Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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Volume 77, Issue 2
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
  • Factors causing Variation of Rice Quality Change and Their Regional Difference in Tochigi Prefecture
    —Analysis of Data from the Regional Trials for Dozens of years—
    Kazuhiko Oya, Tomohiko Yoshida
    2008 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages 133-141
    Published: 2008
    Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.77.133
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    From the regional trials in Tochigi prefecture for dozens of years, we examined the factors causing variation of rice quality (appearance) and their regional difference in Tochigi prefecture. Sowing time, heading time, maturing time, basal dressing, culm length, lodging, panicle blast, brown rice weight, thousand-kernel weight and duration of sunshine hours were factors causing the regional difference. The factors causing a change in quality varied with the regions. In some regions, quality was improved when sowing time was delayed or maturing time was hastened. In some regions, normally stable and high quality cultivars became unstable. A certain range of lodging and brown rice weight, was necessary to obtain high quality rice, and the quality became unstable out of this range. We found similarity in rice quality in some adjacent regions.
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  • The Influence of Temperature during Grain-Filling and the Location of Grains within Rice Panicle on the Amylose Content of Rice Variety "Kirara 397"
    Toshinari Igarashi, Hiroshi Kohara
    2008 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages 142-150
    Published: 2008
    Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.77.142
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    The factors affecting amylose content of the rice variety "Kirara 397" were analyzed. Temperature during grain filling, planting year, kind of seedling, heading date, and the location of grains on panicles were examined in Hokkaido a cold district. A significant negative correlation was found between temperature during grain filling and the amylose content. Temperature influenced the amylose content greatly when the accumulated temperature after heading was under 800°C. A significant negative correlation was found between the seedling age and amylose content. The standard deviation of the amylose contents of grains from panicles of the same heading date was 0.38—1.34. The amylose content differed with the location of grains; it was higer in the grains in a higher position are higher than that in a lower position. The amylose content on grains the primary rachis branch was higher than that on secondary rachis branches. This is probably because the starch content of the grains on the secondary rachis branches was lower than that on the primary rachis branch. On the other hand, the rate of milk white grains and white belly grains in a higher position was lower than that of those in a lower position. Moreover, the rate of milk white grains and white belly grains on the primary rachis branch was lower than that on the secondary rachis branches. The rate of milk white grains and white belly grains was negatively correlated with amylose content. From these results, we concluded that reducing the number of grains on the secondary rachis branches is important to improve the quality. Breeding a variety superior in primary rachis branches is useful to improve rice quality in Hokkaido.
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  • Grain Yield and Morphological Character of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Grown in Winter in Subtropical Japan
    Takahiro Hara, Hiroyoshi Teruya, Takahiro Shiono, Hiroki Ikoma, Takahi ...
    2008 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages 151-158
    Published: 2008
    Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.77.151
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    We studied the grain yielding ability of common buckwheat grown in the subtropical area of Japan. Five buckwheat cultivars were sown in early November, late December and early March. Grain yield of plants sown at 150 seeds m-2 was 1.3 to 3.4 times higher than that sown at 50 seeds m-2. The main stem was shorter, first flower node was lower, flower cluster number on the main stem and flower number per flower cluster were lower than the values reported for the plants grown in other regions of Japan. These morphological characters may be caused by short day condition in this environment. The differences among cultivars in the main stem length, the number of flower clusters on the main stem, the number of flowers per flower cluster and one seed weight were similar to those in other regions in Japan. A high correlation was observed between grain yield and the number of flower clusters on the main stem, in the plants sown in early November and late December.
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Quality and Processing
  • Development of a Simple Method of Evaluating Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Wheat Flour
    Miwako Ito, Zenta Nishio, Masahiko Tanio, Wakako Funatsuki, Tadashi Ta ...
    2008 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages 159-166
    Published: 2008
    Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.77.159
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    The bright and yellow color of yellow alkaline noodles (YAN) is a desirable end-use quality. There is a high correlation between dough discoloration and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in wheat seed. It was possible to estimate the grain PPO activity by the 3, 4-dyhydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) method, which is a simple method of evaluating wheat grain PPO activity, using grains of hard wheat varieties from the Hokkaido region of Japan. However, the correlation of grain PPO activity with YAN discoloration was lower than that of flour PPO activity. Therefore, a simple method of evaluating PPO activity using wheat flour was developed to achieve more efficient selection for the breeding program. It was described as follows; a glass test tube with a flat bottom containing 0.2g of wheat flour and 4ml of a 10mM L-DOPA solution was shaken for 1 hour and left for 18 hours at room temperature; the L*, a*, and b*values of the suspension were then measured. There was a high negative correlation between the L*value measured by the present simple method and the PPO activity in wheat flour measured by the conventional method (oxygen-electrode method). Therefore, we concluded that the L*value measured by the simplified L-DOPA method, could be applied to select the lines possessing lower PPO activity, and consequently less YAN discoloration.
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Genetic Resources and Evaluation
  • Estimation of Cool Tolerance at the Booting and Flowering Stages in Indica Rice Varieties
    Akitoshi Goto, Hideki Sasahara, Akiko Shigemune, Kiyoyuki Miura
    2008 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages 167-173
    Published: 2008
    Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.77.167
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    We estimated cool tolerance in high yielding varieties bred in Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station and their ancestral varieties, including indica varieties, for screening materials to breed high-yielding indica rice varieties suitable for cold weather. "Jou 344", "Hokuriku 193" and "GUIZHAO 2", which are indica varieties, had high cool tolerance at the booting stage. In the breeding process of "Jou 344", large transgressive segregation towards high cool tolerance occurred. This suggests that there is a combination of genetic factors, which is complementary and highly effective for cold tolerance at the booting stage in indica rice varieties. "Suweon 258" and "Jou 344", which are indica varieties, had high cool tolerance at the flowering stage. Because "Suweon 258" is the parental variety of "Jou 344", these varieties may have a genetic factor effective for cool tolerance at the flowering stage. It is useful to find the genetic factor for improving the cool tolerance at the flowering stage in indica varieties. No relationship was found between cool tolerance at the booting stage and cool tolerance at the flowering stage.
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  • Method of Pyramiding for BaYMV Resistance Genes by Using Esterase Isozyme
    Toshinori Sotome, Naoyuki Kawada, Tomohiko Yoshida
    2008 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages 174-182
    Published: 2008
    Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.77.174
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    BaYMV resistance genes, rym5 and rym3, were pyramided using esterase isozyme genes (Est1-Est2-Est4), whose loci had been reported to be tightly linked with rym5. BaYMV reaction was also evaluated in the field contaminated with BaYMV strain I (to which cultivars with rym5 and rym3 are resistant) or III (to which cultivars with rym5 is susceptible). Malting barley cultivars having rym5 with esterase isozyme pattern Ca-null-Nz (Mokusekko-type) were crossed with the cultivars having rym3 with Pr-Fr-Su (Prior-type). Selection of resistant lines in the field contaminated with BaYMV I with the esterase isozyme genotype of Pr-Fr-Su (Prior-type) gave lines with rym3. Selection of resistant lines in the field contaminated with BaYMV III with esterase isozyme genotype of Ca-null-Nz (Mokusekko-type) gave lines pyramided with rym5 and rym3, in which the crossing-over rate was about 4.9%. During the selection by agronomic characters, the frequency of rym3 was lowered significantly.
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Crop Morphology
  • Studies on Varietal Difference of Ripening Ability in Rice
    —Relation of Morphological Characteristics to Ripening Ability—
    Fumitaka Shiotsu, Jian Liu, Jiabin Bian, Masanori Toyota, Akihito Kusu ...
    2008 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages 183-190
    Published: 2008
    Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.77.183
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    The relationships between morphological characteristics and ripening ability of rice were investigated with Chinese varieties, Japanese varieties and high-yielding varieties bred in Asian countries. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine whether the ripening ability of rice can be estimated by morphological characteristics. The results demonstrated that the percentage of ripened grains (R) was closely related to some characteristics associated with yield capacity and structure of spike. Specific gravity of winnowed rough rice (S) showed close correlations with characteristics associated with dry matter production. Morphological characteristics, e. g., number of grains per head (X1), length of neck internode (X2), ear number (X3), diameter of neck internode (X4), and, angle of flag leaf (X5) were selected as explanatory variables. Multiple correlation coefficients of the analysis with R as the dependent variable and X1 and X2 as explanatory variables, and S as the dependent variable and X3, X4 and X5 as explanatory variables were both significant. Thus, the results demonstrated that the varietal differences of ripening ability could be explained about 30—35% by morphological characteristics. These results suggest that morphological characteristics used as explanatory variables in this study may be useful as the selection index of ripening ability at the early ripening stage of rice.
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Crop Physiolory and Cell Biology
  • Correlation of Nodal Position of Spikelet in Panicle and Date of Anthesis with the Grain Ripening of Rice
    Kenji Terai, Satoshi Masaki, Tomohiko Kawamoto, Shinichi Matsumoto, Ik ...
    2008 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages 191-197
    Published: 2008
    Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.77.191
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    In this study the correlation of grain weight with the date of anthesis and the nodal position of glumaceous flower was analyzed. The weight growth of grains on both the primary (PR) and secondary rachis-branches (SR) proceeded from the higher to the lower nodal position in the panicle after heading. The final grain weight in each nodal position was heavier on PR than on SR. On SR, the final grain weight was clearly heavier in the higher position than in the lower position in all cultivars. However, there was no difference in grain weight among each nodal position on PR. On both PR and SR, flowering initiated from higher to lower position irrespective of cultivar. On SR the grain weight correlated positively with the flowering order; early flowering spikelets tended to have heavier grains than late flowering spikelets. On PR, however, no significant correlation was observed between the grain weight and flowering order. Dry weight of both leaf blade and leaf sheath decreased consistently over the ripening period. On the other hand, culm dry weight slightly decreased after the heading time but reincreased at the middle or late stage of the ripening. These results suggested that the nodal variation in grain weight on the SR was not caused by the shortage of photosynthate in the leaf and stem (leaf sheath and culm), but by the branching structure of panicle, the decrease in sink capacity and other factors.
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  • Abnormal Grain Quality Caused by Partial Excision of Root System in Rice
    Minako Tabata, Yukihiko Iida, Kazutoshi Okuno
    2008 Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages 198-203
    Published: 2008
    Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.77.198
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    A high temperature during the grain-filling period in rice plants causes abnormal rice grains such as white-back, basal-white and milky-white grains. The abnormal grain quality may be caused by the imbalance between assimilate supply and its uptake by grains under high temperatures conditions. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of partial excision of the root system during the grain-filling period on the quality of rice grains. Six Japanese cultivars, Koshijiwase, Kokoromachi, Akitakomachi, Hitomebore, Chiyonishiki and Hatsuboshi used for the analysis showed a wide range of variation in the frequency of white-back grains caused by a high temperature during the grain-filling period. Partial excision of the root system caused a marked increase in the frequency of white-back grains. Abnormal grain quality due to partial excision of the root system varied with the cultivar. No significant difference was found in grain-filling percentage, weight of 1000 grains and grain size between plants with and those without a partially excised root system. On the other hand, the grain-filling period and the number of fresh leaves during the ripening stage were significantly decreased by root excision. These results suggest that a severe decline of root function during the grain-filling period causes abnormal grain quality, in particular white-back grains in rice.
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