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Volume 77 (2008)
- Issue 4 Pages 395-
- Issue 3 Pages 253-
- Issue 2 Pages 133-
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Volume 77, Issue 3
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Hironori Heinai, Hajime Watanabe, Masahiko Saigusa2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 253-258
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe have developed acidified porous hydrate calcium silicates (APS) with the final pH of 3.0, 3.9 or 5.3 by adding of sulfuric acid to porous hydrate calcium silicate material. In this study, the effects of APS at various pHs applied to nursery bed soil on the growth of rice seedlings were investigated to determine the optimal pH of APS as an ameliorant for raising healthy rice seedlings. APS at pH 3.0 decreased the plant length of the seedlings by 10 to 15% compared to that at other pHs. Treatment with the APS at pH 3.0 decreased both shoot dry weight, and the ratio of shoot dry weight to the plant length of the seedlings. The root dry weight was the lightest in the seedlings treated with APS at pH 3.0; these root tissues, especially exodermis, sclerenchyma and endodermis, were intensively stained with hematoxylin and evans blue, showing the symptom of Al toxicity.View full abstractDownload PDF (1593K) -
Masao Ohnishi2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 259-265
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of application of chitosan solutions on the growth of rice seedling was investigated. Chitosan solutions were applied by germinating the seed in the solution, spraying the seedlings with the solution or immersing the seedlings in the solution during the nersery period. The rice seedlings were grown under submerged condition in the temperature-gradient chamber. Although each chitosan treatment slightly promoted seedling growth, a significant difference by the paired t-test was seldom found. However, when all application treatments were tested together, significant differences were found statistically in leaf number, dry weight and the amount of nitrogen absorption. The promotive effect of chitosan increased with increasing mean temperature during seedling growth period. These results indicated that chitosan application slightly promoted the growth of rice seedlings, especially at mean air temperature higher than 20—22°C during the seedling growth period.View full abstractDownload PDF (773K) -
Hiroyuki Shiratsuchi, Kazuyasu Nakanishi, Mitsunori Suzuki, Hisashi Ki ...2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 266-272
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing “seed-mat” consisting of a molded rice-hull mat with hardened rice seeds and cover soil glued on it,we are trying to raise rice seedlings without nursery boxes. The objective of this paper is to elucidate the kind of sheet for the covering of nursery bed,and the amount of cover soil and water supply at the beginning of seedling raising appropriate for no-box nursing. The molded rice-hull mat was placed on plain-woven sheets,nonwoven sheets,perforated sheets,doubled perforated sheets and polyethylene multch. Water absorption and retention of the mat were better on the less water-permeable sheets. Seedling emergence rate was higher and dry weight of seedlings was heavier on the less permeable sheets. Because polyethylene mulch could cause poor seedling emergence if water supply is excess,seedlings were raised on polyethylene mulch with or without low-density holes with cover soil of 300 g, 400 g and 500 g, and water supply of 1.5L and 3 L. Seedling emerged hardly with 3 L of water,and 500 g of soil on the non-perforated sheet,whereas seedlings emerged and grew well with 1.5L of water. Seedling length and dry weight seemed to be better on the non-perforated sheet than on the perforated sheet. These results suggest that non-perforated polyethylene mulch,covered with 300 g to 400 g of soil and 1.5 L of water is appropriate for no-box nursing.View full abstractDownload PDF (820K) -
Masami Furuhata, Satoshi Yoshinaga, Ryota Kaji, Katunori Tamura, Hiroa ...2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 273-280
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn 2001 and 2002, characteristics of growth, yield and quality of rice in submerged direct seeding in the late season were compared with those of rice direct seeded in the regular season to establish the method of late-seeding culture in southern Japan. Compared with the plants seeded in the regular season, late-seeded plants showed reduced elongation of stem and leaf, but grew rapidly from the panicle differentiation stage to full heading, and produced an equivalent amount of dry matter during the ripening period. The high yield was suggested to have resulted from the increased number of spikelets per m2, which was caused by the increased panicle number due to vigorous tilleration and increased nitrogen uptake in the vegetative lag phase. According to the criteria we established for selecting varieties, the yield of Dontokoi, Fukuizumi, Saikai242 and Saikai244 was higher than that of the control variety Hinohikari. Among them, however, only Fukuizumi met the standard in all the indices.View full abstractDownload PDF (884K) -
Masami Furuhata, Satoshi Yoshinaga, Ryota Kaji, Katunori Tamura, Hiroa ...2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 281-287
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe compared the yield of the late-season seeded rice with that of the regular-season seeded rice for 3 years (2001-2003) in southern Japan. The yields of late-season seeded and regular-season seeded rice were the same on the average of 3 years, but in 2003 the yield of late-season seeded crops was considerably lower than that of the regular-season seeded crops. Meteorological conditions and dry-matter production analysis revealed that the yield in 2003 was lower because early growth before the maximum tiller number stage was inferior to that in the other 2 years due to poor sunshine before the heading stage. Because the early growth tended to be better in the dense-seeded plot, the growth in the dense-seeded plot was compared with that in the standard-density seeded in the late-season seeding culture for 2 years (2004 and 2005). CGR and tiller number before the heading stage were higher in the densely seeded plot than in the standard-density seeded plot, and panicle number and yield were significantly higher in the densely-seeded plot. These results suggest that the dense seeding condition is effective to stabilize the yield in late season seeding culture.View full abstractDownload PDF (782K) -
Genichi Okunishi2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 288-298
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSI discussed the ill-drained paddy farming system that was used from the modern age until the prewar Showa era in the northern part of Boso Peninsula. In ill-drained paddy field in Shimousa district during the Edo era, the Indica-type rice called Tomomi was broadly cultivated by "Tsumita" (direct sowing in a flooded paddy). Tomomi was cultivated in a heavy ill-drained paddy field of muck soil/peat soil called "Taito-tsuchi". When Japonica-type rice was cultivated by transplanting in "Taito-tsuchi" paddy, its growth was significantly restrained to result in heavy "natsuochi/akiochi". Direct sowing in a flooded paddy is a cultivation method utilizing the oxidative surface soil layer. The cultivation method was related to the plant type of Tomomi. In paddy field where "natsuochi/akiochi" was moderate, dense planting of small seedlings was performed until the pre-war Showa era. Dense planting of small seedlings was a cultivation method to secure the number of ears in ill-drained paddy fields where drainage and growth control were difficult. The ill-drained paddy farming system remained until the prewar period in the Shimousa district where land improvement had been delayed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1526K) -
Satoshi Yoshinaga, Yuhi Kono, Hiroyuki Shiratsuchi, Kenji Nagata, Akar ...2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 299-305
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe adopted the 'inter-row strip tillage' (IST), in which furrows between rows are tilled and seed is sown on the ridge which is covered with the tilled furrow soil, to the soybean cultivation in upland field converted from paddy field (UFCP), and examined its effect on the soil water content, and the growth and yield of soybean. Three phase of no-tillage soil of the ridge in IST was different from harrowed soil in conventional tillage, and showed a higher ratio of solid and liquid phase. Furthermore, no-tillage soil in IST had a higher water content in a drought condition and lower water content in an excess moisture condition compared with harrowed soil in conventional tillage. On the other hand, plants in IST had longer plant length, larger number of node on the main stem, and larger dry weight at flowering stage. A similar tendency of growth at the flowering stage was observed continuously from pod-setting to grain filling stage. The yield in IST was superior to that in conventional tillage, due to a larger number of pod, and heavier 100-seed-weight, although the grain quality was not affected by the tillage method. These results suggest that the superior growth and higher yield in IST were attributed to the property of no-tillage soil in IST, which alleviated the fluctuation of soil water content in UFCP. The correlation of soil permeability and property with the effectiveness of IST, and also improvement of operation efficiency of IST are subjects for further study.View full abstractDownload PDF (844K) -
—Rate of uptake of nitrogen fertilizer by young tea plants after application at different periods and the efficient application method—Jieqi Fu, Mayumi Cho, Koichi Hoshino, Hideaki Hirai, Hidemasa Kato2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 306-314
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to evaluate the rate of uptake of chemical fertilizer nitrogen by the young tea plants, after application at four seasons in Daigo-machi of Okukuji district, Ibaragi prefecture, 15N tracer experiments were performed with the pot-vegetation test, in the experimental farm, Utsunomiya University where precipitation and temperature are similar to those in Daigo-machi, Ibaragi. The uptake rate of the chemical fertilizer nitrogen applied in the summer, autumn, spring, and the bud break season was estimated to be 20.3%, 36.5%, 40.8%, and 46.4%, respectively. The rate of uptake by the young tea plants of the chemical fertilizer nitrogen in the second year was 28% when the standard application practice recommended by Ibaragi prefecture was implemented, while it was 44% when frequent split application from summer through autumn was implemented. However, the experiment was conducted under the abnormally cold condition in the winter when there were no mature leaves. Therefore, the uptake rates of nitrogen fertilizer applied by standard and split application method would be estimated to be around 35% and 55%, respectively, if the weather condition in the winter was normal. The split fertilization from summer through autumn improved storage of the fertilizer nitrogen in the nutrient storage organs such the mature leaves, stems, and roots, resulting in the increase in the plant growth. As a measure to suppress the marked decrease in available nitrogen from the second tea season through the autumn fertilization period in the Daigo-machi, frequent split application of chemical fertilizer in the summer and the autumn would be useful.View full abstractDownload PDF (1040K)
Quality and Processing
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—Case of cv. Koshihikari cultivated in Ibaraki prefecture in 2005—Youji Nitta, Yasuhiko Ino, Toshiaki Matsuda, Yukihiko Iida, Shin-ichir ...2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 315-320
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe investigated some palatability properties of Ibaraki rice cv. Koshihikari, specifically examining the correlation of palatability with grain weight and thickness. We investigated the rice from 20 paddy fields in which common management methods were applied using chemical fertilizers. Raising seedlings, transplantation, fertilization, watering, and harvesting were done using various farmers’ methods. After harvest, yield and yield components, brown rice grain size, and palatability were investigated. Yield was 330—617 kg/10a. Brown rice thickness was 1.93—2.02 mm (mean 1.99 mm). The mean 1000-grain brown rice weight (20.3—22.7 g) was 21.5 g which was the same as that in the ‘Promotion Campaign to Purchase Ibaraki Rice’ campaign objective. No relationship was observed between brown rice thickness and 1000-grain weight. The mean percentage of milled-rice protein contents was 6.4% : less than the campaign objective. The mean milled rice amylose content (18.3—19.8%) was 18.9%. Percentages of protein, amylose content, and the palatability index of milled rice were not significantly correlated with the 1000-grain weight or brown rice thickness. These results indicate that in thick brown rice with a high 1000-grain weight, protein and amylose contents of milled rice are not related with the brown rice size. Moreover, Koshihikari rice of Ibaraki prefecture of 2005 used in this study seemed to have a high palatability.View full abstractDownload PDF (878K)
Genetic Resources and Evaluation
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Jun Hosoi, Jun Ushiki, Nagao Sakai, Masaharu Aoki, Mitsuaki Tezuka2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 321-325
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA weedy rice with a red pericarp, known as ‘Toukon’, has become a serious problem for rice producers in Nagano Prefecture. We studied the seed threshability and shattering habit of weedy rice accessions collected from paddy fields in Nagano to identify the appropriate timing for hand weeding of the weedy rice to prevent them from shattering their seeds and forming a seed bank in the fields. We also studied the germination ability of the weedy rice seed threshed after heading at intervals. We assessed the threshability of the weedy rice accessions grown under a condition undisturbed by wind by stroking their panicles slightly by hand at different times after heading and counted the number of threshed seeds. Some seeds were threshed about 2 weeks after heading, and almost all within 1 month. The number of threshed seeds per day was the highest about 3 to 4 weeks after heading. On the other hand, most accessions grown under field condition started to shatter their seed between 2 weeks and 1 month after heading. Early-heading accessions tended to start shattering sooner after heading than late-heading accessions. Although most threshed seeds in the early stage had green hulls and looked immature, more than 80% of them germinated. Additionally, about 0.1% to 0.2% of the seeds collected from each accession showed dormancy. These results suggest that weedy rice should be cleared from the field within 2 weeks after heading by hand or other weeding methods to prevent them from shattering their seeds and forming a seed bank in the soil.View full abstractDownload PDF (855K)
Crop Morphology
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Jian Liu, Jiabin Bian, Fumitaka Shiotsu, Subhash Chandra Ghosh, Masano ...2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 326-332
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSResponses to salinity stress of four Japonica type rice cultivars were studied. Rice seedlings were grown in growth pouch by hydroponic culture with or without 50mM NaCl. The length and root surface area for each root diameter were measured by image analysis. Norin 18 was the most tolerant cultivar according to the least reduction rate of total dry weight and relative growth rate (RGR). The RGR was related to the net assimilation rate (NAR), and not to leaf area ratio. NAR was positively correlated with root length and root surface area per plant, and negatively with Na content of shoot and the ratio of leaf area to root surface area (LA/RA). The Na content of shoot decreased exponentially with increasing root length and root surface area per plant. There was a positive correlation between Na content of shoot and LA/RA. The relatively small reduction of secondary and tertiary lateral root under 0.169mm in diameter, and crown root about 0.5mm in diameter in Norin 18 under salinity stress resulted in the largest root length and largest root surface area per plant. A small reduction in the root system and a low LA/RA under salinity stress may serve to maintain the high water absorption ability of this cultivar. These results suggested that a high transpiration rate of Norin 18 efficiently excluded Na from transpiration stream, which resulted in low Na content of shoot under salinity stress, and that a high water content of the cultivar prevented a reduction of NAR, which attributed to the highest RGR under salinity stress.View full abstractDownload PDF (1105K)
Crop Physiolory and Cell Biology
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Genichi Hirai, Hideaki Nishioka, Naoaki Yamamoto, Toshikatu Okumura, T ...2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 333-340
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of nitrogen (N) concentration in the culture solution on the growth and dry matter production (DMP) were examined under large (14—17hPa) and small (5—8hPa) atmospheric saturation deficiency (ASD) in Japonica-type Rice Nipponbare and Indica-type Rice IR24. In Nipponbare, DMP was significantly lower in the solution with 8.0 ppm N than in the solution with 24.0 ppm N under a large ASD condition but not under a small ASD condition. In IR24, on the other hand, DMP did not differ significantly between the plants in the solutions with 24.0 and 8.0 ppm N under both ASD conditions. DMP was lower in the solution with 2.7 ppm N than in the solution with 8.0 ppm N in both cultivars under both ASD conditions, due to nitrogen deficiency. The contribution of net assimilation rate (NAR) to DMP was greater in Nipponbare than in IR24, and that of average leaf area (average LA) relative to that of NAR was greater in IR24 than in Nipponbare. In Nipponbare, the N content decreased as the N concentration in the culture solution decreased. NAR and average LA also greatly decreased accompanied with the decrease in N content under a large ASD condition, but only slightly under a small ASD condition. In IR24, on the other hand, the N content did not differ between the plants cultured in the solution with 24.0 and 8.0 ppm solutions, due to the high N absorption ability of roots, and the difference in NAR and average LA between the plants in the two solutions was slight under both ASD conditions. These mechanisms may be responsible for the difference between Nipponbare and IR24 in the response of DMP to ASD mentioned above.View full abstractDownload PDF (937K) -
Yoshiaki Watanabe, Shigenori Miura, Tomoyuki Yukawa, Shigehito Takenak ...2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 341-347
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe studied the relationship between the increase in resistance to Pythium snow rot provided by cold acclimation and changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, and the contents of total phenol, lignin and sugar. A significant increase in the resistance was observed after one week of cold acclimation treatment. The PAL activity increased one week after inoculation with a Pythium snow rot pathogen, P. paddicum. The increase of PAL activity under the cold acclimation was greater than that under the untreated control. The suppression of PAL activity realized by using α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP) and α-aminooxy acetic acid (AOA) reduced the resistance induced by the cold acclimation. These results suggest that PAL plays an important role in the cold acclimation-induced resistance to spread of symptoms. The total phenol and lignin content increased after the cold acclimation. The methanol soluble sugar and water soluble sugar content of leaf blades increased under the cold acclimation, however, sugar content of cell wall remained unchanged.View full abstractDownload PDF (942K)
Research and Technical Note
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Yukitsugu Takahashi, Tomohiko Yoshida2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 348-355
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined the growth and yield of paddy rice cultivated by the method of single whole basal fertilizer application to the nursery box in early and normal season culture in Tomo area of Gunma Prefecture. The soil of this area was gley soil, and the paddy fields were fertile. The controlled availability fertilizer named “Naebako-makase NK301—100” was used and the experiments were conducted for 4 years in the farmer's field in Tatebayashi city. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 40% compared with the standard fertilizer. Furthermore, phosphoric acid and potassium were not supplied because last year's rice straw was plowed into the field. In the first year, rice growth and yield were lower than in the control plot, because the amount of nitorogen fertilizer was reduced by 49% as compared with the standard fertilizer. From the second to the fourth year, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 38—45%, but no significant difference in growth and yield was found. However, since severe insect damage occurred in the third year, an additional experiment was conducted in the fourth year under the same condition. Judging from the results of the three years, we considered that even without the supply of phosphoric acid and potassium chemical fertilizer, plowing all rice straw into the soil, and reducing nitrogen fertilizer by about 40% resulted in the growth and yield equal to those in the standard fertilizer application.View full abstractDownload PDF (1019K) -
Hisashi Tanno, Akira Honma, Shinya Munekata, Yuji Hirayama, Akira Suga ...2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 356-364
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGrain Yield (GY), its components and palatability of rice direct-seeded under a submerged soil condition (direct-seeded rice, DSR) were compared with those of transplanted rice (TR) applying a similar amount of nitrogen fertilizer during 1997—2002 and 2004—2006 in Hokkaido. In central Hokkaido, three early maturity varieties (early MVs) were cultivated as DSR, and the early and three medium MVs as TR. In southern Hokkaido, the medium MVs were cultivated as DSR, and the medium and a late MV as TR. The heading date of DSR was 8.1—10.7, and 4.0—7.9 days later than that of TR with the same and one-rank later MV, respectively. The ratio of kernel number of GY to total ripened glumes and harvest index were lower in DSR than in TR. Thus, GY in DSR was only 76.9—99.7%, 86.9% on the average, of that in TR with a later MV, and promotion of growth after heading is needed for improving GY of DSR. In DSR amylose content was higher and the max value of gelatinization property was lower due to the lower temperature during ripening. The protein content in DSR was lower than that of TR in the same MV, but similar to that in TR with a later MV. Farmers cultivate earlier MV by direct seeding and DSR is disadvantageous for producing palatable rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (1050K)
Information
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]2008 Volume 77 Issue 3 Pages 365-366
Published: 2008
Released on J-STAGE: July 02, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (609K)
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