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Volume 34 (1965 - 196･･･
- Issue 4 Pages 367-
- Issue 3 Pages 237-
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Volume 34, Issue 4
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K. SATO1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 367-373
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLeaf-blade cuttings at several growth stages were conducted on rice plants grown under paddy field conditions in 1957 and under pot cultures filled with river sand in 1958, and the subsequent growth processes were observed mainly morphologically and the starch content in the shoot was measured. Two cutting treatments were conducted; all the expanded blades in every culm except the newly appearing leaf were clipped (old-leaf cut), or, on the contrary, only newly expanding blades were clipped every day as they appeared above the top of the leaf-sheaths which enclosed them (new-leaf cut). Some results obtained are outlined as follows: 1. Tillering and rooting stopped for a while after the both treatments, and growth in terms of dry matter production was heavily checked. However, the leaf formation in already established tillers were rather accelerated and the area of newly formed blades became gradually larger, and the dry-weight percentage of green leaves in the whole plant was maintained higher compared with those of undefoliated plants. On the contrary, the starch amount in stem and leaf-sheath was very much decreased as a result of defoliation, since most of the reserved carbohydrates might be consumed to make up for compensatory growth of new leaf. 2. Shortly after the treatments, both tillering and rooting were activated even during ear developlment, while the undefoliated plants tended to stop tillering and to decrease root formation during the same period. At the later stages of growth, the relative growth rate in dry matter production was much accelerated in the treated plants probably due to intensified respiration, photosynthesis and other life processes by enlarged blades. Under these situations, the amount of starch in the shoot was always less than that of the untreated plants, indicating the greater consumption of carbohydrates for the stimulated growth with much nitrogen absorbed by newly formed vigorous roots. 3. Defoliation might have lead the rice plant to rejuvenescent state, resulting in higher growth rate, larger panicle and greater number of kernels per plant, if there was enough time to recover from the clipping damage untill the flower initiation began. In the two experiments, the cutting of newly expanding leaves did not promote heading, but delayed it much more than the cutting of old leaves. 4. The clipping of the leaf-blades some days before ear formation retarded the elongation of the lower internodes, hence the resistance to lodging of rice plant might sometimes become stronger by defoliation treatments.View full abstractDownload PDF (855K) -
A. INOKUTI1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 374-379
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was carried out in 1963 to obtain some information on the germination of coated rice seeds, using the variety "Tosan No. 38" as material. The seeds were dried in the air after pregermination treatment in the water and were coated with following seven kinds of materials; Pearlite, Vermilite, Volcanic ash soil, Soiluck, Primary calcium phosphate, Hepta-dust and Atonic. In the first experiment, the filter paper was used as seed beds in 9 cm Petri-dishes and the water quantity of seed beds was conducted with next five degrees containing 3, 5, 8, 15 and 30cc. In the second experiment, the soil was used as seed beds in 9 cm Petri-dishes and the water quantity of seed beds was conducted with next seven degrees containing about 42, 52, 63, 73, 83, 94 and 104% of water capacity. The third experiment was also carried out to investigate the germination and early growth in the coated seeds under the different conditions of five types of seeding. The results obtaintd are as follows: 1) In the case of first experiment, the coated seeds germinated most quickly in 3 cc plot, but in other plots were inferior to the non-coated seeds. 2) In the case of second experiment, the coated seeds showed a tendency of earlier germination and development in below 73% plots than those in the non-coated seed plots. At the same time, the limit of water quantity in seed beds for the appearance of plumules or radicles in the coated seeds was about 90% of water capacity as well as in the non-coated seed. 3) As to the third experiment, in the direct seeding under the dry field condition, the appearanec of plumules and their growth in the coated seeds were superior to those of non-coated seed. While there was no great difference between the coated and non-coated seeds under other seeding conditions. 4) Judging from the results obtained, the coated rice seeds seem to be useful in the direct seeding at the dry field. Moreover, it may be possible to expect better effects by research and improvement in the future.View full abstractDownload PDF (1079K) -
E. KAWAHARA, T. WAKAMATSU1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 380-384
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeeds were harvested from 15 varieties of Echinochloa crusgalli L., 1 strain of E. c. Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi, 3 strains of E. c. Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi, 2 strains of E. c. Beauv. var. praticola Ohwi and 2 strains of E. c. Beauv. var. caudata Kitagawa immediately after reaching maturity and then were stored in paper bags for 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days, respectively. By using such seeds, the percentage of germination, velocity of germination and dormancy were examined in a thermostat at 30°C. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The percentage of germination of Echinocloa crus-galli L. (cultivated species) was very higher than that of the 4 wild species. The differences of the percentage were not significant among varieties. Generally speaking, the percentage was not affected by the number of storage days. But the percentage of the 4 wild species ranged from 14.4% (shown by the strain of E. c. Beauv. var. caudata Kitagawa) to 62% (shown by the other strain of E. c. Beauv. var. caudata Kitagawa) and the wild species could be divided into the following 3 groups from the relation of the percentage to the number of storage days. That is, the percentage of the first group constituted from the 2 strains of E. c. Beauv. var. caudata Kitagawa increased with the increase of storage days and the second group constituted from the 1 strain of E. c. Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi collected from the Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station showed the decrease of the percentage with the increase of storage days. With the third group, the percentage increased up to the eightieth day from the beginning of storage, but the percentage when stored for 100 days lied between both cases of 80 days and 60 days. 2. From the above percentage of the strains of wild species, the beginning dates of awakening for both primary dormancy and the secondary dormancy were discussed. 3. There was no difference of velocity of germination among the cultivated varieties and the velocity of these varieties was larger than that of the wild species. The velocity of E. c. Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi differed greatly each other among the strains, but the differences of velocity among the strains of both E. c. Beauv. var. praticola Ohwi and E. c. Beauv. var. caudata Kitagawa were small. The number of storage days had no decisive influence upon the velocity of germination.View full abstractDownload PDF (653K) -
Yoshio MURATA, Junichiro IYAMA, Tsutomu HONMA1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 385-390
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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E. MAEDA1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 391-398
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInfluences of uncoupling agents and other metabolic inhibitors on the extension of lamina joints are shown in this experiment. Leaf segments excised from the rice plants, according to the method described earlier(16, 19), constituted the experimental materials. The substances to be tested were added to the control medium containing 2 × 10-5 M of indoleacetic acid or l0-5 M of 2, 4-D. The stimulatory effect of the tested substances by the addition of indoleacetic acid at 2 × 10-6 M was investigated. From the obtained data the following facts are indicated. (1) Among the tested substances a noticeable inhibitive action was demonstrated by 1 mg/l of azalomycin F, 10 mg/l of colistin sulfate, 5 × 10-6 M of acriflavin, 5 × 10-6 M of pentaclorophenol, 10-5 M of methyl caffeate, 5 × 10-5 M of dinitro-o-cresol, 5 × 10-5 M of dinitrophenol, 10-4 M of diphenylamine, 5 × 10-4 M of sodium azide, 10-3 M of cinnamic acid, 10-^3 M of p-coumaric acid, 10-3 M of ferulic acid, 10-3 M of phenylurethane, and 10-3 M of vanillic acid. Also, 1 mg/l of 5-nitroso-7-phenoxytropolone, 10-5 M of z-furane, 5 × 10-5 M of methylene blue or 5 × 10-5 M of tannic acid could account for the slightly inhibitive effect on the extension. (2) The inhibition of extension of the excised lamina joints initiated at the concentration which is to influence the oxidative phosphorylation in plant mitocondria or to occur an increment of oxygen uptake in the plants. This result shows that the extension of lamina joint might be associated with the oxidative phosphorylation in the cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (1081K) -
Y. TSUNODA, J. WADA, R. SATO1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 399-402
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn 1964, the authors carried out a series of experiments to examine the differences in severall items as mentioned hereunder among seventeen verieties of lowland rice raised in cool regions of Japan, each having its own peculiar characteristic. These varieties were treated by being left in cool irrigation water (16°C) for twenty-two days at their tillering stages in order to clarify the varietal differences in the delay of heading time, the number of leaves on a main culm, and the leaf emerging velocity caused by such a low temperature. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The varietal difference of delaying degree of young panicle differentiation stage as well as heading time was clearly observed by the treatment with cool irrigation water (Fig. 1). No significant correlation, however, could be recognized between the delaying degree and the intrinsic earliness in growth (Fig. 2). 2. In most varieties the total number of leaved on a main culm was decreased by low water temperature at the tillering stage and in all the varieties the reduction of the leaf emerging velocity was observed (Table 1). Among these findings it is worthy of notice that there exists a high positive correlation between the leaf emerging velocity of varieties under ordinary water temperature (22°C) and that of those under low water temperature with a few exceptional varieties, having cleary lower reducing degree of the leaf emerging velocity under low water temperature in comparison with that of others (Fig. 3). 3. The variations both in the total number of leaves on a main culm and in the leaf emerging velocity were found closely related to the delaying degree of heading (Fig. 4, 5), but as a rule the latter was greater in the influential ability upon the delaying degree than the former. 4. The delaying index of heading composed of the changing rates of the above mentioned two factors has much higher correlation with the delaying degree of heading in comparison with the case of the individual factor (Fig. 7).View full abstractDownload PDF (616K) -
K. SATOU1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 403-408
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing two constant-temperature greenhouses of 27° and 17°C respectively, the rice plants were grown under the following four temperature regimes. HH : Grown at 27° continuously. HL : Grown at 27°by day and 17° by night. LL : Grown at 17° continuously. LH : Grown at 17° by day and 27° by night. The treatments, each of 15 days long, were given at three growth stages: (1) the stage of tillering, (2) early panicle development and (3) later panicle development. When treatments ended, the plants of half pots were harvested immediately for chemical analysis and the other half pots were placed out of doors until the plants matured. Besides these, both germinated seeds and maturing plants were treated under warmer and cooler air temperatures, till the former reached to several leaves stage and the latter to the end of maturation. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) The plants in HH plot were tallest with the largest area of leaf-blades and the highest speed of leaf emergence, but their dry weight was less than that of HL plants, mainly due to a small number of tillers. The LL treatment depressed the growth of plant in terms of plant height, leaf emergence rate, leaf area and dry weight. The growth of HL and LH plots was intermediate between those of LL and HH. (2) Heading was most advanced in HH plot, and delayed under LL and LH, especially when the LH treatment was given at the stage of early panicle development. (3) The matured kernels decreased in number at LL and LH almost equally in case of the second treatment, however, at the later stage of panicle development which included the pollen formation, the continuously low temperature might have severely damaged the pollen resulting in extremely poor fertilization and fruiting. The LH treatment also heavily decreased the fruiting percentage. (4) In the vegetative stage of growth, the greatest amount of transitory starch was stored in the culm and leaf-sheath in LL plot, followed by the HL and LH. The HH plant had the least of it. During the ripening period, much starch remained in the culm and leaf-sheath when treated under cool temperature presumably because the movement of sugars into grains was inhibited or delayed due to failure of fertilization or lower rate of translocation. (5) The total and soluble nitrogen content were highest in the plants of LL plot, followed by those of HL, LH and HH respectively. As a whole, the plants grown continuously at lower temperature had a higher carbohydrate and nitrogen content than the plants grown under warmer temperature conditions. The plants grown continuously under warmer temperature had a least content of them. However, in young seedlings which depend their growth mostly on the reserves of the seeds, the consumption of endosperm starch and the growth of seedlings seems to be proportionally controlled by air temperatures, resulting in the least storage of transitory starch in the stem or leaf-sheath. (6) The significance of starch contained in the culm and leaf-sheath are discussed in relation to the growth and the ripening of rice plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (788K) -
K. WATANABE, T. KODAMA, T. NOMOTO1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 409-412
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThese experiments were made on the relationship between the effects of soil structure on the growth and yield of sweet potato Plant, and a few physiological characteristics. The results obtained may be sammarized as follows. (1) By aggregating the soil, the growth of sweet potato plant was promoted and its total dry weight increased. As for the relationship between soil treatment and growth of different stage, it was found that the aggregate formation of the soil affected its growth in its late growth stage to a large extent and promoted especially the thickening of tuberous root. When the soil was made compact, the growth of the top parts of the plant became flourishing, but the thickening of its tuberous root was hampered considerably. (2) The authors examined the internal tissure of sweet potato's root in the aggregated soil treatment. As a result, it was found that the activity of cambium was vigorous and that the number of primary xylem was few. It was also observed that its root presented the condition liable to become tuberous root, and that the differentiation of root had advanced. (3) The nitrogen content of sweet potato was larger in the aggregated soil treatment than in the standard soil treatment, and the rate of soluble nitrogen content against total nitrogen content was liable to be higher in the standard soil treatment. (4) The phosphorylase and amylase activity in tuberous root of sweet potato was lower in its early growth stage, highest in its middle growth stage, and decreased slightly in its late growth stage. The value of isoelectric point of cell protoplasm of parenchyma in tuberous root was low in its early growth stage and became higher as its growth advanced. (5) With regard to the relationship between the soil managing methods and a few emyzme activities, phosphorylase activity was higher in the standard soil treatment in its early growth stage, but decreased in and after its middle growth stage, whereas amylase activity was higher in the aggregated soil treatment in its early growth stage but decreased in and after its middle growth stage. All this goes to show that the aggregated soil treatment offered more favourable internal conditions for the accumulation of starch in tuberous root than the standard soil treatment.View full abstractDownload PDF (675K) -
K. WATANABE, T. KODAMA1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 413-418
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen the O2 concentration in soil air decreased, the growth of crops was checked, but the effects were different according to the kinds of crops. In these studies the authors investigated the relationship between the N gas and O2 concentration in soil air and the growth of crops when it was cultivated in Wagner's pot. Sixteen kinds of crops were tested. The results obtained may be summarized as follows. Experiment 1 : Chiefly winter crops were tested. In examining the effects of the decrease of O2 concentration on the growth of crops, it was found that the growth of common vetch was significantly affected by the decrease of O2 concentration in soil air, and that the growth of oats was next to it. The growth of alfalfa, barly and wheat was found to make little differece from that of the standard treatment, and the growth of Italian ryegrass was somewhat better on the treatment where N gas was injected. Experiment 2 : Summer crops were tested. In examining the effects in question, it was found that the growth of peanut was significantly affected by the decrease of O2 concentration in soil air, and that the growth of sweet potato, maize and cucumber was also checked, whereas the growth of barnyard millet was somewhat better on the treatment where N gas was injected. Experiment 3 : The growth of every crop tested-upland rice, sorghum, soybean, Chinese cabbage and Japanese radish were checked by the decrease of O2 concentration in soil air. Above all, the growth of soybean and sorghum was inferior. Thus the effects which the decrease of O2 concentration in soil air had on the growth of crops were different depending on the kinds of crops. The effects in question were also different from one part of crops to another. For instance, in the case of sweet potato and Japanese radish the thickening of root aimed at a harvest was liable to be checked much more than any other part.View full abstractDownload PDF (842K) -
K. WATANABE, T. KODAMA, Y. HOZUMI1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 419-424
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThese experiments were made to probe the effects of the composition of soil air on the growth of crops in their different stages of growth. Upland rice, soybean, sweet potato and maize were tested. The authors examined the effects of the decrease of the O2 concentration in soil air on the growth of crops in their early stage (from June 20 to July 10), in their middle growth stage (from July 10 to July 29), in their late growth stage (from July 29 to August 19), and in the ripening period of upland rice alone (from August 27 to October 7). In any crop, the check of dry matter production due to the decrease of O2 concentration in the soil air was found to be larger in its late growth stage when its growth was remarkable. However, when the rate of the increase of dry weight in the managing period in N gas injection treatment compared with that of standard treatment, the growth periods were different depending on the kinds of crops. The results according to the kinds of crops was as follows. (a) As to upland rice, its early stage of growth was largely affected by the decrease of O2 Concentration, and its growth in the managing period was liable to be hampered. Its ripening period was less affected than any other growth stage and the weight of grains was 98% of that of the standard treatment. (b) As to soybean, as the effects of treatment among its different growth stages was not so great, it was evident that the effects of O2 concentration was somewhat larger in later growth. (c) As to sweet potato, its late stage of growth was most largely affected by the decrease of O2 concentration and its growth was checked. Its early stage of growth was next to it, and its middle stage of growth was little affected. The effects of the composition of soil air on the weight of its tuberous roots was especially large. (d) As to maize, its late stage of growth was most largely affected by the decrease of O2 concentration, and its growth was checked. Its early stage of growth was next to it, and its middle stage of growth.View full abstractDownload PDF (860K) -
S. WADA, T. KUDO1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 425-430
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies were made to examine the yield response of different varieties of low-land rice plant to the direct supply of fertilizers to the rhizosphere of the growing plants and analyzed the results with special reference to the components of yield. Fertilizers with 13-13-13 analysis was applied to the depth of 12cm, 32-35 days before the heading date of each variety. The resultsof two seasons' studies are summarized as follows. 1. The average yield of all the varieties examined increased by about 13% with the treatment. At the same time, the number of panicles, the number of spikelets per plant, and the 1000 grains weight also increased but the percentage of ripened grains decreased. 2. The yield of a given variety under the condition of the treatment was mainly determined by the rate of increase of yield in response to the treatment irrespective of the yield under the standard condition and the tendency of the variety whose ripeness of grains not to be lowered by heavy fertilization. 3. The varieties of heavy panicle type tended to produce a good crop responding favorably to the treatment. 4. High significant correlation was not found of the yield of the varieties between the standard plots and the treated plots. This seems to be due to the lack of correlation between the percentages of ripened grains in both groups of plot.View full abstractDownload PDF (815K) -
A. ISHIHARA1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 431-439
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe carrot callus tissues are cultured on the following three kinds of medium, i. e., the standard medium, "the root-forming medium" and "the embryo-forming medium", after the subculturing of different periods from isolation. The histological observations of these calli are undertaken by the ordinary paraffin method. The friable callus tissues within one year and more after isolation are composed of the tissue particles. These tissue particles have its characteristic organization according to the nutrient medium. The stock callue tissues cultured on the standard medium are composed of the tissue particles of the surface-growing type, in which the parenchyma containing the groups of tracheid-like element is covered with the growing zone of proliferating cells on the surface. While the nodular callus tissues cultured on "the root-forming medium" - standard medium. excluding 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid - are constituted from the minute tissue particles which are homologus to the "meristematic nodules" of Gautheret. These "meristematic nodules" unite each other with the loose parenchyma on their surfaces and build up the larger tissue nodule of several millimeters in diameter. During the course of the repeated subcultures over three years, the gradual chages in the components of the stock callus tissue are observed. In these changes, the following two features are distinctly noticeable; first, the degeneration of the tissue particle into fragments and second, the increase in the proportion of the giant free cell in the cell population of the callus tissue. When the callus tissue within one year after isolation are cultured on "root-forming medium", the root primordia differentiate endogeneously from the cambial layer located uuder the outer loose parenchyma of the "meristematic nodule". From this observation, the significance of the organization of the tissue particles for the differention of the roots in carrot tissue is suggested. When the callus tissues being until about one year after isolation are cultured on "the embryo-forming medium", the adventive embryos are found to be generated from the few embryonic cells that are clearly distinguished by size and stainability from the other kinds of cell. The embryonic cells are always situated either on the outermost layer of the tissue particles or in free state.View full abstractDownload PDF (3848K) -
S. KAWATA, K. LAI1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 440-447
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDifferent roots grown under different conditions of cultivations have shown conspicuous morphological difference in the thickness of the inner tangential and radial walls of the endodermal cells. The degree of the thickness was greater in those roots grown in upland condition than those grown in the submerged one. The thickness of the cell walls of the endodermal cells shows sensitive reaction to the change of the soil conditions during the growing period. In a word, the thickness of the cell walls of the endodermal layer can be induced greatly to a state of typical "U" or "C" shape in appearance of transversal views. This phenomena are closely correlated to the soil water conditions. Further observations of the endodermal cells reveal the following morphological features; first, the existence of cytoplasm and nuclei in any stage of the development and second, numerous small pits in the thickened inner tangential, radial and transversal walls. The degree of thickness, in usual, is correlated to the orientation of the tissue elements of the stele and sometimes the passage cells were found opposite to the protoxylem elments. The differences in thickness of the endodermal layer in the roots which keep close correlation to the soil water condition, together with sorne typical characteristics shown in the cells of this layer may have endowed quite specialized function in regard to the physiological mode of water utilization by the roots of rice plants grown in paddy fields.View full abstractDownload PDF (3028K) -
M. OJIMA, J. FUKUI1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 448-452
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was performed to analyze the characteristics of dry matter production in the soybean plant community on the field. Norin-No. 2 variety was grown under the different conditions, namely, sowing dates, amount of fertilizer and plant densities. The results were as follows : 1. The maximum crop growth rate (Cmax) was 100-120g/m2 of land area/week at about 530 ly/day in the middle stage of grawth, but it did not continue until the late stage. In the ripening period, crop growth rate rapidly decreased. 2. Maximum value of leaf area index was 6.5. The ratio of dry weight of non-photosynthetic system to leaf area (C/F ratio) rapidly increased with the development of seeds. 3. Net assimilation rate (NAR) showed the high value (50g/m2 of leaf area/week) in the early stage of growth. It gradually decreased with time and showed the low value below about 20g in the ripening period. The decrease of NAR are due to the mutual shading, the increase of C/F ratio and the decrease of nitrogen content in leaves. The decrease of solar radiation also caused the decrease of NAR.4. The optimum leaf area index (Lopt) is not a static value. It varies with light intensity, C/F ratio and nitrogen content in leaves. For example, Lopt and Cmax at 536 ly/day in three weeks after flowering time were 5.3 and 111g respectively, but in green pod stage at 502 ly/day, those were 4.7 and 80g as shown in table 1. These results indicate that the crop growth rate of the soybean plant commuties is lower than that of rice plant commuities. 5. The distribution ratio of increased dry matter to the leaves and roots was higher at early stage than that of other stages. The distribution ratio to the stems and petioles increased until 3 weeks after flowering time, then decreased with the development of seeds. The proportion of dry matter distributed to the pods was comparatively low for 3 weeks after flowering time, but after-wards, it became rapidly high. In each sowing date, the distribution ratio to the leaves and roots under the dense planting was lower than that under the thin planting. The same phenomenon was found in the pods for 3 weeks after flowering time. Reverse relationship, however, was found in the stems and petioles.View full abstractDownload PDF (607K) -
M. OJIMA, J. FUKUI1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 453-456
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study is to clarify the contributions of dry matter production to the grain yield of soybean plants. The experimental design is the same as the previous report. The results were as follows : 1. The number of ovules per unit area increased with the accumulation of dry matter and the amount of absorbed nitrogen and phosphorus during the period from the date of flower-bud differention to flowering time. 2. The percentage of ripened seeds was mainly determined by the amount of dry matter distributed to each pod for about 3 weeks after flowering time. The number of these seeds per unit area increased with the dry matter distributed to the pods rather than the increment of total plant weight within about 4 weeks after flowering time. 3. The grain yield is composed of the duration of seed production and the crop growth rate in this duration, so increasing yield depends on the increase of these two components. The duration of seed production was mainly affected by the sowing date. The sowing date was the later, this duration was the shorter. Moreover, this duration was slightly prolonged by dense planting or heavy manuring. The change of crop growth rate was due mainly to NAR, when mean LAI was more than about 3.5. In late sowing, the leaf area was insufficient for increasing the crop growth rate. The increase of NAR under the large leaf area is important to obtain the high yield of soybean.View full abstractDownload PDF (533K) -
M. SHIMIZU, Y. TAKEOKA1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 457-464
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe study was carried out to compare the effects of gibberellin with those of auxins on the morphogenesis of spikelets in rice plants. Gibberellin, α-indoleacetic acid, β-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid were applied just after the time of young panicle differentiation, in the nutrient solution at various concentrations as seen in table 1. It was reconfirmed that gibberellin had some important effects on the spikelet morphogenesis, as had been reported previously by the writers and not only induced various malformed spikelets but also tended to increase the number of glumes, stamens, stigmata and pistils, causing several kinds of abnormal sexual organs and multi-floral spikelets. On the other hand, as shown in table 2, since such phenemena as found in the plots of gibberellin treatment have not been caused by the application of auxins at all, it is considered that the modes of action of the exogenous gibberellin and auxins on the spikelet morphogenesis are different or contrastic with in many faces especially on the differentiation of lateral organs, among all the staminate one in the spikelet. With regard to sex expression, it is said that auxin level at the differentiating apex determines the sex balance and the concentration promoting maximal stamen growth is lower than promoting maximal pistil growth. In this case of rice plants, exogenous auxin is considered to elevate the auxin level at the spikelet apex up over the maximal concentration, and to suppress the maleness, following no marked promotion in the development of female organ. Recently, gibberellin has been reported by a number of investigators to have promotive effects on the staminate organ, suppressing the pistilate one, but the results obtained in this study are not necessarily agree with them completely, the development of both male and female organs having been promoted by gibberellin application. It was indicated that further extensive studies should be done in order to clarify the real relationship between gibberellin or auxins and sex expression, using various methods of application or concentrations of them, followed by the more critical observations on the effects, not only from the quantitative or morphological but also qualitative or functional standpoints of view, analysing them on differentiation and on growth of primordia.View full abstractDownload PDF (1423K) -
M. SHIMIZU, K. KUNO, Y. TAKEOKA1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 465-471
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe study was performed to investigate the effects of X-ray irradiation or/and gibberellin on the spikelet morphogenesis in rice plants. X-ray irradiation was carried out at the differetiating stage of spikelet at the dosages of 1kr, 5kr, 10kr and 20kr, and gibberellin was applied in the nutrient solution at the concentration of 100 ppm on the day after the X-ray treatment. Various abnormalities, these are, appearance of malformed spikelets, development of additional glumes, variation in stamen initiation, increase of stigmata in number, development of multiple pistils in a spikelet etc., have been induced by X-ray irradiation. These phenomena are closely similar to those induced by gibberellin in many faces. When gibberellin application was added to X-ray treatment, it was found that the morphogenetic effects of gibberellin had been promoted strongly by the pre-treatment of X-ray and every abnormality caused by gibberellin had been strengthened remarkably. Based on the results above mentioned, it is considered that the physiological changes as influenced by X-ray may not be inhibitory to exhibition of gibberellin activity but strongly promotive ones. A few considerations were tried on the relationship between gebberellin and auxin, regarding to the spikelet morphogenesis from the standpoint of auxin economy, since a level down of auxin had been reported by a number of investigators to be caused by X-ray irradiation.View full abstractDownload PDF (1195K) -
S. CHIKUBU, H. YANASE, I. ENDO, M. KIKUCHI, T. TANI1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 472-477
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice producing districts in Japan have many common facilities which dry and winnow the paddy. Then, these facilities are called "Rice Center". In these facilities, it has been happened the necessity of the temporary storage of paddy dried to 18% moisture content, owing to the small scale of their handling capacities. Accordingly, this experiment was undertaken in order to investigate the preservability of paddy during temporary storage. Paddy half-dried to different moisture content (16%, 18% and 20%) were stored in the desiccaters which have different relative humidities (65%, 75% and 85%) at 20°C during about two months, and moisture content, viability of embryo stained by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, fat acidity and contaminated grain by microorganisms were mainly measured on husked rice after taking of the hull. As the results, it was recognized as follows: these paddy can be safely stored within 15 or 20 days, when their moisture contents were kept always from 18 to 19% during the storage. On the other hand, when the moisture content of paddy was less than 16%, this paddy can be safely stored all through the storage period.View full abstractDownload PDF (759K) -
S. MATSUSHIMA, T. TANAKA, T. HOSHINO1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 478-483
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous paper for maximizing yield particular stress was laid on ensuring the necessary number of tillers as early as possible. Therefore, as a step of finding the ways by which the tiller-number is efficiently increased, the authors tried to investigate the temperature conditions which make the rice plant increse the number of tillers as well as the length of tillers. For the purpose they firstly investigated temperature effects on tillering by subjecting each part of the rice plant independently, i. e. leaves and culms, culm-bases, and roots, to various temperatures (16, 21, 31 and 36°C). The results obtained may be summarized as follows. 1. The temperature at the bases of culms, inside of which the growing points are located, is much more effective than the temperature around the roots for increasing the number of tillers as well as the length of tillers, and moreover, it is worthy of note that low temperatures at the culm-base encourage the development of tillers which come out from lower nodes, while high temperatures such as 31°C and 36°C at the culm-base definitely disturb their development. (cf. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). 2. At the culm-base a considerable high temperature, i. e. 31°C, is favorable for lengthening tillers, while a considerable low temperature, i. e. 16°C, is likely to be indispensable to increase efficiently the number of tillers. (cf. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3) 3. It has definitely been recognized in the experiment that a wide range from a maximum to a minimum in daily temperature at the culm-base is quite advantageous for increasing the number of tillers. (cf. Fig. 4) 4. So far as the experiment is concerned, in case of a whole nursely period being subjected to the temperature treatment, a temperature of 21°C is optimum in air-temperature as well as in water-temperature for increasing the number of tillers of seedlings, but in case of a whole nursery period being divided into two periods, i. e. the first half and the latter half, and each period being subjected respectively to the temperature treatment, high air-temperatures up to 36°C and slightly lower water-temperatures than the air-temperatures are favorable in the first half period, while high air-temperatures as well as high water-temperatures are unfavorable, and low air- and water-temperatures are quite necessary in the latter half period to increase efficiently the number of tillers of seedlings. (The air-temperatures can be considered as the temperatures around leaves and culms, while the water-temperatures can be taken as the temperatures at the culm-basis.)(cf. Table 1 and Table 2)View full abstractDownload PDF (741K) -
S. EHARA, Y. YAMADA, H. IKEDA, Y. NATA1966 Volume 34 Issue 4 Pages 484-488
Published: June 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this report, the structure and function of fog-box, designe dby the authors for spray-culture, were described. This apparatus consisted of three parts, compressor, atomizer and fog-box. The fog was produced by atomizer working on the scent scent-shray spray principle, and atomizer and box were made of vinyl chloride in order to be protected from the corrosion by nutrient solution. After stopping of spray, therelative atomospheric humidities in the box were made saturated for 18, 10 and 2 minutes and the temperatures in the box were adjested to 15°, 20° and 30°C respectively. In this apparatus, wheat, beet, tomato, Italian-ryegrass and sweet potatoes grew well, especially the root growth of those crops was very good. The water culture solution was used in this experiment. The fog-box might be used for morphological, ecological and physiological studies on the root, rhizome or tuber of crops, but it appeared that further investigations on the structure and function of fog-box for special purposes of studies were required .View full abstractDownload PDF (835K)
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