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Volume 82 (2013)
- Issue 4 Pages 325-
- Issue 3 Pages 209-
- Issue 2 Pages 135-
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Volume 82, Issue 2
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Tetsuya Iwabuchi, Yuji Matsue, Hitoshi Matsunaka2013 Volume 82 Issue 2 Pages 135-140
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 11, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to establish the nitrogen topdressing technology with reduced labor for improvement of bread quality, we examined the effects of nitrogen topdressing before and after heading, and also the effect of foliar spraying of urea on dough characteristics using the bread wheat cultivar Minaminokaori from Northern Kyushu. Topdressing of ammonium sulfate at the flag-leaf emergence stage tended to decrease the wet gluten content and valorimeter value, thus deteriorating the dough characteristics more severely than the topdressing at 10 days after heading. The topdressing at 25 days after heading tended to decrease the grain protein content, wet gluten content and valorimeter value, thereby deteriorating the dough characteristics compared with that at 10 days after heading. Foliage spraying of urea caused severer leaf burn than the topdressing of ammonium sulfate. In the once urea sprayed plot, gluten index tended to be lower and valorimeter value was lower resulting in inferior dough characteristics compared with the twice sprayed plot. This is probably because the concentration of urea was higher in the once sprayed plot than in the twice sprayed plot, resulting in incomplete gluten protein synthesis and therefore inferior quality of gluten in the once spraying.View full abstractDownload PDF (735K) -
Hiroyoshi Nitami, Tomokazu Sato, Toshinori Matsunami, Ryoichi Itoh, Ta ...2013 Volume 82 Issue 2 Pages 141-149
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 11, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was conducted to investigate the influence of water stress during flowering on yield and yield components using determinate (cv. Enrei and Norin 2) and indeterminate (cv. Clark and Willliams 79) soybean cultivars grown in pots and in the field. During the non-irrigation period, leaf water potential ranged from −1.1 MPa to −1.5 MPa in the dry plot. Pod and seed number decreased significantly in the determinate cultivars, while seed number per pod and the 100-seed weight also tended to decrease under the water stress condition. In the indeterminate cultivars also, pod and seed number tended to decrease but only slightly, and the seed number per pod and 100-seed weight tended to be maintained under the water stress conditions. As a result, stress-induced yield loss tended to be lower in the indeterminate than in the determinate cultivars. In 1999 when the temperature was extremely high, the net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate in the plot subjected to water stress from flowering to pod formation stage tended to be higher in the indeterminate cultivars than in the determinate cultivars. This suggested a correlation between NAR and the degree of yield loss. In addition, the long sunshine hours in August, after the water stress period, was suggested to have compensated for the yield loss due to the water stress in the indeterminate cultivars.View full abstractDownload PDF (1003K) -
Eiichiro Kamada, Tadashi Takahashi, Natsumi Kaneoka, Hideki Araki, Ken ...2013 Volume 82 Issue 2 Pages 150-155
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 11, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of temperature during the early growth period in Yamaguchi Prefecture, influenced on the time of two spike differentiation stages, double ridge stage and terminal spikelet stage were examined from 1998 to 2011 using three wheat cultivars, Norin 61, Iwainodaichi and Akitakko whose degree of winter habit were II, IV and V, respectively. The seeds were sown in early October (early sowing) and in November to early December (conventional sowing). The period from sowing to double ridge stage and that to the terminal spikelet stage were shorter in early sowing than in conventional sowing in Norin 61, longer in Akitakko, and nearly the same in both early and conventional sowing in Iwainodaichi. The cumulative temperature was greater in early sowing than in conventional sowing in all cultivars, but the difference was small in Norin 61 and large in Akitakko. In spring wheat such as Norin 61, growth in the early stage was promoted by early sowing due to the higher temperature in the early growth stage resulting in reduced days to spike differentiation. However, in winter wheat such as Akitakko, spike differentiation was not completed (terminal spikelet did not differentiate) before March in early sowing, because a longer period was required for vernalization. In moderate winter wheat such as Iwainodaichi, the plants were vernalized before the severe cold season in early sowing resulting in earlier terminal spikelet stage than in conventional sowing.View full abstractDownload PDF (938K) -
Tokihide Nagoshi, Shizue Uto, Ken-Ichi Matsushima, Shigeru Hirano, Fuj ...2013 Volume 82 Issue 2 Pages 156-166
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 11, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of deep irrigation and reduced amounts of basal nitrogen dressing on the emergence of upper nodal tillers (UNTs) were examined in a deep-flood irrigation plot and a control plot using the extremely early rice cultivar ”Kirara 397”. In both plots different amounts of nitrogen was applied as basal dressing (BD) and top-dressing at 36 days before heading (TD). However, top-dressing at the panicle formation stage (TDP) was 3 gm-2 in all plots. Three fertilization management regimes were designed: 2 gm-2 BD, 0 gm-2 TD and 3 gm-2 TDP (2･0･3 plot), 2 gm-2 BD, 2 gm-2 TD and 3 gm-2 TDP (2･2･3 plot), and 4 gm-2 BD, 0 gm-2 TD and 3 gm-2 TDP (4･0･3 plot). UNTs emerged the heading time in all experimental plots. The number of UNTs was greater in deep-flood irrigation plots than in control plots, and the number of UNTs was greatest in the 2･0･3 plot. The number of primary tillers (including main culms) showed a significant negative correlation with the number of UNTs. In the 2･2･3 plot, the UNT production was suppressed because of the increased emergence of tillers of secondary and higher orders. Thus excessive suppression of normal tillering resulted in increased UNT emergence. It was suggested that nitrogen top-dressing just before the young panicle formation stage can suppress the emergence of UNTs even if the normal tillering is suppressed.View full abstractDownload PDF (878K)
Quality and Processing
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Tatsuya Yamamura, Hideki Nagahata, Hiroshi Nakagawa, Takeshi Ebitani, ...2013 Volume 82 Issue 2 Pages 167-175
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 11, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe occurrence of milky white kernels is induced by high temperature and limited assimilate supply. The ring-type milky white kernels is induced mainly by a limited assimilate supply whereas the center-type milky white kernels is induced by a high temperature. The objective of this study was to select lines with a low percentage of milky white kernels from Koshihikari/Kasalath chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) and to determine whether they show a low percentage of milky white kernels under conditions of high temperature and limited assimilate supply. In 2006 and 2007, 36 CSSLs were grown in the field and the percentage of milky white kernels was compared with that in Koshihikari. SL204 and SL236 had a lower percentage of milky white kernels and were selected for the experiments. In 2008 and 2010, these lines and Koshihikari were grown in the field, and in 2008, leaf clipping treatment and thinning treatment were given to change assimilate supply. In 2009, high temperature treatments were given to the pot-grown plants using a temperature gradient chamber. We examined the percentage of milky white kernels in each year, grain yield in 2008 and 2010 and assimilate availability in 2008. SL204 and SL236 had a lower percentage of milky white kernels than Koshihikari under a high temperature and limited assimilate supply conditions. Under high temperature condition, the percentage of center-type, and under a limited assimilate supply, the percentage of ring-type milky white kernels were low. The lower percentage of ring-type milky white kernels was attributed to the higher assimilate supply in SL204 and the lower supply of assimilate required to prevent the occurrence of ring-type milky white kernels in SL236.View full abstractDownload PDF (1555K)
Crop Physiolory and Cell Biology
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Akira Abe, Aya Oikawa, Hiroyuki Shimono2013 Volume 82 Issue 2 Pages 176-182
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 11, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVariations of sterility induced by cool-irrigation tolerance (18.5°C, 30cm) due to years and period of cool-irrigation were examined in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, using three rice cultivars for 4 years. The cool-irrigation tolerance test started at 37-34 days before heading (“standard”) and at a week earlier (“long-period”). Spikelet sterility was significantly lower in the tolerant cultivar ‘Hitomebore’ than in other cultivars, and was higher in 2005 and 2006 than in 2007 and 2009. A long irrigation treatment significantly increased spikelet sterility over cultivars and years. The spikelet sterility was in the range of 29−61％ in ‘Hitomebore’, 77−93％ in ‘Akihomare’ and 63−95％ in ‘Toyonishiki’. The difference in sterility in each treatment was analyzed by the simple regression to air temperature, water temperature and solar radiation averaged for 14 successive days during a period from 49 days before heading to 7 days after heading for each cultivar. The difference in sterility of each cultivar was explained by water temperature during 42 to 28 days before heading stage. The long treatment covering the 42 to 28 days before heading stage could reduce the yearly variation of spikelet sterility by 5 points (standard deviation) compared with standard treatment although it delayed the heading date by a few days.View full abstractDownload PDF (1570K) -
Kou Nakazono, Hiroyuki Ohno, Hiroe Yoshida, Hiroshi Nakagawa2013 Volume 82 Issue 2 Pages 183-191
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 11, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of meteorological factors during grain filling and maturation on pre-harvest sprouting in wheat were examined by glasshouse and field trials for several years using two cultivars with different levels of sprouting tolerance ,‘Norin 61’ (resistant) and ‘Shirogane−Komugi’ (susceptible). The risk of pre-harvest sprouting was evaluated from the percentage of kernels germinated from the spikes detached and incubated for 10 days at 15°C. Germination percentages at harvest time were positively correlated with temperature during maturation in both trials. However, in the field trials there were large variations in germination percentages and the correlation coefficient was smaller than that in the glasshouse trials. A simple statistical correlation analysis revealed that the average temperature from the time with 50％ kernel water content to physiological maturity significantly correlated with pre-harvest sprouting. In addition, germination percentage increased with increasing number of rainy days during that period but there was no significant correlation between germination percentage and total precipitation in Norin 61.These results indicate that the high temperature and prolonged wetness just before rapid decline of kernel moisture increase the potential risk of pre-harvest sprouting.View full abstractDownload PDF (1237K)
Research and Technical Note
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Kazuyuki Kobayashi, Toshio Joh, Toshinori Fukuyama2013 Volume 82 Issue 2 Pages 192-196
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 11, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBlack-kerneled rice contains antioxidants, making it of interest to consumers. However, it is much more expensive than common rice, and this is one of the problems for the food industry to utilize. To supply cheaper raw materials for the food industry, we assessed the polyphenol content and heat gelatinization properties of the screenings of ‘Shiho’ black-kerneled glutinous rice developed in Niigata Prefecture. Screenings of 1.70−1.85 mm grain thickness had 26.1% less polyphenol than refined grain, and screenings of \<1.70 mm had 54.3% less. Therefore, to achieve the same polyphenol yield as from refined grain, it would be necessary to use 30% to 50% more rice screenings. The rate of decrease of polyphenol content was lower per unit weight than per kernel, and it seems that flour made from screenings would reduce the necessary amount of raw materials in comparison with whole grains. Thinner grain had a higher protein content than thicker grain, and screenings of \<1.7 mm had 8.6% protein. In addition, the gelatinization start temperature was lower, and the rice cake hardening rate of rice screenings seemed to be lower than those of refined grain. The heat gelatinization properties of rice screenings also seemed to be inferior. Flour made from screenings would have a lower swelling capacity, a weaker gel strength, and slower starch retrogradation than that made from refined grain. It will be necessary to solve these problems before rice screenings can be used in the food industry. A supply route also needs to be established.View full abstractDownload PDF (785K)
Information
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...2013 Volume 82 Issue 2 Pages 197
Published: 2013
Released on J-STAGE: April 11, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (577K)
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