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Volume 81 (2012)
- Issue 4 Pages 397-
- Issue 3 Pages 259-
- Issue 2 Pages 137-
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Volume 81, Issue 1
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Review
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Jun-Ichi Sakagami, Chiharu Sone, Mikio Nakazono2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 1-9
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice is one of the few submergence-resistant crops, but cannot grow under extended periods of complete submergence. The frequency of heavy rains and flooding is expected to increase due to global warming. Therefore, flood-control is extremely important in flood-prone rice cultivation areas. In rice plants, shoot elongation is generally accelerated by submergence to escape the submerged condition by photosynthesis under aerobic conditions on the water surface. When completely submerged by an abrupt rise in the water level at the seedling stage for a period of less than two weeks, the ethylene concentration is increased, foliage growth promoted, chlorophyll function in leaves fails, and energy consumption is increased by the rapid elongation, resulting in depletion of carbohydrates. The gene related to the escape from submergence through such internodal elongation is SNORKEL1, 2 (SK1, 2). However, some varieties of rice tolerate complete submergence by inhibiting the elongation of submerged stems and leaves, thus suppressing the consumption of carbohydrates instead. In such submergence-tolerant rice plants, elongation of stems and leaves is inhibited by suppression of the increase of ethylene concentration in the plant, which also decreases the sensitivity to gibberellins. Thus, the plant maintains a balance between carbohydrate supply and demand. The gene related to such submergence tolerance is SUBMERGENCE1 (Sub1). Physiological knowledge of these mechanisms of submergence tolerance will contribute to development of submergence-tolerant varieties of rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (1907K)
Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Masami Furuhata, Tadashi Chosa, Akihiro Ohsumi, Osamu Matsumura2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 10-17
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify the varietal variation of seedling emergence in direct seeding culture, and the characteristics that contribute to the emergence in a cold climate, we tested seedling emergence in the soil at a low temperature using a nursery box, We also examined the germination characteristics and coleoptile elongation under anaerobic conditions in relation to seedling emergence. The emergence rate of seedlings from the soil at a low temperature was positively correlated with early plant growth and with the coleoptile elongation rate at a low temperature in anaerobic conditions. The germination coefficient in a cold Petri dish was positively correlated with the seedling emergence rate and early plant growth in the soil at a low temperature. However, the factor responsible for this correlation could not be clarified.View full abstractDownload PDF (3023K) -
Namiko Yoshino, Hiroyuki Kobayashi, Tomoko Uchida, Yumi Shimazaki, Min ...2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 18-26
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo determine the suitable location and time of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivation with living mulches, we examined the effects of meteorological factors on the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) used as living mulch. In the field experiments conducted in 2007 and 2008, the later the sowing date, the poorer the growth in both wheat and barley, and all barley died before the soybean harvest season, although some wheat survived. In pot experiments at a low temperature, however, not only wheat but also barley survived until the soybean harvest season. The growth of barley was greatly affected by temperature and 26−41% of the growth was explained by temperature and solar radiation in the growing season. The growth of wheat was less affected by temperature and solar radiation, and for estimation of the growth of wheat used as living mulch, soil condition should also be considered.View full abstractDownload PDF (1507K) -
–Artificial Lodging and Lodging Preventing Treatments–Kuniyuki Saitoh, Kuniko Nishimura, Toshinobu Kitahara2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 27-32
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree field experiments were conducted to elucidate the effect of lodging on seed yield of soybean (cv. ‘Enrei’). In exp I, seeds were sown in mid-Jun for ten years (1999–2008) with a row width of 50–80 cm at the density of 10.0–12.5 plant m-2, and the effects of lodging score and climatic factors on seed yield were examined. The lodging score and climatic factors were not significantly correlated with seed yield in the experimental field. However, the number of typhoons that approached the area and the lodging score in the experimental field (except in 2001 damaged by phytophagous bugs) were closely correlated with the average yield in Okayama Prefecture, at 0.01 and 0.05 levels of significance, respectively. In exp II, the lodging-preventing treatment increased the yield ; the medium level of lodging decreased the yield by 5–7%. In exp III, the artificial lodging at the flowering stage decreased the yield by only 9% due to the yield compensation by branch development, but that at the young pod to maturity stages decreased the yield as much as 34%, and that at the seed filling to maturity stages decreased it by 26%. It was concluded that the complete lodging at the seed maturation stage decreased the yield more than 30%, but the medium lodging at an earlier or later stage of reproduction decrease it by 5–15%.View full abstractDownload PDF (874K) -
Masami Furuhata, Tadashi Chosa, Akihiro Ohsumi, Osamu Matsumura2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 33-38
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn 2008 and 2009, the characteristics of seedling emergence, dry matter production, and yield of rice direct-seeded using iron-oxide-coated seeds (Fe-seeds) were examined in comparison with those in rice direct-seeded using calcium-peroxide-coated seeds (Ca-seeds) to establish a method of direct seeding of Fe-seeds in a cold climate area. In direct seeding of Fe-seeds, early growth was reduced by a low temperature for about 4 days after seeding, compared with that in direct seeding of Ca-seeds. Thus, increase in dry weight of the top, tiller number, leaf area index, and nitrogen uptake of the seedling from Fe-seeds was delayed resulting in reduced numbers of panicles and spikelets, and yield was reduced. Even under such conditions, early growth in direct seeding of Fe-seeds was improved by seeding nearer the soil surface, and thus, the degree of the yield reduction by a low temperature was mitigated.View full abstractDownload PDF (1321K) -
Kou Urano, Yukitsugu Takahashi, Hideaki Hirai, Norihito Morishima, Tad ...2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 39-48
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecently, organic cultivation is attracting attention. However, the technique for raising paddy rice seedlings using organic fertilizer has not been established. We developed a technique for raising organic seedlings under the pooled condition using forest surface soil in the nursery boxes. In a preliminary experiment, we examined three kinds of organic fertilizers, rapeseed oil cake, fish grounds and feather meal. The results suggested that the rapeseed oil cake mixed with fish grounds is the most effective. Then, we mixed the rapeseed oil cake and fish grounds at a ratio of 1 to 1 in N content and set up four plots containing 0,1,2 or 3 grams nitrogen in each nursery box. We concluded that mixing the rapeseed oil cake containing one gram nitrogen with fish grounds containing one gram nitrogen (2 grams of nitrogen in total) was appropriate for raising paddy rice seedlings under the pooled condition with forest surface soil in the nursery box.View full abstractDownload PDF (1000K) -
Sachiko Ikenaga, Hisashi Hosokawa, Kazuhide Adachi, Satoshi Ohno, Miki ...2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 49-55
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined whether rotary tilling and ridge-making implement, developed to reduce wet injury in soybean, could be adapted to six-rowed barley. The growth and yield of barley in rotary tilling and ridge-making implement plot (ridge-making plot) were compared with those in the broadcasting plot. The seeding rate was 8 gm-2 in the ridge-making plot and 12 gm-2 in the broadcasting plot. In the ridge-making plot the yield was superior to that in the broadcasting plot, and the crop showed a higher percentage of ripening and less reduction in stem number after overwintering. The relative growth rate was higher in the ridge-making plot than in the broadcasting plot from 170 days after seeding, due to maintenance of high the net assimilation rate. The total dry matter weight was heavier in the ridge-making plot than in the broadcasting plot from 200 days after seeding. Furthermore, the distance from the groundwater level to the surface of ridges was on the average 4.8 cm greater in the ridge-making plot than in the broadcasting plot; thus, the upper soil in the ridge-making plot had a large macropore volume after snow, and the soil condition was aerobic during snow melting. These results suggest that the superior growth and yield in the ridge-making plot contributed to reducing wet injury after snow.View full abstractDownload PDF (1264K)
Quality and Processing
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Koichi Hatta, Kanako Kusa, Shunsuke Oda2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 56-63
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFactor analysis was employed to estimate the relations between hue of wheat flour and elemental contents. The first, third, and fifth factors were correlated with hue of wheat flour L* value or a*value. The first factor had a large loading dose of iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and phosphorous contents. This high loading dose of phosphorous content suggested a change in the amounts of elements bound to phytic acid, which is a phosphorous compound located in the aleurone layer. The main loading dose of the third factor was calcium content. The third factor also had a loading dose of phosphorous content, suggesting that calcium is combined with phytic acid. The fifth factor had a large loading dose of protein. These results suggested that the contents of protein and elements contained in flour vary due to different factors. The mineral contents of the flour samples used here may reflect the amount of aleurone layer that was mixed into the flour, and it is therefore, unlikely that any specific element was the direct factor for worsening of flour color. Thus, the development of a wheat cultivar with great milling quality with little aleurone layer contamination might be an efficient way to improve the hue of wheat flour.View full abstractDownload PDF (1189K)
Crop Physiolory and Cell Biology
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buri Ha, Makoto Tsuda, Yoshihiko Hirai2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 64-70
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSalinity stress as well as water stress impairs crop production in saline soil. This study was conducted to examine the effect of soil salinity on water use and dry matter production in wheat and barley. Long pots, 96 cm in length and with an inner diameter of 7.1 cm, were filled with sieved soil, and a NaCI solution was applied to establish saline plots NaCl-7 g and NaCl-14 g, in which the amount of NaCI was 7 and 14 g pot-1, respectively. No NaCl was applied to the NaCl-0 g plot. The seedlings of wheat cultivar “Norin 71” and barley cultivar “Hojo-kawa 8” were transplanted two plants per pot. When transpiration decreased to a negligible amount, shoot dry weight, root length, soil water and Na+ concentration of plant and soil were determined. The results were similar in the two crops. The number of stems per plant was smaller in NaCl-14 g than in NaCl-0 g or NaCl-7 g. The evapotranspiration rate increased at the same rate in all plots in the early growth stage, but, was larger in NaCl-0 g than in NaCl-7 g or NaCl-14 g in a later growth stage. The deeper the soil layer, the lower the root length density but the higher the volumetric soil water and Na+ contents. A correlation was observed between the soil water content and root length density, but there was a stronger relationship between volumetric soil water content and Na+ content. Reduction of shoot dry weight corresponded to that of total evapotranspiration. It was concluded that shoot dry weight was limited by the amount of water extracted from soil, which depended partially on root length density but mainly by soil Na+ content in saline soils.View full abstractDownload PDF (1374K)
Research and Technical Note
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Takeo Sakaigaichi, Yoshifumi Terajima, Takayoshi Terauchi, Taiichiro H ...2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 71-76
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relationship between growth and mineral balance shown by the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of plant shoot was studied in a forage sugarcane variety, KRFo93-1. The degree of growth was evaluated by dry-matter weight per stool. In Exp.1, the phenological change of the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio in plant cane, and in Exp.2, the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio after different periods of growth were studied. The soil mineral contents such as exchangeable K, Ca and Mg were adequate in both Exps. In Exp.1, the concentrations of shoot K, Mg and K/(Ca+Mg) ratio decreased significantly with growth. There was a significant negative correlation between dry matter weight and K/(Ca+Mg) ratio. This negative correlation was also shown in Exp.2. The K/(Ca+Mg) ratio did not exceed the known upper limit of K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of 2.2. These results indicated that the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of plant shoot was improved with growth under adequate soil mineral condition.View full abstractDownload PDF (1003K) -
Satoru Motoki, Eiji Nishihara, Hiroaki Kitazawa, Yasushi Kyutoku, Taka ...2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 77-82
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo investigate the participation of allelopathy in the injury by continuous cropping of soybean, we seeded lettuce in the field where soybean had been cropped for 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 years, and examined the growth of the lettuce plants. The lettuce growth was inhibited by continuous soybean cultivation and adding activated carbon to the soil alleviated the inhibition. However, the effect of the activated carbon decreased as the duration of continuous cropping increased. Therefore, the growth-inhibitory activity of the soil was considered to increase with increasing duration of the continuous cropping. In the analysis of the root-zone soil, we could not observe any significant differences in pH and nutrient elements, which suggested that the main factor causing injury by continuous soybean cropping might be allelopathy. Hence, we investigated the effect of adding activated carbon to the field where five been cultivars, ‘Tachinagaha’, ‘Enrei’, ‘Tamadaikoku’, ‘Komaki-dadacha’ and ‘Natsunokoe’ had been cultivated continuously. The growth reduction of soybean by continuous cropping of ‘Tachinagaha’, ‘Tamadaikoku’ and ‘Natsunokoe’, was significantly alleviated by the addition of activated carbon.View full abstractDownload PDF (864K) -
Akira Fukushima2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 83-88
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhether global warming actually affects the yield and grain quality of wheat in Japan is not clear, although the heading date tends to be hastened during warm winters. Global warming, however, might cause a serious problem for Japanese wheat production in the future. Our field experiments suggested that a high temperature increased the length of the leaf and the number of florets per spike but decreased the length of culm and individual grain weight. However, since the effects of a high temperature on many other traits were not clear, it was difficult to predict the relation between high temperature and grain yield. Based on those field experiments and other reports, we discuss the studies needed to cope with the global warming in Japan.View full abstractDownload PDF (1235K) -
Tetsuya Ishikawa2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 89-92
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
Hiroyuki Shimono, Miki Tamai, Takahiro Hamasaki, Ryo Sagawa, Ryuji Oht ...2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 93-98
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of autumn direct-seeding of rice on the growth and yield were examined in Iwate Prefecture, Japan which has a cool climate. Rice seeds coated with four kinds of silicon were sown in October, November and December (autumn) and in April (spring), and the seedling establishment, growth and yield were examined. The percentage of seedling establishment to total seed number in autumn direct-seeding (2 to 6%) was significantly lower than that in spring direct-seeding (89%). The seedling establishment in the autumn direct-seeding did not significantly vary with the time of seeding or silicon coating. The number of seedlings established per m2 was 250 in spring direct-seeding, and 79 in autumn direct-seeding due to about five times higher seeding rates. Thus, the final dry weight and grain yield did not significantly vary with the time of direct-seeding.View full abstractDownload PDF (1206K)
Information
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 99
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (649K)
Mini Review
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Setsuko Komatsu2012 Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 100-104
Published: 2012
Released on J-STAGE: January 26, 2012
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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