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Article type: Cover
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
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Published: October 05, 2004
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Article type: Index
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
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Article type: Index
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
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Kazuo Kitahara, Masatoshi Namiki
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
673-674
Published: October 05, 2004
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Tsuyoshi Yamamoto, Atsushi Maki, Hideaki Koizumi
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
675-681
Published: October 05, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: April 14, 2008
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Optical topography (OT) is a new technique for mapping the hemodynamic changes associated with brain activation in the cerebral cortex. The concept of OT is the use of weak near-infrared light from laser diodes to measure changes in the concentration of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb). Hemoglobin absorbs light in this range. The light is carried to the scalp of the subject by optical fiber and then passes through the skull to reach the cerebral cortex. Tissue in the head scatters the light, a small portion of which is reflected back through the scalp. The reflected signal is picked up by another optical fiber, and the changes in Hb are estimated. Multiple pairs of optical fibers are used to obtain topographic images that give us visual depictions of brain activation. OT systems are compact and portable, which gives us the ability to measure brain function in any location. Furthermore, since OT is safe and completely non-invasive, we can use it to measure the brain function of any subject (including infants and the elderly). We are already getting results in the field of brain development.
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Hisashi Aikawa, Kensuke Kobayashi, Takeshi Nakanishi
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
682-689
Published: October 05, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: April 14, 2008
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A quantum dot (QD), which is a small droplet of confined electrons, has attracted many attentions as a quantum system with high controllability from viewpoints of many-body problem, quantum chaos, and quantum decoherence. In recent years, attempts have been made to extract the phase shift in the transport through a QD as well as the energy spectra by using an interferometer. This review deals with a phase-shift problem raised in such phase experiments and new insights into the electronic states in a QD obtained through our recent studies on the problem.
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Kazuoki Munakata, Shigeharu Udo
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
689-697
Published: October 05, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: April 14, 2008
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The solar modulation effects on the galactic cosmic rays observed at the earth are most notable in the relatively low energy region below several tens of GeV, where the cosmic rays are completely diffused and have changed their original directions of motion in the outer heliosphere and interstellar space. In the higher energy region above 100 GeV, however, the cosmic rays become less sensitive to the modulation effect. The amplitude of the solar daily variation reflecting the magnitude of the anisotropy of solar origin decreases with increasing energy, while the sidereal daily variation due to the galactic anisotropy becomes significant and supersedes the variation in the solar time. The sidereal daily variation of the high-energy cosmic-ray intensity reflects the large-scale anisotropy of cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere and the interstellar space. The observations of cosmic-ray anisotropies with underground muon detectors and air-shower arrays are briefly summarized with a special emphasis on the recent result of precise measurement by the TibetIII air shower array.
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Kaoru Sanaka
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
698-702
Published: October 05, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: April 14, 2008
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It has been very difficult to achieve the necessary optical two-qubit operations since the physical interaction between photons is much too small. Surprisingly, it has been shown that scalable quantum computation can be achieved using only single photon sources, single-photon detectors and linear optics elements. In this article, I introduce the principle of the scheme and introduce the experimental realization of the quantum phase gate with linear optics.
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Hiroyoshi Ishii, Hiromichi Kataura
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
703-707
Published: October 05, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: April 14, 2008
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We have succeeded in observing one-dimensional electronic states in single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The spectral function near the Fermi level (E
F) and the intensities at E
F exhibit power-law behavior with almost identical exponents (exponents of 0.46-0.48). This observation is direct evidence that a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid state is realized in SWNT where the long-range Coulomb interaction plays an essential role.
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Zensho Yoshida
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
708-
Published: October 05, 2004
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Kay Kohn
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
709-711
Published: October 05, 2004
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Takashi Ito
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
712-715
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Tae Ryu
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
715-719
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Kenzo Nakamura
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
720-721
Published: October 05, 2004
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Akiyoshi Wada
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
722-
Published: October 05, 2004
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Kazuhiko Nishijima
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
723-724
Published: October 05, 2004
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
724-
Published: October 05, 2004
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
724-725
Published: October 05, 2004
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
725-
Published: October 05, 2004
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
726-734
Published: October 05, 2004
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
734-736
Published: October 05, 2004
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
736-737
Published: October 05, 2004
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
737-
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
738-
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
739-740
Published: October 05, 2004
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
740-747
Published: October 05, 2004
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 59 Issue 10 Pages
748-
Published: October 05, 2004
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