henr.), Chufa (Cyperus microiria Steud.), common lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), Polygonum spp., common purslane (Porturaca oleracea L.) and the others. The experiments were conducted extending from 1970 to 1973. 1. As the wheat-corn and wheat-soybean plots had strong weed competitive capacity, the growth of weeds was fewer than other plots during cropping season and in bare fallow after cropping. And the ratio of weed weight to total community weight was under 10% at the time of harvesting of summer crops. The wheat-upland rice plot was strong in weed competitive capacity and the ratio of weed weight to total community weight was under 10% when upland rice grew better. But the weed competitive capacity was weak when growth of upland rice was poor. The wheat-peanut plot was weak in weed competitive capacity and the ratio of weed weight to total community weight was about 50%. 2. The ratio of weeds in each plot emerged at the first summer cropping was large crab-grass about 30%, Chufa about 30%, common purslane and the others about 40%. The ratio of large crab-grass to total weed weight at the time of harvesting was over 80% except about 40% of upland rice. The ratio of large crab-grass to total weed emerged at the second cropping was over 40% in each plot, and its ratio of weed weight at the time of harvesting was larger than that of the first cropping. The dominance of large crab-grass was larger in each plot at the bare fallow in the third year. 3. The amount of weeds remarkably increased at the condition of bare fallow in the third year. These indicated that crop husbandry and cultivation method were playing an important part to weed supression. As the large number of weed emerged next spring in the plots which produced much weed dry weight at the harvesting, the importance of removal remaining weeds by hand could be emphasized, too.View full abstractDownload PDF (666K) -
Hirokadzu TAIRA, Harue TAIRA, Fumio FURUSAWA1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 510-515
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe nitrate nitrogen content of brown rice was investigated on the nonglutinous and glutinous types by lowland and upland polyethylene film mulching cultures of lowland rice at the Alpine Region Branch and the North Branch of the Iwate Agricultural Experiment Station and by upland and upland polyethylene film mulching cultures of lowland and lowland-upland hybrid rices at the Main Station. The nitrate nitrogen content of the brown rice contained approximately 0.4 to 0.5mg% on dry basis. However, the upland mulching culture gave higher nitrate nitrogen content in lowland brown rice as compared with the lowland culture. The average increasing index, i.e. (upland mulching culture/lowland culture)×100, of non-glutinous type, glutinous type and both types was 113.9, 108.0 and 112.3, respectively. The upland mulching culture also gave higher nitrate nitrogen content in lowland and lowland-upland hybrid brown rices as compared with the upland culture on the same manuring condition. The average increasing index, i.e. (upland mulching culture/upland culture)×100, is as follows : a) lowland brown rice: non-glutinous type 108.3, glutinous type 111.1 and both types 109.2. b) lowland-upland hybrid brown rice: non-glutinous type 112.8, glutinous type 106.0 and both types 109.0.View full abstractDownload PDF (669K) -
Ryuichi ISHII, Ryuh OHSUGI, Yoshio MURATA1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 516-523
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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Toshihiko NISHIO1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 524-529
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo obtain suitable seedlings for mechanical transplanting, the effect of potash application was studied on the physical characteristics of seedlings at the 4th leaf stage. Zero to four g/box of potash (K2O) were applied as basal dressing to the seedlings grown in seedling boxes, which were filled with Kitamoto (K-deficient) and Konosu (standard) soils. 1. Physical characters of seedlings differed significantly by the difference in soils and by the amount of potash applied. Comparing with the seedlings grown in Konosu soil, those grown in Kitamoto soil were more rigid in the structure of basal part, thicker in basal section and more resistant to buckling and bending, which were due to the well developed basal part with erect and short foliage. A decrease in the rigidity in the basal part was observed as potash application was increased (Fig. 1). 2. Potash content in leaf sheath was closely related with the nature of soils and the amount of potash applied. High potash content was observed in the seedlings applied more amount of potash and this case was observed a also in the seedlings grown in Konosu soil. An increase in potash content resulted in the reduction of structural rigidity in basal part, with the increment in basal section diameter. This means that the resistance to buckling and bending decreases because of excessive foliage grown with poor developed basal part (Fig. 2). 3. So far as the information presented, no relations have been found between abundant potash application and the vigour of seedling. Therefore it is concluded that excessive potash application is not recommended because of the unfavorable physical characteristics for mechanical transplanting.View full abstractDownload PDF (702K) -
Mamoru SUZUKI, Kiminori NAKAMURA1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 530-536
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS"Maximal Growth Rate Experiment" was conducted using rice variety Hoyoku at Kyushu Agricultural Experiment Station from 1967 to 1971. The results obtained are as follows. 1. High positive correlation was observed between the amount of solar radiation and CGR during the period from 6 to 3 weeks before heading. With the increase of solar radiation CGR increased much at the early stage of the growth, but not so much at the later stage of the growth (Fig. 1). 2. Mean temperature was positively correlated with CGR at the early stage of the growth and negatively at the later stage of the growth (Fig. 2). 3. The significant positive partial correlation was found between the amount of increase in leaf area and temperature during the period from transplanting time to 6 weeks before heading, and between the amount of increase in leaf area and solar radiation during the period from 6 to 3 weeks before heading (Table 2). 4. The efficiency for solar energy utilization of whole growing duration was higher in normal season culture than in early planting culture (Table 4). 5. The efficiency for solar energy utilization after heading had a tendency to become lower as temperature became higher (Fig. 7).View full abstractDownload PDF (726K) -
Harunosuke KAWAHARA, Toshiaki MATSUDA, Nobuo CHONAN1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 537-542
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the swelling piller-shape part of rachilla vascular bundle of rice spikelet, ramificated xylem, phloem and unlignified thick-walled parenchyma cells elabolate a mosaic structure (Fig. 1 and 2). There can be observed no transfer cell, but sieve elements are surrounded with a number of large phloem parenchyma cells including abundant mitochondria (Fig. 1, 2 and 6), and the thick-walled parenchyma cells are rich in simple pits and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Fig. 3 and 6) connecting with cortical sclerenchyma cells (Fig. 2). For about 25 days after flowering, starch grains are observed only in the cortical sclerenchyma cells and the thick-walled parenchyma cells of rachilla bundle (Fig. 6), and subsquently disapear. By tracing barium chloride absorbed through the roots, no transpiration stream can be observed in the piller-shape part of the rachilla bundle. It is supposed, that the phloem parenchyma cells provide the sieve elements with the energy necessary for phloem active transport, that the turgor pressure of the sieve elements is controlled by putting in and out the water and solutes of sieve elements, and that the tracheids function as drainpipes of water.View full abstractDownload PDF (1667K) -
Shin-ichiro KAWATA, Manabu KATANO1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 543-557
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGrowth and development in the roots of rice plants were observed under the influence of water management techniques such as flooding, midseason drainage, intermittent irrigation and water percolation. Two methods were applied in this observation. One was to dot each site where crown roots and lateral roots appeared through the profiles of 10×30 cm made at depths of 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 25 and 30 cm from the soil surface after having taken a soil block by means of an improved monolith method (Figs. 3, 4 and 6). The other method was to measure the length of each crown root after cutting off vertically by a stainless steel cylinder (diameter: 150 mm) and to judge the directions of the growing crown roots by their length which were classified as either short or long. The rates of growth of the crown roots grown obliquely downwards or vertically, were higher in water-percolated field, as well as in field drained at midseason, and much lower in intermittently irrigated field than in flooded field. It has been already shown by the authors that the crown roots can be classified into the following three types according to the growing direction: all the upper primary roots of "shoot units" grew horizontally; the lower primary roots of "shoot units" grew in various directions; and most primary roots of the prophyll "shoot units" grew vertically irrespective of growth stage. It has also been shown that only the lower primary roots changed their growing direction under water mangement, i.e. all the upper primary roots grew horizontally, and most primary roots of the prophyll "shoot unit" grew obliquely downwards or vertically irrespective of water management. It was found that the crown roots grown horizontally into arable soil formed more secondary roots, with densities of 200-300 per 10 cm of crown root, than did those grown obliquely downwards or vertically into the subsoil, which formed 70-200 secondary roots per 10 cm of crown root, irrespective of water mangaement and growth stage. In the crown roots grown into the subsoil, the density of thick secondary roots, which usually branched out into tertiary roots, was much higher in the field of intermittently irrigated field as well as that drained at midseason; and higher in the percolated field than in flooded field. The formation of additional lateral roots was also shown in the following ways: tertiary roots developed in fields flooded or water percolated irrespective of the direction of crown root growth; fourth roots on the crown roots grew into the arable soil and tertiary roots on the crown roots grew into the subsoil in the field drained at midseason; fifth roots on the crown roots grew into the arable soil and fourth roots on the crown roots grew into the subsoil in intermittently irrigated field.View full abstractDownload PDF (1208K) -
Tomoshiro TAKEDA, Waichi AGATA, Susumu HAKOYAMA, Hiyoshi TANAKA1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 558-568
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe reported earlier that the weed vegetation of non-cultivated paddy fields, which had lain waste for years, varied with the difference of soil moisture. On the other hand, there is a well-known fact that higher plants can be divided into major two groups, C3- and C4-species, with distinct photosynthetic pathway. Recently, it is also reported that these two groups are dissimilar in their habitat affected by environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation and so on. In this investigation, in order to find out the difference of ecological distribution between C3- and C4-weeds according to soil moisture of non-cultivated paddy fields, the authors tried to compare the value of Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR2) in two weed groups of the Gramineae. The data of SDR2 used in this paper are the same ones which have been examined in the previous paper. Results are as follows: 1. The distribution of two weed groups within the Gramineae varied with the difference of soil moisture conditions in non-cultivatcd paddy fields, that is, the percentage of SDR2 in C3-weeds to total SDR2 was higher in lowland conditions than in upland ones. However, that of C4-weeds was in the reverse tendency. This relationship between ecological distribution and soil moisture condition was more apparent in paddy fields of long-year non-cultivation than in those of short-year non-cultivation. (Table 2, 3, 4) 2. It was observed that some species were distinctive in distribution pattern to soil moisture condition. Arthraxon hispidus, Hemarthria sibirica of C4-species and Panicum bisulcatum of C3-species showed a more adaptive characteristic to wide range of soil moisture condition than other specics. Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa chinensis and Paspalum distichum showed rather a well-growing characteristic under wet condition than other C4-species. And in some plots where these particular C4-species were in more invasive, SDR2 percentage of C4-species were higher than that of C3-species even under lowland condition. 3. The close relation was recognized between the ecological distribution of C3-, C4-species to soil moisture condition and their systematical situation judged from the systematics of the Gramineae which was proposed by TATEOKA. (Table 5)View full abstractDownload PDF (1024K) -
Shin-ichiro KAWATA, Osamu SASAKI, Koou YAMAZAKI1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 569-579
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is known that the roots of rice plants branch out from the secondary to the sixth order lateral roots, and there are, generally, two kinds of lateral roots can be seen at any order, namely, thick and thin lateral roots. Their structures differ in that the thin lateral roots are absent in the late metaxylem elements (MX II) and in the cortex which forms lysigenous aerenchyma (Fig. 1, B and C). The vessel connection between the crown root and the secondary lateral root, between the secondary lateral root and the tertiary lateral root, and so on, are alike. In other words, the protoxylem elements (PX) of the lateral root are connected with the protoxylem elements or early metaxylem elements of the parent root, and the late metaxylem elements (MXII) of the lateral root are connected with the late metaxylem elements of the parent root, independently of the order (Figs. 3, 4 and 5). Between the vssels of the lateral root and the parent root, at the connecting region, tracheary elements (TE) were observed which may be modified forms of the stelar parenchyma cells, and these tracheary elements were jointed with the side wall with each other (Figs. 3, 4 and 5). The connection between the protoxylem elements (or the early metaxylem elements in the case of the crown roots) and the late metaxylem elements in the parent root was observed at the region where the lateral roots were formed. The connection might be undergone by modification into tracheary elements of the stelar parenchyma cells between them (Fig. 6). Some of these tracheary elements had perforations and others did not (Fig. 7).View full abstractDownload PDF (2395K) -
Akihiro NOSE, Michio SHIROMA, Kiyomatsu MIYAZATO, Seiichi MURAYAMA1977 Volume 46 Issue 4 Pages 580-587
Published: December 30, 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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