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Volume 71, Issue 2
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Tomohiko YOSHIDA2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 147-153
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
Hirokazu SATO, Yosuke UCHIMURA, Yuji MATSUE2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 154-160
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe protein content of wheat grains on the productive tillers at each nodal position and order were investigated to establish the cultivation technique for improvement of the crude protein content of wheat grains. Protein content of the grains widely varied with the position of tillers in the plant. The protein content of the grains on the secondary productive tillers was higher than that on the primary productive tillers. Grains on higher nodal tillers generally contained a larger amount of protein. In "Norin 61", "Chikugoizumi" and "Iwainodaichi", the content of crude protein positively correlated with heading date and negatively correlated with the weight of head. The weight of head negatively correlated with heading date. Therefore, it is concluded that the protein content of the grains varies with the nodal position the tiller due to difference in the degree of grain filling, which is closely related with the heading date and the order of tillers. The protein content of the grains produced on the plants by early sowing was lower than that by standard sowing and the difference in the protein content between standard and late sowing was not significant. The degree of increase in protein content caused by top dressing of nitrogen was greater in the grains on the secondary productive tillers and on higher nodal position.View full abstractDownload PDF (1012K) -
Kazuo TERASHIMA, Kiwamu SAKAI, Nobuyuki KABAKI2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 161-168
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relationship between biomass of an individual hill and pushing resistance was investigated using lodging tolerant US. rice cultivar 'Lemont' and suscestible Japanese rice cultivar 'Nipponbare'. The plants were grown in the field at the same density (44.4 hills per m2) in 1990 and at different densities (22.2, 44.4, 88.8 hills per m2) in 1993 with or without laying a porous membrane between the top-soil and sub-soil layer. At the heading stage, panicle number (E), plant height (H), pushing resistance (R) at 10cm height (h), root and shoot dry weight (W, U), and diameter of culm base originating nodal roots (D) were measured for each individual hill. Loding index [I=(H×U)/(h×R)], indicating a level of tolerance to root lodging, was higher in the hills with less E. This tendency was not significantly affected by porous membrane laying treatment which prevented roots from elongating to sub-soil layer. The ratio of R to W was lower in the plant with less E or the plant grown under highly dense condition. Above results indicate that factors other than root mass and penetration to sub-soil layer are relating to the decrease of lodging tolerance in rice plant with less E. The possible influence of D on root lodging tolerance was discussed based on the balance of physical moments working on the culm base.View full abstractDownload PDF (1056K) -
Kuniyuki SAITOH, Toshifumi HAYAMI, Tomohiro ISHIBE, Yuji MATSUE, Takef ...2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 169-173
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of organic fertilizer (cow and chicken manure) and pesticide on palatability and physicochemical properties of cooked rice (cultivar Nipponbare) were examined for three years from 1996 to 1998 in the paddy field of Okayama University. On the average, the overall eating quality of cooked rice from the plants grown in organic fertilizer-applied & pesticide-free plot and organic fertilizer & herbicide-applied plot were not significantly different from that in the chemical fertilizer & pesticide-applied plot. The palatability in the organic basal fertilizer applied, chemical top-dressed & pesticide-applied plot was inferior to that in the chemical fertilizer & pesticide-applied plot. This suggests that organic fertilization and agricultural chemicals hardly affect the palatability of cooked rice. In 1997, the palatability in each plot without fertilization was superior to that in the corresponding fertilized plot. The overall eating quality was negatively correlated with protein content and hardness/adhesion ratio, and positively correlated with stickiness, maximum viscosity and break down, but not with amylose content. In 1998, the palatability in the organic fertilizer-applied & pesticide-free plot and the chemical fertilizer & pesticide-applied plot without topdressing at the ripening period (amount of total applied nitrogen was equal) was superior to the corresponding plot with topdressing at the ripening period. In order to produce good eating quality rice in organic culture, it is important to restrict the nitrogen absorption of organic fertilizer at the ripening stage.View full abstractDownload PDF (784K) -
Yukihiko IIDA, Kunio YOKOTA, Toshiaki KIRIHARA, Ritsuo SUGA2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 174-177
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe percentages of the number of heat-damaged kernels, white-back or basal-white kernels and milky-white kernels in a heated greenhouse were compared with those in a paddy field in a high-temperature year to examine whether the greenhouse observation could represent the varietal difference in the tolerance to the damages in the field condition. Twelve varieties of rice, considered to have various degrees of tolerance to kernel damage due to high temperature, were cultivated in the greenhouse on benches (70cm high, 15cm deep) filled with paddy field soil. The plants were exposed to high temperatures of 27.6∼28.3°C (day/night temperature: 29.7∼30.1°C/25.3∼26.3°C) during the period from heading to maturity. At maturity, the percentages of white-back or basal-white kernels and milky-white kernels were counted in eight plants of each variety. A significant difference (P<0.05) in the percentage of occurrence of white-back or basal-white kernels was recognized among varieties exposed to high temperatures in the greenhouse. There was a significant positive correlation between the occurrence of these kernels in the greenhouse and in the paddy field in 1999 when high-temperature days continued during summer. There was no significant varietal difference in the occurrence of milky-white kernels. These results suggested that the percentages of white-back and basal-white kernels were appropriate indicators and the tolerance to high temperature. We proposed that five varieties, Koshijiwase (resistant), Kokoromachi (moderately resistant), Akitakomachi (moderate), Hitomebore (moderately sensitive) and Hatsuboshi (sensitive) could be the indicator varieties to the tolerance.View full abstractDownload PDF (667K) -
Tomio ITANI2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 178-185
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify the quality of aromatic rice, we evaluated the grain appearance and alkali solubility of the brown rice of 69 Japanese native aromatic rice cultivars, 18 foreign aromatic rice cultivars and 18 Japanese non-aromatic leading rice cultivars, which were used to determine the inspection grade by the Japanese Food Agency. We also examined the percentages of chalky rice grains and whiteness using a whiteness tester. Alkali solubility was classified into 10 grades from 1 (no change) to 10 (perfectly disintegrated or dissolved) after soaking half-cut brown rice grains in 1.25 and 1.5 % potassium hydroxide solutions for 24 hours. The Japanese aromatic rice showed the worst appearance, low inspection grade, high percentage of chalky rice grains and high whiteness, but the non-aromatic leading cultivars showed the opposite characters. On the other hand, the foreign aromatic rice showed intermediate values between Japanese aromatic rice and non-aromatic leading cultivars in the inspection grade, percentage of chalky rice grains, and whiteness. The Japanese aromatic rice showed higher alkali solubility than non-aromatic leading cultivars and the solubility greatly varied with the cultivation area; Tohoku (North-East Japan) < Kanto and Hokuriku (Central Japan) < West Japan. Alkali solubility showed a positive, high correlation coefficient with the heading date. The foreign aromatic rice showed a lower alkali solubility than non-aromatic leading cultivars and a very large variation in the solubility. The quality of the rice grain such as hardness (or softness) should be considered when we use aromatic rice as blending or breeding materials.View full abstractDownload PDF (1067K) -
Hisashi TANNO, Masahumi KINOSHITA, Hitoshi KIUCHI, Yuji HIRAYAMA, Yosh ...2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 186-191
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of short-day treatment on the cool-weather tolerance at the flowering stage was examined in 14 varieties of rice from the south of Tohoku district, Japan, and 3 varieties from Yunnan Province, China. The plants were exposed to 8-hour short days for 14 days from the 5.5 leaf stage (short-day plot; SDP) or natural-day lengths throughout the experimental period (NDP). On the day of heading, they were exposed to 17.5°C for 15 days. The number of days to heading in SDP was 28 days less on average than in NDP. In the varieties with a longer period to heading in NDP, the period was reduced more markedly by a short-day treatment (r=0.926, n=17). The variation of heading date among varieties in SDP was smaller than in NDP. Although the cool-weather tolerance at the flowering stage in SDP was higher in varieties with longer periods to heading in NDP, with greater reduction in the number of days to heading by short-day treatment, and with a longer duration of sunshine, from 3 days before to 5 days after heading (r=0.666, 0.536 and 0.741, each, n=16), there was a highly significant positive correlation (r=0.830, n=16) in the cool-weather tolerance between SDP and NDP. Therefore the short-day treatment was considered to be laborsaving for growing materials for the test of cool-weather tolerance.View full abstractDownload PDF (916K) -
Toshikazu MORISHITA, Takahisa TETSUKA2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 192-197
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSResearch was conducted to define the characteristics of rutin, protein, and oil contents of common buckwheat in the Kyushu area with the use of local and breeding varieties containing various origins and ecotypes. The analysis of variance showed that the differences among varieties and years were significant at the 1% level for the rutin, protein, and oil contents. The range of the varietal differences of rutin content was larger than protein and oil content. Except for protein content, environmental variation was bigger than the genetic one. There were many high rutin content varieties in Nepal, but varietal characteristics depending on origin were not found in other origins. It was indicated that a high temperature was advantageous for rutin accumulation during maturing. There was an inverse significant correlation between grain yield and rutin content and a significant correlation between protein content and oil content. But it was unclear that a relationship existed between flour to grain ratio, 1, 000 grain weight, and these contents.View full abstractDownload PDF (809K) -
Osamu SASAKI2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 198-205
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of short period high water temperature (35°C) on the growth response of immature leaves in rice plants. The test plants was exposed to high water temperature during one phyllochron, from the time of emergence of a given leaf of the main stem to the time of emergence of the adjacent younger leaf. Control plants were kept continuously at 30°C water temperature. High water temperature at the time of emergence of the (n)th leaf ("n" indicates an optional ordinal number of leaves counted acropetally from the incomplete leaf in the main stem) decreased the blade width of (n+1)th to (n+3)th leaves, the blade length of (n+1)th to (n+3)th leaves, and the sheath length of (n)th to (n+1)th leaves, respectively. The restraint effect of high water temperature was most remarkable against the blade width of (n+2)th leaf, the blade length of (n+1)th leaf, and the sheath length of (n)th leaf. High water temperature also decreased the total leaf length(blade and sheath) of (n)th to (n+3)th leaves and the blade area of (n+1)th to (n+3)th leaves. The restraint ratio in each leaf length against the control plot was significantly lower (under 15.6% level) than in each blade area (31.6∼34.3% level). These notable blade restraints caused by high water temperature may impose a serious influence for the growth ability in rice plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (841K) -
Hiroko CHIBU, Hidejiro SHIBAYAMA, Susumu ARIMA2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 206-211
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of 0.1% and 0.5% chitosan application on the shoot growth of rice and soybeans were investigated after incorporating it into soil before planting. In non-fertilized soil, plant heights, leaf numbers and SPAD values of rice increased, but in fertilized soil they did not increase by chitosan application. At an early stage, the growth of soybean was improved by the application, but later it became almost similar in applied and control plants. Differing from rice, the growth of soybean did not vary by chitosan application under fertilization. The effects of chitosan application on shoot growth improvement were considered to be different by crop.View full abstractDownload PDF (920K) -
Hiroko CHIBU, Hidejiro SHIBAYAMA, Masaru MITSUTOMI, Susumu ARIMA2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 212-219
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of chitosan application on chitinase activity of rice and soybeans were investigated after incorporating it into soil before transplanting or seeding. In non-fertilized soil, the chitinase activity of rice increased from a chitosan application 2 weeks after transplanting, and it was continuously higher than control on 60, 90 and 120 days after the application. In fertilized soil, however, its effect was not clear. The effects of chitosan application on the chitinase activity of soybean were occasionally observed only in non-fertilized soil, and these effects of chitosan were found being different by crop.View full abstractDownload PDF (1240K) -
Hidetoshi ANDOH, Tohru KOBATA2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 220-225
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeed hardening, wetting and redrying of the seed before sowing, increases the rates of germination and seedling emergence of wheat and rice sown in dry soil. We examined the effect of the seed hardening on the water potential of seed, a driving force of water absorption from soil, and the activity of α-amylase, a key enzyme for soluble carbohydrate supply. In wheat variety Norin-61, the water and osmotic potentials at the time of sowing were -7.2 and -12.3 MPa, respectively, in the hardened seed, and was -4.8 and -9.9 MPa, respectively, in non-hardened seed. However, in rice variety Nipponbare, neither water nor osmotic potential was clearly affected by seed hardening. In hardened seeds, the activity of α-amylase at 12 hours after sowing in dry soil was 2.7 and 2.8 times as high as that in non-hardened seeds in both Norin-61 and Nipponbare, respectively. In several other Japanese varieties and Korean native varieties also, seedling emergence rate in dry soil and α-amylase activity before sowing were increased by hardening treatment, and α-amylase activity of hardened seedsbefore sowing was 1.9∼8.3 times as high as that of non-hardened seeds. It was assumed that the rates of germination and seedling emergence in dry soil were increased by seed hardening through the increase of soluble carbohydrate supply owing to increased α-amylase activity. However, hardening treatment did not decrease osmotic potential of rice seed. Redrying during the hardening treatment may have kept the activities of some enzymes in addition to α-amylase at the levels just before germination, and thus promoted germination.View full abstractDownload PDF (929K) -
Mitsuyoshi UEDA2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 226-231
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSConstancy of three kinds of heat unit accumulation required for silking of corn cultivated in Northern Kyushu was compared using the data of 14-24 experiments with different sowing dates. The cultivars used were early variety G4321A, medium variety G4810A, late variety P3160 and Ko-3 bred in Japan. The kinds of heat unit accumulation used were: simple heat unit accumulation (SHUA), which is the accumulation of daily mean temperatures above 0°C, effective heat unit accumulation-I (EHUA-I), which is the accumulation of daily mean temperatures above 10°C, and effective heat unit accumulation-II (EHUA-II), which is the accumulation of daily mean temperatures above value a(°C) in the formula, Y=aX+b, where X and Y are the number of days and SHUA from sowing to silking, rspectively. The coefficient of variation (C.V.) was as large as 7.9-10.9% and that of EHUA-I was 5.1-9.3%. On the other hand, C.V. of EHUA-II was only 2.5, 3.2 and 5.2% in G4321A, G4810A and P3160, respectively, showing a high constncy. In Ko-3, C.V. of EHUA-II was 8.5%, probably because this cultivar is sensitive to photoperiod.View full abstractDownload PDF (881K) -
Mituyoshi UEDA2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 232-238
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe silking date of corn was predicted from the multiple regression formula (MRF) with day length and the average temperature within one month after sowing as variables. The cultivars used were G4321A, G4810A and P3160, which are early, medium and late varieties, respectively, and domestic variety Ko-3. For the first three cultivars, the MRF with the average temperatures on day 20 and 30 after sowing (T20, T30) and the day lengths on day 0 and day 10 after sowing (P0, P10) as variables, provided the most accurate prediction, and the standard deviation of the estimated days from sowing to silking was less than 2.7 days in all varieties. In Ko-3, on the other hand, the standard deviation of the silking days estimated from MRF with the temperature and day length as variables was as large as 3.7, and the prediction accuracy was inferior. However, the prediction accuracy was improved by using the number of days from January 1 to the sowing day as the third variable of MRF in addition to T20 and P10. The standard deviation of the silking days estimated from the improved MRF was 2.9 days. The use of MRF, though the variables used differed with the cultivar, enabled the accurate prediction of silking day in all the four cultivars, indicating that this method is practically useful.View full abstractDownload PDF (977K) -
Ji Quan ZHANG, Seiji HAYAKAWA, Haruhiko YAMAMOTO, Norio OKADA, Hirokaz ...2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 239-249
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTyphoons 9117·9119 and 9918 passed through Kyushu, Chugoku, and Shikoku of Japan in the middle and the latter part of September. Many areas in the western parts of Japan suffered from strong winds and heavy rainfall during these typhoons, which damaged crops and greenhouses in these years. The money lost in agriculture in Kyushu, Chugoku, and Shikoku as a result of typhoon 9117·9119 exceeded 281 billion yen. The money lost in agriculture in these areas as a result of typhoon 9918 exceeded 114 billion yen. Typhoon 9117·9119 damaged crops, trees, livestock, institutions, and so on, but trees and livestock were not nearly as damaged by typhoon 9918. The crop most damaged by typhoon 9117·9119 was fruit trees, but the one most damaged by typhoon 9918 was rice. The money lost in rice, vegetables, trees and institutions caused by typhoon 9117·9119 in this region was more than that caused by typhoon 9918. The difference is attributed to the landing strengths, disaster types, and damage mechanisms of the typhoons.View full abstractDownload PDF (1608K) -
Kazuyuki KOBAYASHI, Takaaki MATSUI, Hironobu KASANEYAMA, Kazuhiko ISHI ...2002 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 250-255
Published: June 05, 2002
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPalatability of rice-cake was evaluated by the following method using the samples used for yield test at Niigata Crop Research Center. Unpolished rice grains thicker than 1.85mm were collected passing the thinner grains through a sieve, and the collected grains were polished to 89% polishing rate. The polished rice samples were stored at 10°C for one week to make the water content uniform. The designated amount of the sample was immersed in water for 15 hours, dehydrated, and set into a rice-cake making machine (SD-3603, National, Osaka) supplied with a prescribed volume of water. Rice-cake was made automatically, and placed on a vinyl sheet in the frame. It was covered with another vinyl sheet, and flattened to a plate, 1.5cm thick, in the frame using a rolling bar. It was then cooled down overnight, and cut into blocks of 4×6×1.5cm on the next day. Four kinds of samples including "WATABOUSHI" as standard, were tested by panel of more than 15 skilled persons. The rice-cakes were boiled at 75°C for 10 min, served in a dish, and ranked in 11 grades for appearance, whiteness, koshi (hardness and elasticity), stickiness, smoothness, flavor, taste and overall palatability in comparison with standard. Judging from the evaluation of palatability of breeding materials harvested in different years and KOGANEMOCHI used for comparison, this method was considered to be useful.View full abstractDownload PDF (816K)
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